O conhecimento da dose de luz dentro do tecido biológico pode aprimorar diversos protocolos aplicados para redução da inflamação e da dor, terapia fotodinâmica e regeneração tecidual. O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a distribuição de luz em Lipovenos 10% (Lp) por simulação de Monte Carlo, realizar medidas experimentais e comparar os resultados da simulação com os resultados experimentais para validar a simulação. O programa MCML 1.2.2 foi escolhido para simular a distribuição de luz vermelha (633 nm) e infravermelha (820 nm) em camadas cilíndricas de 2 a 12 mm e de 30 mm de espessura de Lp com diâmetros de 12 e 26 mm. Para validar a simulação um experimento foi realizado adquirindo imagens com câmera CCD da luz transmitida e da luz espalhada a 90º de cubetas de PMMA (Polimetilmetacrilato)contendo quantidades variáveis de Lp, iluminadas verticalmente com laser de HeNe ou GaAlAs. O resultado experimental mostrou que a intensidade máxima de luz transmitida decresce exponencialmente com a espessura da amostra, de maneira similar ao resultado da simulação. A atenuação de luz transmitida foi maior para luz infravermelha e em Lp de diâmetro 12 mm. Curvas gaussianas ajustadas aos resultados experimentais e simulados tiveram larguras de distribuição de luz similares e variando linearmente com a espessura de Lp até espessuras de ao menos 6 mm. Os coeficientes angulares das retas experimentais e simuladas foram compatíveis para luz vermelha em Lp de 26 mm de diâmetro, validando a simulação. Para 633 nm as diferenças entre as larguras experimentais e simuladas foram quase sempre inferiores a 1 mm e no infravermelho as maiores discrepâncias observadas (2,5 mm) foram para Lp de 26 mm de diâmetro, para 820 nm. As curvas de espalhamento obtidas por simulação de Monte Carlo são semelhantes às experimentais: a intensidade de luz espalhada aumenta até uma profundidade Zmax, em seguida decresce exponencialmente. Os valores de Zmax e os coeficientes de atenuação exponencial obtidos por simulação nem sempre foram compatíveis com os experimentais, embora as variações com o tamanho da cubeta e com o comprimento de onda tenham sido equivalentes nos resultados experimentais e simulados. Concluímos que os comportamentos dos resultados de transmissão e espalhamento de luz, da simulação e experimentais são semelhantes. / The knowledge of the dose inside the tissue can improve various protocols applied to reduction of inflammatory processes, pain relief, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and tissue regeneration. The aim of this work is to calculate the light distribution in Lipovenos 10% (Lp) by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and to do experimental measurements in order to compare both results and to validate the simulation. MCML 1.2.2-2000 code was used to simulate the red (633 nm) and infrared (820 nm) light distribution in cylindrical layers of Lp with thicknesses from 2 to 12 mm and 30 mm, and diameters of 12 and 26 mm. To validate the simulation an experiment has been carried out, using a CCD camera to acquire images of transmitted and 90° scattered light from a PMMA cuvette containing different quantities of Lp, illuminated from the top with He-Ne or GaAlAs lasers. Experimentally, it was observed that the maximum intensity of transmitted light has an exponential behavior with the sample thickness, similar to the simulation result. The attenuation of transmitted light is highest for infrared light and for Lp layers with 12 mm of diameter. Gaussian curves fitted to the experimental and to the MCS results have similar widths and the variation of the width with the Lp thickness is linear at least up to 6 mm thicknesses. As the slope of simulated and experimental results are compatible for red light in Lp layers with 26 mm of diameter, this simulation was validated. For 633 nm the differences between experimental and simulated widths are generaly below 1 mm and for infrared light the higher discrepancies (2,5 mm) were observed for Lp with 26 mm of diameter, at 820 nm. The behavior of the scattering curves obtained by MCS is similar to the experimental results: the light intensity increases until a depth Zmax of Lp, followed by an exponential attenuation. The experimental and simulated Zmax positions and attenuation coefficients are not always compatible. However, their variation with the cuvette size and with the wavelength are the same for experimental and MCS results. We conclude that the characteristics of transmission and scattering of light are similar for MCS and experimental results.

O conhecimento da dose de luz dentro do tecido biológico pode aprimorar diversos protocolos aplicados para redução da inflamação e da dor, terapia fotodinâmica e regeneração tecidual. O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a distribuição de luz em Lipovenos 10% (Lp) por simulação de Monte Carlo, realizar medidas experimentais e comparar os resultados da simulação com os resultados experimentais para validar a simulação. O programa MCML 1.2.2 foi escolhido para simular a distribuição de luz vermelha (633 nm) e infravermelha (820 nm) em camadas cilíndricas de 2 a 12 mm e de 30 mm de espessura de Lp com diâmetros de 12 e 26 mm. Para validar a simulação um experimento foi realizado adquirindo imagens com câmera CCD da luz transmitida e da luz espalhada a 90º de cubetas de PMMA (Polimetilmetacrilato)contendo quantidades variáveis de Lp, iluminadas verticalmente com laser de HeNe ou GaAlAs. O resultado experimental mostrou que a intensidade máxima de luz transmitida decresce exponencialmente com a espessura da amostra, de maneira similar ao resultado da simulação. A atenuação de luz transmitida foi maior para luz infravermelha e em Lp de diâmetro 12 mm. Curvas gaussianas ajustadas aos resultados experimentais e simulados tiveram larguras de distribuição de luz similares e variando linearmente com a espessura de Lp até espessuras de ao menos 6 mm. Os coeficientes angulares das retas experimentais e simuladas foram compatíveis para luz vermelha em Lp de 26 mm de diâmetro, validando a simulação. Para 633 nm as diferenças entre as larguras experimentais e simuladas foram quase sempre inferiores a 1 mm e no infravermelho as maiores discrepâncias observadas (2,5 mm) foram para Lp de 26 mm de diâmetro, para 820 nm. As curvas de espalhamento obtidas por simulação de Monte Carlo são semelhantes às experimentais: a intensidade de luz espalhada aumenta até uma profundidade Zmax, em seguida decresce exponencialmente. Os valores de Zmax e os coeficientes de atenuação exponencial obtidos por simulação nem sempre foram compatíveis com os experimentais, embora as variações com o tamanho da cubeta e com o comprimento de onda tenham sido equivalentes nos resultados experimentais e simulados. Concluímos que os comportamentos dos resultados de transmissão e espalhamento de luz, da simulação e experimentais são semelhantes. / The knowledge of the dose inside the tissue can improve various protocols applied to reduction of inflammatory processes, pain relief, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and tissue regeneration. The aim of this work is to calculate the light distribution in Lipovenos 10% (Lp) by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and to do experimental measurements in order to compare both results and to validate the simulation. MCML 1.2.2-2000 code was used to simulate the red (633 nm) and infrared (820 nm) light distribution in cylindrical layers of Lp with thicknesses from 2 to 12 mm and 30 mm, and diameters of 12 and 26 mm. To validate the simulation an experiment has been carried out, using a CCD camera to acquire images of transmitted and 90° scattered light from a PMMA cuvette containing different quantities of Lp, illuminated from the top with He-Ne or GaAlAs lasers. Experimentally, it was observed that the maximum intensity of transmitted light has an exponential behavior with the sample thickness, similar to the simulation result. The attenuation of transmitted light is highest for infrared light and for Lp layers with 12 mm of diameter. Gaussian curves fitted to the experimental and to the MCS results have similar widths and the variation of the width with the Lp thickness is linear at least up to 6 mm thicknesses. As the slope of simulated and experimental results are compatible for red light in Lp layers with 26 mm of diameter, this simulation was validated. For 633 nm the differences between experimental and simulated widths are generaly below 1 mm and for infrared light the higher discrepancies (2,5 mm) were observed for Lp with 26 mm of diameter, at 820 nm. The behavior of the scattering curves obtained by MCS is similar to the experimental results: the light intensity increases until a depth Zmax of Lp, followed by an exponential attenuation. The experimental and simulated Zmax positions and attenuation coefficients are not always compatible. However, their variation with the cuvette size and with the wavelength are the same for experimental and MCS results. We conclude that the characteristics of transmission and scattering of light are similar for MCS and experimental results.

No description available.

Les microalgues sont de plus en plus regardées pour leurs potentiels énergétiques et leurs nombreuses applications. Mais les systèmes de production actuels, que se soit les systèmes dits ouvert comme les bassins ou les systèmes fermés, appelés photobioréacteurs, sont très énergivores et pas assez productifs. Cette thèse propose un nouveau concept de photobioréacteur, composé d'un airlift et d'une plaque mince. Le photobioréacteur est caractérisé expérimentalement et est modélisé sous plusieurs aspects. L'hydrodynamique du système est modélisée pour prédire le comportement des fluides dans le système. Les phénomènes de transferts de masse sont modélisés par le modèle des deux films. La modélisation permet de connaitre l'apport minimum nécessaire en dioxyde de carbone pour la culture des microalgues et permet d'évaluer la concentration en oxygène dissous dans le photobioréacteur. Elle permet aussi d'évaluer son élimination par le système, l'oxygène étant inhibant pour la culture. Les phénomènes de transferts de chaleur sont aussi modélisés, permettant de connaitre l'impact des différents paramètres (ensoleillement, température de l'air ambiant) sur la température de culture. Ces différents modèles sont rassemblés en un modèle global qui est comparé aux résultats expérimentaux de culture d'algues. Le modèle global est ensuite utilisé dans un contexte plus complexe : l'intégration des plaques minces du photobioréacteur aux parois d'un bâtiment. Le modèle global permettra d'étudier l'effet les différentes orientations (Nord, Sud, Est, Ouest en vertical sur les façades et à l'horizontal sur les toits) sur les températures et productivité du système. La consommation d'énergie de la culture est optimisée grâce au modèle. A la suite de cette optimisation, certaines perspectives sur l'intégration énergétique d'un tel système sont proposées. / Microalgae are more and more studied for their energy potential and various applications. However, the actual production processes (open and closed photobioreactor) use a lot of energy and aren't productive enough. This thesis presents a novel process of microalgae culture, with an airlift system coupled to a thin plate. The photobioreactor is experimentally characterized and modeled for many aspects. Hydrodynamics of the system is modeled to predict the fluid behavior in the system. Mass transfers are modeled using the two film model. The model allows knowing minimum carbon needs for microalgae culture. It also allows evaluating dissolved oxygen concentration in the photobioreactor and its elimination efficiency. Oxygen is inhibiting the culture at high concentration. Heat transfers are also modeled, allowing to know climate parameters impact (sunshine, ambient air temperature) on culture temperature. All models are assembled in a global model. This model is compared to microalgae culture experimental results. Finally, the global model is used to study a more complex system: culture thin plates are integrated on the walls of buildings. Global model allow studying different orientation effects on temperature and productivity of the system. Culture is optimized for energy consumption and some perspectives on energy integration of such a system are proposed.

Denna studie är ett examensarbete som har utförts som en del av utbildningen inom Produktutveckling med inriktning Ljusdesign på Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping vårterminen 2018. Varje utomhusmiljö är unik och förändras efter dygnet och årstiderna vilket i sin tur gör den komplex. Dygnet runt används det offentliga stadsrummet frekvent av dess invånare och besökare. För att vilja och våga vistas i stadsrummet även under kvällstid utgör belysningen en viktig roll. Genom att framhäva olika platsers rumslighet och atmosfär utefter rummet och människan kan mer trivsamma och trygga platser skapas för att både mötas och vistas på. Syftet med denna studie har varit att få en djupare förståelse av hur människan upplever rumslighet och atmosfär med varierad ljusfördelning i ett offentligt exteriört stadsrum. Genom att utföra en experimentell situation i fullskala på ett gångstråk/en allé i de centrala delarna av Jönköping kunde fyra ljusscener i ett och samma rum studeras, detta möjliggjorde att trovärdig och jämförbar data kunde inhämtas för att sedan analyseras. Av studiens resultat framgår att människans upplevelse är individuell och att dess rörelsemönster i ett rum varierar beroende på hur ljuset är uppställt. Beroende på faktorer som könsfördelning, tidigare erfarenheter och platsens utformning bidrar också detta till hur ett rum upplevs mellan individen. Oavsett om upplevelsen av ett rum betraktas utifrån eller inifrån upplever människor det vara lika. Hur ett rums dimensioner framhävs i form av dess höjd, bredd och djup kan upplevelsen av rummets form påverkas. En jämn kontrastvariation mellan ljus och mörker skapar ett mer inbjudande intryck vilket kan bidra till en ökad upplevelse av trygghet samt underlätta orienterbarheten. / This study is a bachelor thesis that has been carried out as a part of the course in Product Development with focus Lighting Design at Jönköping University, School of Engineering spring term 2018. Every outdoor environment is unique as the seasons and the developing day which in turn makes it complex. The public urban space is frequently used by its inhabitants and visitors throughout the day. The function of lighting is therefore essential for the individual's role of wanting and daring to reside in the urban spaces also during the evening. By emphasizing the spaciousness and atmosphere of different environments along the room and the individual, more comfortable and safe places can be created for both meeting and staying on. The purpose of this study has been to get a profound understanding of how different individuals experience of spatiality and atmosphere with varied light distribution in a public exterior urbanspace. By conducting an experimental full-scale situation on a walkway/avenue in the central parts of Jönköping, four different light scenes could be studied in the same exterior room. This enabled credible and comparable data to be retrieved and then analyzed. The study results show that the human experience is individual and that its movement patterns in a room vary, depending on how the light is set. Further factors as gender, past experiences and site design contributes to how a room is experienced between individuals. It has emerged from the study that whether or not a room is viewed from within or from without perspective, the experience among the participants is perceived equally. Depending on how an environmental dimension is accentuated in terms of its height, width and depth, the perception of the actual creation of the room can be influenced. An even contrast between light and dark creates a more inviting impression, which can contribute to an increased sense of security and facilitate orientation.

Introduktion - Detta examensarbete handlar om belysningens påverkan på människorsrumsupplevelse och trygghet i trånga och stängda utrymmen, med särskilt fokus påhissar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ljusfördelning och ljusintensitetpåverkar människors upplevelse av hissar och hur ljuset kan skapa en mer behaglig ochtrygg miljö för dessa utrymmen. Metod - Undersökningen utfördes genom en kombination av en enkätundersökning ochett experiment med djupgående intervjuer. Båda delarna av studien innehöll sexbelysningsscenarier med olika ljusfördelningar och intensiteter. Enkätundersökningengenomfördes med 23 deltagare som besvarade frågor gällande upplevd atmosfär, känslaoch trygghet i hissen med hjälp av en semantisk skala. Experimentet utfördes på ettmindre urval deltagare med samma scenarier visade genom ett VR-headset. Resultat och Analys - Den insamlade datan från enkäten och intervjuerna visar attdeltagarna föredrog en jämnare och högre ljusintensitet. Många upplevde en förbättradtrygghet i hissen med ett jämnare ljus, eftersom det tydliggjorde människors ansikten.Den mer varierade ljusfördelningen upplevdes som luminant och ojämn. Resten av deninsamlade datan visar på att deltagarna upplevde scenarierna på väldigt olika sätt. Diskussion - Resultaten bekräftar en del tidigare forskning gällande att högreljusintensiteter bidrar till en ökad trygghet. Men i motsats till tidigare forskning somvisar på att en mer varierad ljusfördelning skapar en positivare atmosfär, visar dennastudie på att en jämnare ljusfördelning bidrar till en bättre atmosfär i hissar. En möjligförklaring till detta resultat kan vara att en jämn ljusfördelning tydliggör ansikten ochskapar en känsla av ökad trygghet. Detta resultat är viktigt att ta hänsyn till förljusdesign i offentliga utrymmen, speciellt i hissar där det är viktigt att skapa en tryggoch bekväm atmosfär. Trots att hissen är ett utrymme som brukas under en kortare tidär det viktigt att den upplevs trygg och behaglig för att det ska vara ett bra alternativ tilltrappor. / Introduction - This thesis investigated the impact of lighting on people's spatialexperience and sense of safety in confined and enclosed spaces, with a particular focuson elevators. The aim of the study was to examine how light distribution and intensityaffect people's experience of elevators and how light can create a more comfortable andsecure environment for these spaces. Method - The study was conducted through a combination of a survey and anexperiment with in-depth interviews. Both parts of the study included six lightingscenarios with varying light distributions and intensities. The survey was conductedwith 23 participants who answered questions about their perceived atmosphere,feelings, and sense of safety in the elevator using a semantic scale. The experiment wasconducted on a smaller sample of people with the same scenarios shown through a VRheadset. Results and Analysis - The collected data from the survey and interviews show thatparticipants preferred a more even and higher light intensity. Many experiencedimproved safety in the elevator with a more even light, as it highlighted people's faces.A more varied light distribution was experienced as luminous and uneven. The rest ofthe collected data shows that participants experienced the scenarios in very differentways. Discussion - The results confirm previous research that higher light intensitiescontribute to increased safety. Contrary to previous research, it showed that a morevaried light distribution creates a more positive atmosphere, this study shows that amore even light distribution contributes to a better atmosphere in elevators. Onepossible explanation for this result could be that an even light distribution highlightsfaces and creates a sense of increased safety. This result is important to consider forlighting design in public spaces, especially in elevators where it is important to createa safe and comfortable atmosphere. Despite being a space used for a short period oftime, it is important for the elevator to be perceived as safe and comfortable for it to bea good alternative to stairs.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur vi ska belysa vår bebyggda utomhusmiljö, genom att ta reda på vilken ljusfördelningsprincip utav av vertikal-, horisontal- eller målpunktsbelysning som är den mest effektiva för att leda människor. För att uppfylla studiens syfte utfördes ett fullskaligt experiment i verklig utomhusmiljö där de tre ljusfördelningprinciperna ställdes mot varandra i tre scenarion. De 29 deltagarna utvärderade sina känslomässiga upplevelser genom The Discrete Emotions Questionnaire (DEQ) efterföljt av vägval och semistrukturerade intervjuer. De olika datainsamlingsmetoderna gav oss möjlighet att undersöka ljusfördelningsprinciperna i förhållande till varandra genom triangulering. Studiens hypotes om att människor väljer att gå mot den ljusfördelningsprincip som inger mest positiva känslor bekräftas, bland annat av resultatets signifikanta skillnader. Av vilka det även framgår att människan blir olika känslomässigt påverkad av olika ljusfördelningsprinciper, samt att målpunktsbelysning är den ljusfördelningsprincip som människor helst vill gå mot. Det visade sig även att det är viktigt att kunna avläsa omgivningen, rummets gränser och att ha en siktlinje, vilket kan påverka den känslomässiga upplevelsen och den upplevda tryggheten. Samt att resultatet tyder på att den känslomässiga reaktionen är mer relaterad till upplevelsen av ljuset än platsens utseende. Med denna kunskap skapas större förståelse för hur belysning kan planeras i bebyggd utomhusmiljö. Vår moderna livsstils skapar ett behov av att kunna vistas fritt i stadsrummet även under dygnets mörka timmar, därigenom har utformningen av belysningsanläggningarna blivit viktiga då dessa belysningsanläggningar måste tillfredsställa människans behov av att känna trygghet. Eftersom dessa belysningsanläggningar påverkar den sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska hållbarheten finns det ett behov av att ta reda på hur man effektivt kan leda människor med ljus. Studiens resultat visar på goda möjligheter att kunna leda människor till vissa vägar genom att använda sig av målpunktsbelysning. Detta kan i förlängningen ge möjlighet att reducera klimatpåverkan via minskad energikonsumtion då man kan minska den totala belysningen genom att leda människor via vägar där man koncentrerat belysningen på valda objekt. / The purpose of this study is to find out how to illuminate our built outdoor environment, by finding out which light distribution principle of vertical, horizontal or visual objective lighting is the most effective for guiding people. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a full-scale experiment was conducted in a real outdoor environment where the three light distribution principles were set against each other in three scenarios. The 29 participants evaluated their emotional experiences through The Discrete Emotions Questionnaire (DEQ) followed by choice of paths and semi-structured interviews. The different data collection methods allowed us to investigate the light distribution principles in relation to each other through triangulation. The study's hypothesis that people choose to go against the light distribution principle that gives rise to the most positive emotions is confirmed, among other things, by the significant differences in the results. From which it is also evident that people is variously emotionally influenced by different light distribution principles, and that visual objective lighting is the light distribution principle that people prefer to go against. It was also found that it is important to be able to read the surroundings, the boundaries of the room and to have a line of sight, which can affect the emotional experience and the perceived security. The result suggests that the emotional reaction is more related to the experience of the light than the appearance of the place. This knowledge creates a greater understanding of how lighting can be planned in a built outdoor environment. Our modern lifestyle creates a need to be able to reside freely in the urban space even during the dark hours, which is why lighting design has become a crucial aspect of satisfying peoples need to feel secure. As these lighting systems affect social, economic and ecological sustainability, there is a need to find out how to effectively manage people with light. The study's results show good opportunities to be able to lead people to certain paths by using visual objective lighting. This can, in the long run, give the opportunity to reduce the climate impact through reduced energy consumption, since it is possible to reduce the total illumination by directing people through selected roads where the lighting is concentrated on selected objects.