This study examined validity of the Life History Calendar by comparing retrospective and prospective reports of adolescent substance use. Agreement was calculated using kappa and phi coefficients for dichotomous variables, and Bivariate correlations for average substance use. Effects of potential personality, psychopathology, and demographic moderators on agreement were assessed through hierarchical regression analyses and curvilinear relations determined. Results reflected moderate agreement between retrospective and prospective reports of substance use, moderated by personality and psychopathology variables, particularly Agreeableness, symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, and symptoms of substance abuse. Agreement between retrospective and prospective reports was adequate for reports of alcohol and marijuana use for at least six years after initial reports of use. Agreement for cigarette reports was adequate a year after initial reporting.

Despite the Family Code of 2000 that raised the legal age at marriage to 18 for both sexes; early family formation is still a common practice which affect many children in Ethiopia. Previous research has shown that girls in rural areas are more disadvantaged and suffer the consequences of early marriage the most. The purpose of this thesis is to study the risk factors for early marriage for both girls and boys in an urban area, Shashemene. Also, using longitudinal data, trends in early family formation between 1973 and 2008 have been analyzed with an event history approach. The data were collected as part of the project “Changing Ethiopia: Urban livelihood, gender, and ethnicity in Shashemene after 35 years: A case study”. The discrete-time complementary log-log regression estimates have provided evidence of gender inequality in early marriage formations, showing that girls are more prone to experience early marriage than boys. While area of birth (rural-urban) has no direct impact on the risk of early marriage, it is found that living in an urban area offsets the effect of area of birth, suggesting a selection process into migration. It is also found that school attendance decreases the likelihood of early marriage, while literacy has little effect. Moreover, among people living in Shashemene, religious affiliation has more impact on early marriage risks than ethnic identity and the first language. Finally, there was little evidence on period and cohort effects for early family formation.

No description available.

Tidigare forskning har visat på att övergången från studier till yrkesliv är en kritisk period där övergångschock kan förekomma. Detta har visat sig gälla även psykologer tidigt i karriären. Det saknas däremot en djupare förståelse kring övergången hos PTP-psykologer i Sverige. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka psykologers berättelser om övergången från studier till första tiden inom professionen och vad som karaktäriserar dessa berättelser. De 15 deltagarna, en man och 14 kvinnor, rekryterades via PTP-samordnare/-rektorer, sociala medier och privata kontakter. Studien genomfördes med en textbaserad datainsamling där materialet, som bestod av livshändelsekalender (LHC) och guidande frågor, skickades via post. Rådata analyserades med en narrativ analysmetod, inspirerad av Labov och Waletzkys indelning av berättelsers delelement. Därefter skapades prototypberättelser som är ett verktyg för att skapa sammanfattningar som blir jämförbara med det fenomen som undersöks. Slutligen skapades fem prototypberättelser utifrån gemensamma kontextuella omständigheter samt vad övergången i övrigt präglades av. Däribland psykiska ohälsa, sociala förändringar och tidigare erfarenhet av yrket. Prototypberättelserna kallas “Arbetslivets labyrint,” “En uppförsbacke,” “Den inre resan,” “Rustad och redo” och “Det sociala skiftet.” Analysen visar på att övergångschock även gäller psykologer i Sverige samt hur den påverkas av organisatoriska omständigheter och bristande eller fungerande socialt stöd. Sammanfattningsvis tycks förklaringen till motgångar flyttas från en själv till kontexten och omständigheterna. Hos samtliga deltagare har övergångschocken avtagit och i de flesta fall gått över, vilket tyder på att psykologers övergång från studier till yrkesliv är en kritisk men avgränsad period. / Previous research has shown that transitioning from studies to working life is a critical period, where the concept of transition-shock can appear. This can also be applied to early-career psychologists. However, there is a need for deeper understanding of the transition for psychologists in training in Sweden. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate psychologists’ stories about the transition from studies to the first years in practice and what characterized these stories. The 15 participants, one man and 14 women, were recruited via PTP-coordinators/-principals, social media platforms and private contacts. The study was conducted by a text-based data collection, consisting of a life history calendar (LHC) and guiding questions, which were sent by post. The data was analyzed with a narrative method, inspired by Labov and Waletzkys’ research on the narratives’ different components. Thereafter prototype stories were made, which is a tool to make the studied phenomenon comparable. Five prototype stories were then created from shared contexts and other circumstances, such as mental health, social changes and work-experience. These are called “The work-life labyrinth,” “The uphill,” “The inner journey,” “Equipped and ready” and “The social shift.” The analysis indicate that transition-shock applies to psychologists in Sweden with the influence of organizational contexts and social support. In summary, the explanation for the setbacks are switched from the individual to the context and circumstances. For all participants, the transition-shock has decreased or passed over, which indicates that psychologists’ transition from studies to working life is a critical yet limited period.

La relation entre troubles mentaux graves et violence criminelle, bien qu’étant la cible de nombreuses recherches, n’est, à l’heure actuelle, pas totalement établie. Ainsi, en explorant la piste d’une tierce partie – à savoir la présence d’un trouble d’abus ou de dépendance à une substance psychoactive – la présente étude vise à améliorer la compréhension du processus de passage à l’acte violent au sein des carrières criminelles des personnes atteintes de troubles psychiatriques. Sur la base des récits narratifs de neuf usagés d’un service de psychiatrie légale présentant un parcours de violence, les données récoltées ont pour objectif d’explorer la carrière criminelle des contrevenants atteints de troubles mentaux graves. Ainsi, il s’agit d’approfondir le sens que représentent leurs actes, de comprendre l’implication des substances psychotropes au sein de cette dynamique en déterminant l’enchaînement des éléments entrant en interaction, et de supposer quelles dimensions sont les plus à risques quant au passage à l’acte violent. La première contribution, comme d’autres avant nous, est de faire état d’un lien entre l’abus de substances psychoactives et la perpétration d’actes criminels, notamment violents, au sein des carrières criminelles des personnes présentant des troubles mentaux graves. Deuxièmement, l’identification des facteurs de risques et de facilitateurs cliniques, contextuels, historiques et relationnels nous ont permis de constater que le processus du passage à l’acte criminel va plus loin que l’interaction des troubles mentaux graves et de l’abus de substances. Troisièmement, l’approche qualitative de l’étude des carrières criminelles, trop peu utilisée dans les précédentes recherches portant sur le sujet, a permis d’étayer et de nuancer le modèle typologique de Hodgins et coll. (1998) présentant le parcours de vie des criminels atteints de troubles mentaux graves. Finalement, cette recherche permet d’orienter le développement de programmes d’interventions visant la réinsertion au sein des structures médico-légales. / The relationship between severe mental illness and criminal violence is strongly studied in the field. However, the link between these two elements is still misunderstood. In fact, this study aims to improve the understanding of violence emergence in psychiatric population’s criminal career by exploring the interaction of substance abuse disorder. The data collected in this study come from self-narrative stories of 9 participants who frequent a forensic psychiatry structure. These data intend to explore the criminal career of people with severe mental illness, deepen the meaning of their actions, understand the involvement of substance use in this dynamic by ascertain the interactional elements’ sequence and find which dimensions are more likely to produce violent acts. Like many before, the first contribution of this research project is, to establish a link between violent criminal actions and substance use in psychiatric population. Secondly, it appears that the outbreak of criminal behavior goes farther than this interaction between substance uses and severe mental illness. Indeed, the method used in this project allowed us to identified risk factors and clinical, contextual, historical, and relational facilitators leading to violent crimes. Third, the qualitative approach, less used in this research field, enable to support and qualify the typological model of Hodgins et al. (1989), presenting the life course of criminals with severe mental disorders. In the end, this study helps guide the development of intervention programs, for reintegration, into forensic psychiatry structure.

La présente étude vise à mieux comprendre les trajectoires de vie de travailleuses du sexe indépendantes en s’intéressant au processus d’initiation à l’industrie du sexe, aux variations des pratiques, ainsi qu’aux risques de victimisation et aux stratégies mises en place pour limiter ces risques. Pour ce faire, une méthodologie qualitative a été mobilisée où treize travailleuses du sexe indépendantes ont été amenées à élaborer sur leur trajectoire de vie, de leur enfance jusqu’au moment de l’entretien. Les résultats illustrent des points d’entrée variés et de multiples motivations à offrir des services sexuels rémunérés. Certaines ont commencé en tant que danseuse érotique ou en tant que masseuse érotique, alors que d’autres ont commencé directement en tant qu’escorte indépendante. Si les besoins financiers s’avèrent être un élément influençant leur entrée dans l’industrie du sexe, on remarque qu’il ne permet pas, à lui seul, de maintenir les travailleuses du sexe dans l’industrie. Il y a donc une évolution des motivations au cours de leur trajectoire. Enfin, les risques de victimisation encourus découlent directement de leur relation avec les clients, mais la manière de les filtrer semble limiter considérablement les actes de victimisation. En parallèle, ce mémoire illustre l’amplification de la vulnérabilité des travailleuses du sexe indépendantes en raison de la marginalisation et des mesures législatives qui entourent l’industrie du sexe. / This study aims to better understand the life trajectories of independent sex workers by focusing on the process of initiation into the sex industry, the variations in practices, as well as the risks of victimization and the strategies implemented. to limit these risks. To do so, a qualitative methodology was mobilized where thirteen independent sex workers were led to elaborate on their life trajectory, from their childhood until the moment of the interview. The results illustrate varied entry points and multiple motivations for offering paid sexual services. Some started as an erotic dancer or as an erotic masseuse, while others started directly as an independent escort If financial needs prove to be an element influencing their entry into the sex industry, we note that it does not, on its own, allow sex workers to remain in the industry. We therefore observe an evolution of motivations during their trajectory. Finally, the risks of victimization incurred stem directly from their relationship with the clients, but the way of filtering them seems to considerably limit the acts of victimization. In parallel, this thesis illustrates the amplification of the vulnerability of independent sex workers due to the marginalization and legislative measures surrounding the sex industry.