Hong Kong is widely known as a bilingual city. In addition to the locally spoken Cantonese, the vast majority of Hong Kong Chinese people are also able to speak English, the ex-colonial and the international language which has played an important role in the community since the colony was founded. This linguistic situation has given rise to a local variety of English. Recognising the distinct form and function of this variety, scholars (e.g. Bolton 2002, Joseph 2004: 132-161) have argued that the linguistic features in the English spoken by Hong Kong people should be identified as Hong Kong English (HKE). Observing that certain Hong Kong English features specific to computer-mediated communication (CMC) have been developed through communication among bilingual Hong Kong Chinese on the internet, I believe that Hong Kong English in CMC should be seen as a distinct variety. To support my argument, I have, in this thesis, re-examined the notion of linguistic variety. This in turn has required an investigation into the nature of the linguistic norms that define a 'systematically different' form of language. I begin my study by looking at the sociolinguistics of Hong Kong. The distribution of the three main languages – Cantonese, English, and Putonghua – is examined, and Cantonese-English code-mixing is discussed. The focus then turns to the notion of Hong Kong English, and its linguistic features are analysed. Then, the nature of computer-mediated communication is explored. I look at how this context has affected the use of language in general, and HKE specifically. The distinctive HKE features that can only be seen in CMC are examined. I show that Hong Kong English in computer-mediated communication (CHKE) is formally different from HKE in other written contexts. In order to argue that CHKE is a variety of its own, I look at how various scholars define 'variety' and similar notions such as 'language', 'dialect', 'sociolect', and 'register'. Seeing that the concept of norms is essential in determining whether a variety is 'systematically different', I explore the nature of social norms and linguistic norms. A model of norms is proposed, identifying three kinds of linguistic norms: formal norms, contextual norms and identity norms. I present the results of a survey I conducted that aims to elicit Hong Kong people‘s attitudes towards CHKE. Analysis of the data obtained from the survey shows that linguistic norms of CHKE have emerged. Not only is CHKE recognised by its users as a distinct variety, this variety also has an identity marking function that is not seen in other forms of written HKE.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les discours et les idéologies linguistiques présentes dans l’enseignement du français à l’Université de Moncton, en Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick (Canada), région francophone minoritaire. A travers les concepts clés que sont les « idéologies », le « discours », les « normes linguistiques », l’objectif est de comprendre quels sont les discours et les idéologies qui circulent dans l’enseignement du français. Quels discours sont légitimes, dominants ? Comment et pourquoi certains deviennent hégémoniques ? Quels enjeux de pouvoir, quels intérêts, des acteurs sociaux (professeurs, étudiants, personnels) révèlent-ils ? Et de quelles idéologies sont-ils les actualisations ? Comment et pourquoi ces idéologies sont investies par ces acteurs, qui en a le bénéfice ? De manière générale, il s’agit d’interroger le rôle de l’enseignement du français dans la construction idéologique : c’est-à-dire quelles idéologies l’enseignement contribue-t-il à construire / diffuser / reproduire ? Il s’agit aussi d’interroger le rapport à la langue des personnes, en regard des changements certes linguistiques, mais aussi économiques, sociaux, politiques.Ces questions ont été investiguées au moyen d’une enquête ethnographique d’un an dans les locaux de l’Université de Moncton. Différentes méthodes de recueil de données ont été mises en place : observation participante (notamment des cours de français obligatoires, qui ont été suivis durant un semestre), entretiens avec les étudiants et les professeurs, collecte de documents et de rapports internes (pour saisir les aspects institutionnels). L’ensemble des données forment un corpus de discours analysé au moyen de l’analyse critique de discours et de l’analyse argumentative de discours. Il s’agit donc d’une démarche interprétative, la mieux à même selon moi, de proposer une vision fine de dynamiques sociolinguistiques complexes.Les analyses révèlent une volonté d’enseigner un français dit standard, forme idéalisée, supposée stable et plus ou moins universelle, ce qui lui confèrerait une importance et une utilité plus grande dans l’espace public. Or, dans le même temps, la conscience aigüe des enjeux identitaires derrière les questions linguistiques impose aux professeurs de traiter la question des vernaculaires, et notamment du chiac. Quelle place leur faire ? Comment les gérer en classe ? En d’autres termes, la présence à la fois d’une idéologie du standard très implantée et de discours liés à la diversité linguistique et à la protection des identités, crée une série de tensions et de négociations qui sont analysées dans cette thèse.Suivant l’orientation que je donne à l’étude des idéologies, ces tensions sont analysées en termes de rapports de pouvoir institutionnalisés et de processus de domination, et vues comme potentiellement créatrices de discriminations et d’inégalités. Ces dynamiques sont observées dans leur rapport avec une situation de minorisation, c’est-à-dire en ce que la minorité (au sens démographique du terme) peut être le résultat de rapports de forces, mais aussi dans sa capacité à en générer d’autres ou à en dissimuler. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the discourses and the linguistic ideologies present in the teaching of French at the Université de Moncton, in New Brunswick’s Acadia (Canada), a francophone minority region. Through the key concepts that are “ideologies”, “discourses” and “linguistic norms”, the aim is to understand what discourses and ideologies are circulating in French teaching. What discourses are legitimate, dominating? How and why do some of them become hegemonic? What stakes, interests, do the social actors reveal (professors, students, and staff)? Of what ideologies are these discourses the actualization? How and why are these ideologies invested by these actors, who benefits from them? In general, it is a matter of questioning the role of French teaching in the construction of ideologies: that is to say what ideologies teaching participates to build / spread / reproduce? Furthermore, the relation of people to language should be questioned, in regards to the changes that are indeed linguistic, but also economic, social, political.These questions have been investigated by a year-long ethnographic inquiry in the premises of the Université de Moncton. Different methods of data gathering were set up: participant observation (especially of the obligatory French courses during a whole semester), interviews with students and professors, collecting documents and internal reports (to grasp the institutional aspects). All these data form a corpus of discourses, analysed using critical discourse analysis and argumentative discourse analysis. It is, then, an interpretative approach, which is in my opinion, the best to offer an accurate view of complex sociolinguistic dynamics.These analyses reveal a willingness to teach a French called “standard”, an idealized form, supposed to be stable and more or less universal, which could grant it an importance and a greater utility in public space. But at the same time, the acute awareness of identity issues behind linguistic subjects requires teachers to address the “vernaculars” issue, especially the Chiac. What place could they have? How to handle them in class? In other words, the presence of both a very implemented standard ideology and discourses about linguistic diversity and the protection of identities, creates a series of tensions and negotiations that are analysed in this thesis.Following the orientation I give to the study of ideologies, these tensions will be analysed in terms of institutionalized power relations and domination processes, and seen as potentially generative of discriminations and inequalities. These dynamics are observed in their link to a situation of minorization. That is to say, the way minority (in its demographic meaning) can be the result of power relations, but also has a capacity to generate or dissimulate other power relations.

Submitted by Oliveira Gabrig (igoliveira@id.uff.br) on 2017-06-13T16:11:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Com essa pesquisa tem-se a intenção de enriquecer o debate sobre o tema das normas linguísticas, mais especificamente acerca das normas linguísticas coexistentes no português do Brasil, mostrando a visão de importantes autores da sociolinguística no que concerne à divisão e nomenclatura dessas normas, além de esclarecer os aspectos socio-históricos envolvidos na constituição da norma padrão brasileira. Também busca evidenciar que há um aparato ideológico, denominado aqui de ideologia da norma-padrão, que mantém o status elevado de uma norma, a prescritiva, sobre as demais, normas cultas e normas populares. Para isso, observamos como esta ideologia se manifesta na sociedade através da análise de comentários feitos por seguidores da página “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” pertencente à rede social Facebook. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as representações que diferentes falantes têm não só da língua portuguesa, como também dos usos que outros falantes fazem dessa língua / With this research the intention is to enrich the debate on the theme of linguistic norms, especifically about the linguistic norms that coexist in brasilian portuguese, showing the vision of importants sociolinguistic authors, concerning the division and nomenclature of these norms, in addition clarifies the socio-historical aspects involved in the constitution of the brasilian standard norm. Also seeks to evidence that exists an ideological apparatus, named here as the ideology of standard norm, that maintains the hight status of one norm, the prescriptive, above the others, cultured norms and popular norms. For this it observes how this ideology manifests itself in a society through analysis of comments made by followers of the page “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” belongs to Facebook social network. With this analysis it was possible to identify the representations that the speakers have not only of the portuguese language, but also of the use that different speakers make in this language

I den här undersökningen har lärarkommentarer i studentuppsatser under hundra år undersökts med syfte att ta reda på vad dessa kan säga om språkliga normer och deras utveckling vid Karlstads högre allmänna läroverk mellan åren 1868 och 1968.  Undersökningen har begränsats till tre nedslag med femtio års mellanrum, 1868, 1918 och 1968, där lärarnas kommentarer kategoriserats efter funktion. Kategorierna har också analyserats separat med hjälp av utvalda exempel från respektive kategori. Slutligen har resultatet jämförts med tidigare forskning om elevspråk i studentuppsatser.  Resultatet visar dels på att elevernas skriftliga språknorm framför allt under 1900-talets senare hälft blivit enklare och mer talspråklig, och att lärare alltid i viss mån har velat motverka eller bromsa den utvecklingen, men dels också på lärarens språkmakt och tolkningsföreträde i att bedöma vad som är rätt och fel. Det visar också att lärarnas språkvårdande funktion varit stark under hela undersökningsperioden. / In this study, teacher comments in student essays have been examined with the aim of finding out what these can say about linguistic norms and their development at Karlstad's secondary upper school between 1868 and 1968. The study is limited to years at fifty-year intervals, 1868, 1918 and 1968, in which the teachers' comments were categorized by function. The categories have also been analyzed separately using examples from each category. Finally, the result has been compared with previous research on student language in student essays. The result shows that the norm of students' written language, especially during the latter half of the 20th century, is less complex and closer to colloquial language, and that teachers to some degree always have wanted to slow down this development. However it also shows the teacher's language power in assessing what is right and wrong. Furthermore, the study shows that the teachers' language cultivational function has remained strong throughout the investigation period.

I den här undersökningen har lärarkommentarer i studentuppsatser under hundra år undersökts med syfte att ta reda på vad dessa kan säga om språkliga normer och deras utveckling vid Karlstads högre allmänna läroverk mellan åren 1868 och 1968.  Undersökningen har begränsats till tre nedslag med femtio års mellanrum, 1868, 1918 och 1968, där lärarnas kommentarer kategoriserats efter funktion. Kategorierna har också analyserats separat med hjälp av utvalda exempel från respektive kategori. Slutligen har resultatet jämförts med tidigare forskning om elevspråk i studentuppsatser.  Resultatet visar dels på att elevernas skriftliga språknorm framför allt under 1900-talets senare hälft blivit enklare och mer talspråklig, och att lärare alltid i viss mån har velat motverka eller bromsa den utvecklingen, men dels också på lärarens språkmakt och tolkningsföreträde i att bedöma vad som är rätt och fel. Det visar också att lärarnas språkvårdande funktion varit stark under hela undersökningsperioden. / In this study, teacher comments in student essays have been examined with the aim of finding out what these can say about linguistic norms and their development at Karlstad's secondary upper school between 1868 and 1968. The study is limited to years at fifty-year intervals, 1868, 1918 and 1968, in which the teachers' comments were categorized by function. The categories have also been analyzed separately using examples from each category. Finally, the result has been compared with previous research on student language in student essays. The result shows that the norm of students' written language, especially during the latter half of the 20th century, is less complex and closer to colloquial language, and that teachers to some degree always have wanted to slow down this development. However it also shows the teacher's language power in assessing what is right and wrong. Furthermore, the study shows that the teachers' language cultivational function has remained strong throughout the investigation period.

This dissertation considers the language socialization of law students. One message that the law students encounter is that legal Swedish is an entirely new language. The main aim is to investigate what linguistic norms are conveyed to the students through the teachers’ comments on the students’ texts and through various forms of writing instructions. The material consists of student texts with teacher comments and documentation on various phases of instruction with a focus on writing. Teacher comments on texts written during the first year of the law programme are analyzed and categorized. The analysis stems from two models. The first model is based on different text levels, like formal conventions of writing, sentence construction, text structure, word choice and style, and content. The second model distinguishes different linguistic norms based on three layers: The first layer consists of written language norms in general language practice, the second of academic language norms and the third of norms that are specific to the use of legal language. The results show that word choice and style is the most common category for the teachers’ comments in the first term of the law programme and content is the most common in the second term (with word choice and style the second most common). Formal conventions of writing, sentence structure and different types of grammatical constructions are some of the things the teachers criticize. Surprisingly few of the teachers’ comments concern more overarching aspects such as text structure or the aim and genre of the text. Comments are made on local features in the text, but rarely on more global features. The teaching practice that the writing of law students belongs to entails, among other things, that the students’ texts are assessed anonymously for the sake of fairness. This means that there is not much opportunity for a student to discuss the text with the teacher who commented on and assessed it. The construction of the teachers’ text comments is particularly important when dialogue between student and teacher on the text draft and final version is not an integral part of instruction. The teachers’ written comments are usually brief and do not allow much space for a consideration of linguistic norms and text patterns, which reduces the opportunities for the teachers and the law programme to contribute to a deeper linguistic awareness in the law students.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-22T14:24:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Izabella Regina Basso Pimentel.pdf: 2359278 bytes, checksum: b9ec0d090e559058ee10a456418b5a91 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T14:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Izabella Regina Basso Pimentel.pdf: 2359278 bytes, checksum: b9ec0d090e559058ee10a456418b5a91 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study addresses the importance of approaching language variation in a country school and presents a proposition of pedagogical intervention on the subject. Based on theoretical studies and empirical knowledge on the subject, the main goal was to elaborate a pedagogical proposition for the Elementary School with the aim to contribute to the teaching of Portuguese under a sociolinguistically responsive perspective. In order to reach the proposed goal, research was based on theoretical-methodological assumptions of Sociolinguistics and Educational Sociolinguistics, especially with contributions of Calvet (2002), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004; 2005; 2014), Bagno (2007; 2008), Labov (2008), Mollica (2010) and Faraco (2011). It is, therefore, a qualitative research, combining literature review and action research, carried out in an 8th grade class of Heitor Cavalcanti de Alencar Furtado State Country School, in the community of Jotaesse, Tupãssi, West of Paraná. The empirical data for elaborating the didactic unit for the students were collected through direct observation, questionnaire survey and interview with parents and grandparents of the students involved. The material elaborated is based on the analysis of records of the interviews, theoretical excerpts from various sources regarding language variation and linguistic norms, as well as records of oral interactions between the students involved. The aim, with the application of the didactic unit, was to raise the student’s awareness on language variation, promote the identification of their own language variety and demystify language prejudice, without ignoring the role of schools in providing gradual mastery of the cultured norm, valued in some contexts of interaction. / Este estudo discute a importância da abordagem da variação linguística no contexto da escola do campo e apresenta uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica sobre o tema. A partir de estudos teóricos e de conhecimento empírico sobre a temática, traçou-se, como objetivo geral, elaborar uma proposta de intervenção para o Ensino Fundamental com o intuito de contribuir para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa em uma perspectiva sociolinguisticamente sensível. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a pesquisa se fundamentou nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística e da Sociolinguística Educacional, com contribuições principalmente de Calvet (2002), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004; 2005; 2014), Bagno (2007; 2008), Labov (2008), Mollica (2010) e Faraco (2011). Trata-se, portanto, de pesquisa bibliográfica aliada à pesquisa-ação, de cunho qualitativo, realizada em uma turma de 8º ano do Colégio Estadual do Campo Heitor Cavalcanti de Alencar Furtado, na comunidade de Jotaesse, no Município de Tupãssi, localizado no Oeste do Paraná. O levantamento de dados empíricos para a construção da unidade didática trabalhada com os alunos foi realizado por meio de observação direta e de aplicação de questionário e entrevista com pais e avós dos alunos envolvidos. O material elaborado se pauta na análise dos áudios das entrevistas e de trechos teóricos de várias fontes a respeito da variação linguística e normas linguísticas, bem como de interações orais dos próprios alunos envolvidos. Buscou-se, com a aplicação da unidade didática, a conscientização do aluno sobre a variação linguística, o reconhecimento da própria variedade e a desmistificação do preconceito linguístico, sem perder de vista a função da escola de proporcionar o gradativo domínio da norma culta, valorizada em alguns contextos de interação.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina Língua Portuguesa se apresenta como um desafio para professores e alunos; muito disso se deve à falta de reconhecimento da diversidade linguística (LIMA, 2014). Há uma tendência no ambiente escolar em se valorizar apenas uma norma linguística, ignorando as diferentes normas que fazem parte do convívio em sociedade. Com isso, os discentes entram em conflito, pois aquilo que é apresentado para eles como a Língua Portuguesa está bem distante da sua experiência pessoal com a língua. Em via de eliminar esse conflito, os PCNs e o PNLD estabelecem a inserção do tema variação linguística no conteúdo programático da disciplina Língua Portuguesa. Entretanto, ainda perdura uma lacuna no tratamento desse tema. A preocupação em preencher essa lacuna motivou este trabalho, que teve como objetivo principal propor e aplicar uma sequência didática que abordasse os seguintes temas: língua, gramáticas e normas linguísticas, a fim de contribuir com a realização de uma Educação Linguística eficaz (BAGNO; RANGEL, 2005). Esses três conteúdos principais geraram desdobramentos que proporcionaram a discussão dos seguintes tópicos: variação e preconceito linguísticos. A sequência didática elaborada é composta por oito etapas em que são intercalados momentos de aula expositiva e de atividades lúdicas. A aplicação da proposta de sequência didática ocorreu em uma turma de nono ano do Ensino Fundamental de um CIEP (Centro Integrado de Educação Pública) localizado na Zona Oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As ferramentas utilizadas para identificar os conteúdos assimilados pelos alunos foram a avaliação da participação da turma e os resultados de quatro atividades específicas. Considerando a complexidade e o ineditismo dos conceitos apresentados na sequência didática, o desempenho da classe foi satisfatório. Os alunos também responderam a dois questionários, um no início da sequência e outro ao final, que tinham o propósito de avaliar se houve mudança com relação ao entendimento da existência de variação linguística e do preconceito linguístico. O primeiro questionário revelou que a maioria dos alunos já havia sofrido e praticado preconceito linguístico; já o segundo mostrou que a maioria dos discentes assimilou a noção de preconceito linguístico e rompeu com a ideia de certo e errado na língua. Como objetivo secundário, este trabalho intentou deixar um legado para professores, pois com esta dissertação a ação não ficará limitada apenas ao nono ano daquele CIEP, mas poderá contribuir com o ensino linguístico de diversas escolas; e para pesquisadores, pois este registro descreve um modelo de trabalho acadêmico em que se pretendeu aplicar o princípio de indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A expectativa é que, somados a trabalhos similares, seja possível abrir um precedente de trabalhos acadêmicos fundamentados teoricamente e desenvolvidos de forma prática, além de realizados com preocupações sociais e educacionais / The teaching-learning process of the Portuguese Language discipline presents a challenge for both teachers and students, and much of that is due to the lack of recognition of linguistic diversity (Lima, 2014). There is a tendency in the school environment to appreciate just one linguistic norm, ignoring the other different ones that are part of societys life. Therefore, the students get into conflict, because what is presented to them as "the Portuguese Language" is far distant from their personal experience with the language. In order to eliminate this conflict, the National Curriculum Guidelines and the Schoolbook National Program establish the insertion of the language variation theme in the syllabus of the Portuguese Language courses. However, a gap still exists in the treatment of this subject. The concern of filling this gap motivated this work, which aimed to propose and apply a didactic sequence about the following topics: language, grammars and linguistic norms in order to contribute with the achievement of an effective Linguistic Education (BAGNO and RANGEL, 2005). These three main subjects generated developments that fomented the discussion of the following topics: language variation and linguistic discrimination. The didactic sequence consists of eight steps that intercalate moments of classroom instruction and practical activities. The application of the proposed didactic sequence occurred in a ninth grade class of elementary school of an Integrated Center of Public Education located in the western area of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The tools used to identify the assimilation of the content by the students were the evaluation of class participation and the results of four specific activities. Considering the complexity and originality of the concepts presented in the didactic sequence, the performance of the students was satisfactory. The students also answered two questionnaires: one at the beginning of the sequence and the other at the end of it, which were designed to evaluate if there was a change concerning the understanding of the existence of linguistic variation and linguistic discrimination. The first questionnaire revealed that the majority of the students had already suffered and practiced linguistic discrimination; the second one showed that most of the students assimilated the notion of linguistic discrimination and broke with the concept of right and wrong in language. As a secondary objective, this work aimed to leave a legacy for teachers, because, with this dissertation, the action will not be limited to a single class only, but may contribute to Portuguese Language teaching in several schools. Also, it leaves a legacy for researchers, since this record describes an example of an academic work that applied the principle of indivisibility between teaching, research and extension. The expectation is that, united to similar works, it could be possible to set a precedent of academic papers that are theoretically grounded, practical developed and, also, concerned to social and educational matters

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina Língua Portuguesa se apresenta como um desafio para professores e alunos; muito disso se deve à falta de reconhecimento da diversidade linguística (LIMA, 2014). Há uma tendência no ambiente escolar em se valorizar apenas uma norma linguística, ignorando as diferentes normas que fazem parte do convívio em sociedade. Com isso, os discentes entram em conflito, pois aquilo que é apresentado para eles como a Língua Portuguesa está bem distante da sua experiência pessoal com a língua. Em via de eliminar esse conflito, os PCNs e o PNLD estabelecem a inserção do tema variação linguística no conteúdo programático da disciplina Língua Portuguesa. Entretanto, ainda perdura uma lacuna no tratamento desse tema. A preocupação em preencher essa lacuna motivou este trabalho, que teve como objetivo principal propor e aplicar uma sequência didática que abordasse os seguintes temas: língua, gramáticas e normas linguísticas, a fim de contribuir com a realização de uma Educação Linguística eficaz (BAGNO; RANGEL, 2005). Esses três conteúdos principais geraram desdobramentos que proporcionaram a discussão dos seguintes tópicos: variação e preconceito linguísticos. A sequência didática elaborada é composta por oito etapas em que são intercalados momentos de aula expositiva e de atividades lúdicas. A aplicação da proposta de sequência didática ocorreu em uma turma de nono ano do Ensino Fundamental de um CIEP (Centro Integrado de Educação Pública) localizado na Zona Oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As ferramentas utilizadas para identificar os conteúdos assimilados pelos alunos foram a avaliação da participação da turma e os resultados de quatro atividades específicas. Considerando a complexidade e o ineditismo dos conceitos apresentados na sequência didática, o desempenho da classe foi satisfatório. Os alunos também responderam a dois questionários, um no início da sequência e outro ao final, que tinham o propósito de avaliar se houve mudança com relação ao entendimento da existência de variação linguística e do preconceito linguístico. O primeiro questionário revelou que a maioria dos alunos já havia sofrido e praticado preconceito linguístico; já o segundo mostrou que a maioria dos discentes assimilou a noção de preconceito linguístico e rompeu com a ideia de certo e errado na língua. Como objetivo secundário, este trabalho intentou deixar um legado para professores, pois com esta dissertação a ação não ficará limitada apenas ao nono ano daquele CIEP, mas poderá contribuir com o ensino linguístico de diversas escolas; e para pesquisadores, pois este registro descreve um modelo de trabalho acadêmico em que se pretendeu aplicar o princípio de indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A expectativa é que, somados a trabalhos similares, seja possível abrir um precedente de trabalhos acadêmicos fundamentados teoricamente e desenvolvidos de forma prática, além de realizados com preocupações sociais e educacionais / The teaching-learning process of the Portuguese Language discipline presents a challenge for both teachers and students, and much of that is due to the lack of recognition of linguistic diversity (Lima, 2014). There is a tendency in the school environment to appreciate just one linguistic norm, ignoring the other different ones that are part of societys life. Therefore, the students get into conflict, because what is presented to them as "the Portuguese Language" is far distant from their personal experience with the language. In order to eliminate this conflict, the National Curriculum Guidelines and the Schoolbook National Program establish the insertion of the language variation theme in the syllabus of the Portuguese Language courses. However, a gap still exists in the treatment of this subject. The concern of filling this gap motivated this work, which aimed to propose and apply a didactic sequence about the following topics: language, grammars and linguistic norms in order to contribute with the achievement of an effective Linguistic Education (BAGNO and RANGEL, 2005). These three main subjects generated developments that fomented the discussion of the following topics: language variation and linguistic discrimination. The didactic sequence consists of eight steps that intercalate moments of classroom instruction and practical activities. The application of the proposed didactic sequence occurred in a ninth grade class of elementary school of an Integrated Center of Public Education located in the western area of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The tools used to identify the assimilation of the content by the students were the evaluation of class participation and the results of four specific activities. Considering the complexity and originality of the concepts presented in the didactic sequence, the performance of the students was satisfactory. The students also answered two questionnaires: one at the beginning of the sequence and the other at the end of it, which were designed to evaluate if there was a change concerning the understanding of the existence of linguistic variation and linguistic discrimination. The first questionnaire revealed that the majority of the students had already suffered and practiced linguistic discrimination; the second one showed that most of the students assimilated the notion of linguistic discrimination and broke with the concept of right and wrong in language. As a secondary objective, this work aimed to leave a legacy for teachers, because, with this dissertation, the action will not be limited to a single class only, but may contribute to Portuguese Language teaching in several schools. Also, it leaves a legacy for researchers, since this record describes an example of an academic work that applied the principle of indivisibility between teaching, research and extension. The expectation is that, united to similar works, it could be possible to set a precedent of academic papers that are theoretically grounded, practical developed and, also, concerned to social and educational matters

Die folgende Dissertation, die im Mai 2016 verteidigt wurde, beschäftigt sich mit sprachlichen Manifestationen von Genderkonzeptualisierungen im aktuellen schriftlichen Sprachgebrauch in Kroatien. Die Bedeutung von Genderzuschreibungen für die Benennung von Menschen wird sowohl aus synchroner als auch aus diachroner Perspektive auf Sprache betrachtet und analysiert. Das Material dieser Studie besteht neben sprachlichen und präskriptiven Quellen aus Tageszeitungen und linguistischem Material aus der kroatischen feministisch-queeren Gemeinschaft auch aus den Ergebnissen einer umfassenden Perzeptionsstudie und Expert*inneninterviews. Die Arbeit befasst sich mit drei zentralen Fragen: 1. Wie beeinflussen soziale Gendervorstellungen Fragen linguistischer Standardisierungsprozesse und wie werden diese Vorstellungen zudem in dominante Diskurse über Korrektheit im Sprachgebrauch eingeschrieben? 2. Welche Wirkung auf Genderkonzeptionen haben Sprachnormen im Bereich der personalen Appellation und welche kognitive Wirkung haben alternative Benennungsformen? 3. Welche Bedeutung haben Fragen des geschlechtergerechten Sprachgebrauchs bei politischen und aktivistischen Bemühungen von Genderexpert*innen in Kroatien und welche Strategien verwenden kroatische Genderexpert*innen, um eine diskriminierende Sprachnutzung zu vermeiden? / This dissertation thesis, which was defended in May 2016, deals with linguistic manifestations of gender conceptualizations in current written language usage in Croatia. The importance of gender for the linguistic naming of people is considered and analyzed from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective on language. In addition to linguistic and prescriptive sources, the material of this study consists of daily newspapers and material from the Croatian feminist-queer community as well as oft he results of a perception study and expert inteviews. The thesis deals with three central questions: 1. How do social gender conceptions influence questions of linguistic standardization processes and how are these conceptions inscribed in dominant discourses about correctness in language use? 2. What effect do linguistic norms have on gendered conceptions of people and what is the cognitive effect of alternative naming practices? 3. What meaning is allocated to questions of gender-fair language use in political and activist efforts of gender experts in Croatia and what strategies do Croatian gender experts use to avoid discriminatory language use?