Le domaine des polymères biosourcés connait une croissance rapide mais se pose toujours le problème d’une synthèse plus respectueuse de l’environnement. En cela, la catalyse enzymatique est une voie prometteuse. Ce travail vise donc à étudier et comprendre la polymérisation enzymatique par ouverture de cycle (eROP) afin d’en dépasser les limitations qui sont principalement : une cinétique lente, une faible masse molaire des polymères obtenus ou une variété limitée des fonctions chimiques polymérisables. La première partie de notre étude, portant sur les lactones, a mis en évidence la possibilité d’activer la réaction via une amine tertiaire. La seconde, qui traite des thiolactones, a mis en exergue des mécanismes spécifiques de copolymérisation avec plusieurs étapes de croissance de chaînes. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé des polyesters porteurs d’acides aminés, ouvrant ainsi la voie à des polymères « fonctionnalisables » et à de nouvelles architectures macromoléculaires. / The field of biobased polymers is experiencing a rapid growth but the development of more environmentally friendly synthesis methods remains a problem. With this in mind, enzymatic catalysis is a promising tool but it has some limitations such as slow polymerization kinetics, the low molecular weight of the produced polymers and a limited range of polymerizable monomers. This work aims at a better understanding of the enzymatic ring opening polymerization reactions (eROP) with a view to overcoming these limitations. To achieve this, three main topics have been investigated. The first, focusing on lactones, has demonstrated the possibility of activating the polymerization reaction with a tertiary amine. The second part, dealing with thiolactones as sulfur-based monomers, highlighted specific copolymerization mechanisms comprising of several distinct steps of polymer chain growth. Finally, polyesters bearing amino acids were synthesized, thus paving the way for functionalizable polymers and new macromolecular architectures.

The main objective of this study was the formulation of food-grade water-in-oil (W/O) nano-dispersions based mainly on medium or long-chain triglycerides. Two types of dispersions were formulated and structurally compared, namely emulsions and microemulsions. The systems were used as matrices for encapsulating targeted bioactive molecules with specific characteristics such as antioxidants or peptides. The structural characterization of the formulated systems was investigated using techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) and Small Angle Xray Scattering (SAXS). The existence of swollen inverse micelles was revealed for the case of microemulsions whereas larger droplets still at the nano-scale were observed for the case of emulsions. Structural differences in the presence of the bioactive molecules or induced by the alteration of components were also observed. In order to study the efficacy of the formulations, the proposed loaded systems were assessed either using EPR spectroscopy or Well Diffusion Assay (WDA) depending on the bioactive molecule. It was found that the encapsulated molecules retained their claimed characteristics when encapsulated to the proposed matrices. Finally, some of the formulated dispersions were investigated for their behavior under gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. A two-step digestion model using recombinant Dog Gastric Lipase (rDGL) and Porcine Pancreatic Lipase (PPL) was proposed to simulate lipid hydrolysis in humans. The studies revealed significant decrease of the rDGL specific activity in the presence of the microemulsion while in the presence of lower percent of surfactants (case of emulsion) no alterations were observed.

La lipase pancréatique apparentée de type 2 du cobaye (GPLRP2) hydrolyse une grande variété de substrats lipidiques. Elle montre cependant une sélectivité selon l’organisation supramoléculaire du substrat et la présence de surfactants comme les sels biliaires (NaTDC). Nous avons utilisé la spectroscopie infrarouge (FTIR) pour étudier les interactions entres les phospholipides (DPPC), les surfactants et la GPLRP2 dans des conditions expérimentales proches de celles du tractus digestif. Pour étudier l’étape d’adsorption indépendamment de l’hydrolyse, un variant inactif de GPLRP2 (S152G) a été produit. Diverses dispersions aqueuses de phospholipides ont été préparées : des vésicules multilamellaires (MLV), unilamellaires (LUV) et des micelles mixtes DPPC-surfactant. GPLRP2 hydrolyse le DPPC présent dans des micelles mixtes DPPC-NaTDC mais n’a aucune activité sur le DPPC en phase lamellaire ou présent dans des micelles DPPC-Triton X100. L’analyse par FTIR de l’interaction de GPLRP2 S152G avec le système DPPC-NaTDC montre des changements importants dans le désordre conformationnel et la mobilité des chaînes acyles, la déshydratation de l’interface, l’orientation des têtes polaires et leurs liaisons hydrogène. Aucun effet n’est observé avec les MLV, les LUV ou le système DPPC-Triton X100. Il y a ainsi une reconnaissance spécifique du DPPC dans les micelles mixtes avec les sels biliaires, en accord avec l’activité enzymatique de GPLRP2. Les changements du spectre IR pendant l’hydrolyse du DPPC par la GPLRP2 ont été suivis. Certaines caractéristiques attribuées à la formation de produits de lipolyse peuvent être utilisées pour une étude quantitative de la lipolyse par FTIR. / Guinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein type 2 (GPLRP2) hydrolyzes a large set of lipid substrates, but displays however some selectivity depending on the supramolecular structure of substrate and the presence of surfactants like bile salts (NaTDC). We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the interactions between phospholipids (DPPC), surfactants and GPLRP2 under conditions close to those of the GI tract. To study the adsorption step independently from hydrolysis, a GPLRP2 inactive variant (S152G) was produced. Various phospholipid dispersions were prepared: multilamellar (MLV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and mixed micelles with surfactants. GPLRP2 was found to hydrolyze DPPC present in mixed DPPC-NaTDC micelles but was inactive on DPPC vesicles and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles. FTIR analysis of GPLRP2 S152G interaction with the DPPC-NaTDC system showed a decrease in the conformational disorder and mobility of the acyl chains, a dehydratation of the interface, and changes in the orientation and H-bonding of DPPC polar head-groups. These effects were not observed with MLV, LUV and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles, thus indicating a specific recognition of DPPC in mixed phospholipid-bile salt micelles, in agreement with phospholipase activity measurements. Changes in the IR spectra during DPPC hydrolysis by GPLRP2 were monitored. Specific spectral features were associated to the production of lipolysis products and could be used for quantifying phospholipid lipolysis by FTIR.

L'une des particularités de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, agent pathogène de la tuberculose, est sa capacité à accumuler des lipides dans son cytoplasme, ce qui favorise son entrée en dormance. Le séquençage du génome de M. tuberculosis a permis d'identifier certains gènes codant pour des enzymes lipolytiques, parmi ceux-ci : le gène codant pour la protéine Rv3097c aussi appelée LipY (composée d'un domaine PE et d'un domaine lipase relié par un Linker). Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation biochimique de LipY, mais aussi de ses formes mutantes LipY(∆PE), LipY(∆149) et LipY(∆170), et à l'étude d'inhibition des membres de la famille Lip apparentés à la lipase hormono-sensible humaine (Lip-HSL). Nous avons pu déterminer les propriétés cinétiques de l'activité lipase de LipY et de ses différentes formes mutantes.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la compréhension du rôle des différents domaines de LipY, et du linker dans l'hydrolyse des lipides au cours de l'infection en utilisant des macrophages spumeux (macrophage riche en lipides) infectés au préalable par des souches de M. bovis BCG recombinantes. Ces résultats et les hypothèses posées durant ce travail de thèse, pourraient être appuyés par l'obtention de la structure tridimensionnelle de LipY. Pour cela, nous avons initié et procédé à la cristallogenèse de LipY. La poursuite des études d'optimisation des cristaux obtenus pourrait permettre d'aller plus en profondeur dans l'élucidation du rôle et du mécanisme d'action de LipY. / Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic agent, responsible of the tuberculosis, which can store lipids into the cytoplasm. This accumulation allows the bacteria to enter in the dormancy phase. The sequencing of M. tuberculosis genome, allows to identify some genes coding for lipolytic enzymes, among which a gene coding for Rv3097c protein, also called LipY. (possessing PE domain linkto a lipase domain). During my PhD thesis, we first biochemically characterized LipY and its mutant forms LipY(ΔPE); LipY(Δ149) and Lip(YΔ170) and studied the inhibition of Lip family members related to the human hormone-sensible lipase (Lip-HSL). We determined the kinetic properties for the lipase activity of LipY and its mutants. In the second part, based on these previous results, we studied the role of these different domains and the linker on the hydrolysis of lipids during the infection phase, in infected foamy macrophages (lipids rich). For these studies, we used foamy macrophages infected by recombinants strains of M. bovis BCG (LipY(wt) and its mutants.These results and hypothesis can be confirmed and supported by resolving the tridimensional structure of LipY. Crystallogenesis tests allowed us to have some crystals of LipY(wt), which after optimization would allow us to have a better understanding of the role and action mechanism of LipY.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T10:23:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:49:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A obesidade é o resultado de diversas características do indivíduo, entre as quais se destacam os aspectos genéticos, ambientais e comportamentais. Sua ocorrência é devido ao acúmulo anormal ou excessivo de gordura, que pode resultar em risco de desenvolvimento de doenças graves e alterações lipídicas como dislipidemias e hipercolesterolemia. Vários tratamentos terapêuticos são utilizados para redução do peso corporal. Medicamentos com ação inibidora da lipase digetiva na região do lumen intestinal são utilizados para controlar o metabolismo lipídico, que propicia a redução da absorção de gordura. As plantas têm sido amplamente estudadas como recurso terapêutico, fundamentado no uso popular. Várias plantas apresentam ação antilipidêmica comprovada, devido à presença dos catecois. A Endopleura uchi, conhecida popularmente como uxi amarelo, apresenta em seus extratos, derivados fenólicos e flavonoídicos (catequinas). Este trabalho teve como objetivo, o estudo de avaliação da eficácia antilipidêmica da casca de Endopleura uchi, empregando método espectrofotométrico. A amostra de casca de E. uchi seca e triturada foi adquirida comercialmente. A metodologia envolveu a obtenção dos extratos; quantificação de derivados flavonoídicos e derivados fenólicos totais; avaliação da atividade antioxidante e determinação do efeito inibidor dos extratos na atividade enzimática da lipase pancreática. Foram preparados três extratos em solventes com polaridades diferentes, a partir de 200g de casca seca triturada de E. uchi. Para a determinação de derivados flavonídicos foi utilizado o método com cloreto de alumínio em meio ácido na presença de piridina e para derivados fenólicos totais o método com reagente de Folin-Ciocalteau. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada pelo ensaio de redução do radical DPPH. O efeito antilipidêmico dos extratos foi avaliado através da inibição enzimática da lipase pancreática utilizando como substrato o p-nitrofenolpalmitato. Os extratos obtidos apresentaram rendimento de 23,4 g (11,7%) para o extrato em água, 34,2g (17,1%) de extrato em etanol 80% e 26,6 g (13,3%) de extrato em acetona 80%. O conteúdo de derivados flavonoídicos equivalente em quercetina por grama de amostra foi de 1,35mg para extrato em água, 1,80mg para extrato em etanol 80% e 2,13 mg para extrato em acetona 80%. O conteúdo de derivados fenólicos expressos em equivalente em ácido tânico por grama de amostra foi de 0,639g para extrato em água, 0,950g para extrato em etanol 80% e 0,930g para extrato em acetona 80%. As concentrações efetivas 50% para o método de DPPH variaram de 12,4 μg/mL, 9,7 μg/mL e 7,9 μg/mL para os extratos em água, etanol 80% e em acetona 80% respectivamente. Foi encontrada forte correlação entre atividade antioxidante e o conteúdo de derivados fenólicos. O coeficiente de Pearson para os três extratos foi r > 0,9. Na avaliação dos extratos frente a inibição da lipase pancreática, o extrato aquoso mostrou atividade inibidora de 47,54% (106,90 UIL/g), em etanol 80% (1:1) 36,88% (96,06 UIL/g) e extrato em acetona 80% (1:1) 49,33% (112,14 UIL/g). Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença das atividades antilipidêmica e antioxidante dos extratos de casca de E. uchi, importantes para o tratamento de redução de gordura corporal. / Obesity is the result of various individual characteristics, among which stand out the genetic, environmental and behavioral aspects. Its occurrence is due to abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may result in the risk of developing serious diseases and lipid disorders such as dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Many therapeutic treatments are used for reducing body weight. Drugs that inhibits the digestive lipase in the intestinal lumen region are used to control lipid metabolism, which promotes the reduction of fat absorption. Plants have been widely studied as a treatment method based on the popular use. Several plants have proven, due to the presence of catechols antilipemic action. The Endopleura uchi, popularly known as yellow uxi presents in their extracts, phenolic derivatives and flavonoids (catechins). This work aimed to study the efficacy assessment antilipemic bark Endopleura uchi, employing spectrophotometric method. A sample of E. uchi bark was dried and crushed commercially acquired. The methodology involved obtaining the extracts; quantification of flavonoid compounds and phenolic derivatives; evaluation of antioxidant activity and determination of the inhibitory effect of the extract on the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase. Three extracts were prepared in solvents with different polarities from 200g dry shredded bark of E. uchi. For the determination of the method flavonoid derivative with aluminum chloride in an acid medium in the presence of pyridine and phenolic derivatives with the method of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was used. The antioxidant activity assay was performed by reduction of DPPH. Antilipemic effect of the extracts was assessed by enzymatic inhibition of pancreatic lipase using a substrate of p-nitrofenylpalmitate. The extracts showed yield 23,4 g (11,7%) for the water extract, 34,2 g (17.1%) of 80% ethanol extract and 26,6 g (13,3%) of 80% acetone extract. The content of flavonoid compounds in quercetin equivalent of gram of sample was 1,35 mg to water extract, 1,80 mg extract in 80% ethanol and 2,13 mg 80% extract acetone. The contents of phenolic derivatives expressed in equivalent of gram of tannic acid was 0,639 g sample to extract in water to 0,950 g in 80% ethanol extract and 0,930 g in 80% acetone extract. The effective concentration for 50% DPPH assay ranged from 12,4 μg/mL, 9,7 μg/mL and 7,9 μg/mL for the extracts with water, 80% ethanol and 80% acetone, respectively. Strong correlation between antioxidant activity and content of phenolic derivatives was found. The Pearson coefficient for the three extracts was r > 0,9. In the evaluation of the extracts against pancreatic lipase inhibition of the aqueous extract showed inhibitory activity of 47.54% (106,90 ALI/g) in 80% ethanol (1:1) 36,88% (96,06 ALI/g) and extract with 80% acetone (1:1) 49,33% (112,14 ALI/g). The results showed the presence of antilipemic and antioxidant activities of the extracts of bark of E. uchi, important for the treatment of body fat reduction.

Le syndrome de chylomicronémie multifactorielle (MCS) est une maladie complexe au cours de laquelle les valeurs de triglycérides (TG) dépassent 10 mmol/L. Le MCS se manifeste à l'âge adulte et a une prévalence d’environ 1 adulte sur 600 au Québec. Deux conditions doivent être réunies pour développer cette maladie : une composante génétique (oligogénique ou polygénique) ainsi que la présence de facteurs de risque reliés au style de vie (une alimentation riche en gras et en sucres raffinés, une consommation excessive d'alcool, un diabète non contrôlé ou l'obésité). Le MCS est une condition de santé grave, puisqu’il augmente considérablement le risque de pancréatites aigües et peut doubler le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires. Actuellement, il n’y a pas d’étude d’intervention nutritionnelle, réalisée dans cette population, qui permette de connaitre l’approche nutritionnelle la plus bénéfique. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d’une étude croisée randomisée dont l’objectif était d’évaluer l’impact d’une diète faible en lipides et d’une diète faible en glucides sur le profil lipidique à jeun et postprandial chez des patients atteints de MCS en fonction de la présence d’un variant rare à l’état hétérozygote du gène de la lipoprotéine lipase (LPL). Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent qu’une diète faible en lipides permettrait une diminution plus importante des TG chez les sujets porteurs d’un variant rare à l’état hétérozygote de la LPL et pourrait ultimement contribuer à réduire le risque de pancréatite aigüe sur le long terme. / Multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS) is a complex disease in which triglyceride (TG) values exceed 10 mmol/L. MCS occurs in adulthood and has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 600 adults in Quebec. Two conditions must be met to develop this disease: a genetic component (oligogenic or polygenic) as well as the presence of lifestyle risk factors (a diet high in fat and refined sugars, excessive alcohol consumption, uncontrolled diabetes or obesity). MCS is a serious health condition, as it significantly increases the risk of acute pancreatitis and can double the risk of cardiovascular disease. Currently, there are no nutritional intervention studies conducted in this population to determine the most beneficial nutritional approach. This thesis presents the results of a randomized crossover study whose objective was to evaluate the impact of a low-fat diet and a low-carbohydrate diet on the fasting and postprandial lipid profile in patients with SCD according to the presence of a rare heterozygous lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene variant. The results of this study suggest that a low-fat diet would result in a greater reduction in TGs in subjects with a rare heterozygous variant of LPL and may ultimately help reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis in the long term.

No description available.

A chemoselective catalyst is preferred in a chemical reaction where protecting groups otherwise are needed. The two lipases Candida antarctica lipase B and Rhizomucor miehei lipase showed large chemoselectivity ratios, defined as (kcat/KM)OH / (kcat/KM)SH, in a transacylation reaction with ethyl octanoate as acyl donor and hexanol or hexanethiol as acyl acceptor (paper I). The chemoselectivity ratio of the uncatalyzed reaction was 120 in favour of the alcohol. Compared to the uncatalyzed reaction, the chemoselectivity was 730 times higher for Candida antarctica lipase B and ten times higher for Rhizomucor miehei lipase. The KM towards the thiol was more than two orders of magnitude higher than the KM towards the corresponding alcohol. This was the dominating contribution to the high chemoselectivity displayed by the two lipases. In a novel approach, Candida antarctica lipase B was used as catalyst for enzymatic synthesis of thiol-functionalized polyesters in a one-pot reaction without using protecting groups (paper II). Poly(e-caprolactone) with a free thiol at one of the ends was synthesized in an enzymatic ring-opening polymerization initiated with mercaptoethanol or terminated with either 3-mercaptopropionic acid or g-thiobutyrolactone.

Für die Herstellung pharmazeutisch interessanter α-Hydroxyketone ist die dynamsich kinetische Racematspaltung (DKR) der korrespondierenden Racemate eine interessante und leistungsfähige Methode. Die dafür benötigten Lipasen zeichnen sich insbesondere durch ihre Aktivität und Stabilität in rein organischen Lösungsmitteln aus. Der Verzicht von Cofaktoren macht diese Enzymklasse für einen industriellen Einsatz besonders attraktiv. Für α-Hydroxyketone mit großen Seitenketten hat sich die Lipase TL aus Pseudomonas stutzeri als Biokatalysator als am geeignetsten gezeigt. In vorherigen Studien wurde die Lipase TL erfolgreich mit dem homogenen Shvo-Katalysator für eine effektive DKR von Benzoin und Benzoinderivaten kombiniert und eine strikte (S)-Selektivität der Lipase TL festgestellt. In einer weiteren Studie wurde eine komplett heterogene DKR etabliert. Hierbei wurde die Lipase TL adsorptiv auf dem Polypropylenträger Accurel MP1001 immobilisiert und der Shvo-Katalysator durch verschiedene Metallkatalysatoren ersetzt. Als Modellsubstrat wurde Benzoin verwendet. Das beste Ergebnis der DKR von Benzoin wurde mit den Katalysator Zr-TUD-1 (25) im Lösungsmittel Toluol erreicht. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war die Übertragung der heterogenen DKR von Benzoin auf weitere pharmazeutisch relevante α-Hydroxyketone. Dafür wurde zunächst eine generelle Optimierung der Immobilisierung der Lipase TL durch Verwendung verschiedener trägerbasierter und trägerloser Methoden und die Charakterisierung der Wasseraktivitätsabhängigkeit der KR und der Racemisierung durchgeführt. Zur Verbesserung der Umweltfreundlichkeit der Reaktion wurden außerdem alternative Lösungsmittel als Reaktionsmedium untersucht. Das optimierte Reaktionssystem wurde auf ausgewählte symmetrische und asymmetrische α-Hydroxyketone übertragen und die Eignung der Lipase TL sowie der CALB als Biokatalysatoren überprüft. Nach der Wahl der passenden Lipase wurde die DKR der ausgewählten α-Hydroxyketone untersucht und optimiert.

In recent years, water-in-oil Pickering emulsions have been introduced as promising reaction systems for multiphase enzyme catalysis, in particular lipase-catalyzed esterification and transesterification. Here, we for the first time gained insight into the effects that the presence of the proteins exert on the fineness and stability of the emulsion system and thus, the catalytic performance. We demonstrated a distinct, concentration-and enzyme-dependent decrease of droplet sizes in the dispersed phase, accompanied by decreasing stability against coalescence. This was due to a probably quantitative adsorption of lipases at the interphase intercalating the solid particles. Destabilization was reduced slightly at increased particle content and increased volume portion of the dispersed phase, respectively. However, the low tolerable lipase concentrations in the reaction system considerably limited its productivity. Thus, our study points at the enzyme content, or rather enzyme location, in Pickering emulsions being the crucial parameter for optimizing catalytic performance.