Background: Nurses have the task of treating relatives professionally in connection with death, this is a complicated task and an individual experience. This means that no treatment is uniform. Purpose: Describe nurses' experiences of treating relatives in death situation in different care environments. Method: A systematic literature study with descriptive synthesis of 11 qualitative articles. Results: Through analysis, two themes were identified which is Restrictions in the treatment and Strategies in the treatment. The theme restrictions in the treatment have three sub-themes Lack knowledge, Feeling inadequate and Unmanageable emotions. The second theme Strategies in the treatment have tree themes Creating relationships, Communicating with relatives and the importance of the reflection. The first theme highlights negative experiences that caused nurses to feel limited. The second theme highlights nurses' positive experiences of using different strategies in the treatment that helped to be able to handle the situation. Conclusion: Based on this, conclusions are drawn that by initiating relationships, improving communication, and reflecting, nurses can develop, manage their emotions, and feel support, which leads to the nurses being able to have a better treatment. Nurses can overcome problems that arise in the treatment using different strategies. / Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har i uppgift att bemöta anhöriga professionellt i samband med döden, detta är en komplicerad uppgift eftersom döden är en individuell upplevelse. Detta leder till att inget bemötande är enhetligt. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bemöta anhöriga i samband med döden i olika vårdmiljöer. Metod: En litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes av 11 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat:  Genom analys identifierandes två teman Begränsningar i bemötandet och Behov av strategier i bemötandet. Temat Begränsningar i bemötandet innehåller tre subteman Att sakna kunskap, Att känna sig otillräcklig och Att inte kunna hantera sina känslor. Det andra temat behov av strategier i bemötandet innehåller tre subteman Att skapa relationer, Att kommunicera med anhöriga och Att reflektera i profession. Första temat belyser negativa upplevelser som orsakade att sjuksköterskor kände sig begränsade. Andra temat belyser sjuksköterskors positiva upplevelser av användning av olika strategier i bemötandet som hjälpte att kunna hantera situation. Slutsats: Utifrån detta dras slutsatser om att genom att inleda relationer, förbättra kommunikationen och reflektera kan sjuksköterskor utvecklas, hantera sina känslor och känna stöd vilket leder till att sjuksköterskorna kan tillgå ett bättre bemötande. Sjuksköterskor kan övervinna problem som uppstår i bemötandet genom användningen av olika strategier.

Begreppet stomi härstammar från grekiska ordet stoma och definieras som mun eller öppning. Det finns olika varianter av stomier, men av alla stomier som utförs i Norden utgör kolostomier cirka 60% av dessa. Det kirurgiska ingreppet som används kallas för Hartmanns operation som innebär att den sjuka delen av tjocktarmen avlägsnas och resterande delen av tarmen konstrueras till en kolostomi. Syfte var att belysa personers upplevelser av en kolostomi. Metoden hade ett induktivt förhållningssätt och resultatartiklarna var kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Artikelsökningarna genomfördes i PubMed och Cinahl. Utifrån dataanalysen presenterades fyra huvudkategorier personers upplevelser av försämrad livskvalité, personers upplevelser av sociala relationer, personers upplevelser av otillräcklig information och personers upplevelser av livsstilsförändringar samt fyra subkategorier, upplevelser av osäkerhet i sociala sammanhang, upplevelser av nära relationer i samband med en kolostomi, att anpassa sina kläder och att anpassa sin kost. Resultatet beskrev att personerna upplevde en försämrad livskvalitet i förhållande till begränsningar i vardagen, påverkan på sociala relationer, livsstilsförändringar och brist på information från vårdgivare. Litteraturstudien kan bidra till en fördjupad kunskap och förståelse för personers upplevelser av en kolostomi. / The word ostomy originates from the Greek word stoma and is defined as mouth or opening. There are different types of stomas, but out of all stomas in Scandinavia approximately 60% of these are colostomies. The procedure that is used for colostomies is called Hartmann's surgery, which means that the diseased part of the intestine is removed and the remaining part is constructed as a colostomy. The aim was to illustrate people’s experiences of a colostomy. The method was based on an inductive approach and qualitative articles. The search was conducted in PubMed and Cinahl. The findings of this study resulted in four main categories, people's experiences of deteriorated quality of life, people's experiences of social relationships, people's experiences of insufficient information and experiences of lifestyle changes and four subcategories, experiences of insecurity in social contexts, experiences of close relationships in relation to a colostomy, to adapt their clothes and to adapt their diet. In conclusion, the results described low quality of life related to limitations in the daily life, impact on social relationships, lifestyle changes and lack of information from healthcare providers. This literature study can contribute in deeper knowledge and understanding of people’s experiences of a colostomy.

Bakgrund: Förlossningsdepression är en form av klinisk depression som kan drabba kvinnor efter barnafödandet. Symtom inkluderar ångest och anknytningssvårigheter mellan kvinnan och det nyfödda barnet. Förlossningsdepression screenas med hjälp av självskattningsskalan The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale i kombination med en klinisk bedömning av symtomen. Behandlingar inkluderar antidepressiva läkemedel och psykologisk behandling. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av förlossningsdepression. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes. Informationssökningen genomfördes i de omvårdnadsbaserade databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: I resultat framkom fyra kategorier; Att inte nå upp till det idealiserade moderskapet, utmaningar i samband med rollförändring, ensamhet och isolering och behov av stöd. Resultaten visade att övergången till moderskap upplevs vara utmanande av kvinnor med förlossningsdepression. Kvinnorna upplever även känslor av skuld och skam när de inte lever upp till de sociala normerna som är knutna till att vara en bra mamma. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat kan bidra till ökad förståelse av kvinnors upplevelser och behov vid förlossningsdepression. Studien konkluderar att utbildning av vårdpersonal avseende förlossningsdepression, dess symtom och hur personal möter och vårdar enskilda kvinnor är av stor vikt. / Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a form of clinical depression that can affect women after childbirth. Symptoms include anxiety and bonding difficulties between the woman and the baby. PPD is screened by using the The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in combination with a clinical assessment of the symptoms. Treatments include antidepressants and psychotherapy. Aim: The aim was to describe women's experiences of PPD. Method: A literature review with an inductive approach was conducted. Information retrieval was conducted in the nursing-based databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: In the results, four categories emerged; Not reaching the idealized motherhood, challenges associated with role change, loneliness and isolation and need for support. The results showed that the transition to motherhood is perceived as challenging by women with PPD. The women also experience feelings of guilt and shame when they do not live up to the social norms associated with being a good mother. Conclusion: The results of the literature study can contribute to an increased understanding of women's experiences and needs in PPD. The study concludes that teaching health care professionals about PPD, its symptoms and how to meet and care for women is of great importance.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att patienter uttrycker ett behov av att sjuksköterskor är tillgängliga och stöttar dem under deras svåra tid vid palliativ vård i livets slutskede. Det framgår även att anhöriga upplever att de får ta en stor roll i vårdandet av patienter och är därför i behov av att sjuksköterskor bekräftar dem samt är stöttande. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser inom palliativ vård i livets slutskede. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med en beskrivande syntes. Tolv kvalitativa artiklar analyserades och är presenterade i examensarbetets resultat. Resultat: Efter analys framkom två teman: Upplevelsen av att bli involverad och Uppleva hinder för god palliativ vård. Utifrån dessa två teman identifierades totalt fyra subtema. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor som arbetade nära patienter som erhöll palliativ vård i livets slutskede upplevde att de blev berörda samt ville lindra patienters lidande. Begränsad tid skapade frustration och en hjälplöshet hos sjuksköterskor. När den egna kunskapen brister av att arbeta inom palliativ vård i livets slutskede uppkom en osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskor, av att inte kunna hjälpa patienter och deras anhöriga tillräckligt mycket. Genom sina möten med patienter uttryckte sjuksköterskor en tacksamhet över livet och insåg hur skört det är, vilket skapade reflektion kring döden. / Background: Previous research has shown that patients express a need for nurses to be available and support them during their difficult time in end-of-life palliative care. It also appears that relatives feel that they get to play an important role in the care of the patient and are therefore in need of nurses’ validation and support. Aim: To describe nurses' experiences in palliative care at the end of life. Method: A systematic literature study with a descriptive synthesis. Twelve qualitative articles were analyzed and are presented in the results. Results: After analysis, two themes emerged: The experience of becoming involved and experiencing obstacles to good palliative care. From these two themes, a total of four subthemes were identified. Conclusion: Nurses who worked close to patients who received palliative care at the end of life felt affected for them and wanted to alleviate the patients suffering. Limited time led to frustration and a sense of helplessness among the nurses. Those who lacked experience working in palliative care at the end of life, were uncertain if they provided sufficient help to the patients and their relatives. Their encounters with patients gave the nurses an appreciation for life and how fragile it is, which led to reflections on death

Background: End-of-life palliative care is provided to individuals who have a progressive and incurable disease or injury. The meaning of palliative care is to promote quality of life and to alleviate the relief of patients but also those close to them. Previous research shows that patients in palliative care have a limited everyday life and that they become more dependent on nurses, which in turn leads to reduced autonomy. There was also a lack of communication among nurses and relatives. Method: Systematic literature study with a descriptive summary, 13 care science articles were analysed, all of which have a qualitative approach. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients at the end of life. Results: The analysis revealed two themes; experiences of challenges in care and experiences of being present in care. The first theme included three subthemes; to understand the importance of communication, to experience a lack of knowledge and experience and to be affected emotionally, which was about the communication difficulty and challenges those nurses encountered. The second theme in turn included two subthemes; to experience the care as rewarding and meaningful and to promote good relationships in the care, which were about how nurses were personally affected in the care of patients at the end of life and in the treatment of relatives. Conclusion: The nurse experienced gratitude in caring for the patient at the end of life. The nurse experienced the care as rewarding and satisfying when they promoted good relationships with the patient and relatives. However, the nurse experienced challenges in care due to lack of knowledge and experience. This led to the nurse experiencing an obstacle to meeting the patient's needs.

The purpose of this study was to set up equivalent groups of conventional and experimental classes in English in order to test both groups with certain standardized tests before and after a definite period of instruction, and to evaluate the relative efficiency of the two teaching methods in light of the statistical evidence.

This study represents a survey of selected eighth-grade students of San Joaquin County and the measurement of their ability and achievement in certain aspects of the Language Arts program of the elementary school.

Bakgrund: Amyotrofisk lateral skleros är en terminal progressiv sjukdom där motoriska nervceller i hjärnan, hjärnstammen och ryggmärgen bryts ner och dör. Musklerna blir därmed understimulerade och förtvinar vilket leder till förlamning. Majoriteten av personerna som insjuknar i amyotrofisk lateral skleros avlider inom fem år. Cirka 10-20 procent lever längre än tio år från sjukdomsdebut. Att diagnostiseras med amyotrofisk lateral skleros innebär en chock och en omfattande livsomställning. Då det inte finns något botemedel är det viktigt att patienten erbjuds individanpassad omvårdnad samt psykosocialt och existentiellt stöd för att lindra symtom och stärka patientens livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med Amyotrofisk Lateral Skleros. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på befintlig forskning inom området. Tio vårdvetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna CINAHL Complete och MEDLINE har använts och tillvägagångssättet har utförts enligt Fribergs metod. Resultat: I resultatet framträdde tre teman och fyra subteman som beskrev olika aspekter av att leva med amyotrofisk lateral skleros. De teman som identifierades var: livet faller samman med subtemana förlust av förmågor och förlust av mening, att bygga upp livet på nytt med subtemana acceptans och anpassning och finna mening samt beslut kring vård. Att leva med amyotrofisk lateral skleros innebar sorg, osäkerhet och rädsla samt en känsla av att livet förlorat mening. Sjukdomens progression innebar ett ständigt beslutsfattande kring vård. Familjens delaktighet i vårdbesluten var betydelsefull men gav även upphov till pliktkänslor. Förlusten av fysiska förmågor medförde både rädsla för att helt förlora kontrollen i livet och bli beroende av andra samt rädsla inför döden. Trots detta var det möjligt för deltagarna att acceptera och anpassa sig till sjukdomen samt att hitta ny mening i livet och uppleva livskvalitet. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån ytterligare forskning samt Callista Roys adaptionsmodell som berör människans förmåga till anpassning. De delar som lyftes fram och diskuterades var acceptans, anpassning, autonomi och pliktkänsla. / Background: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a terminal progressive disease in which themotor neurons in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord breaks down and dies. As a result of this the muscles becomes under stimulated and atrophies which leads to paralysis. The majority of persons suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis die within five years. Between 10-20 percent live longer than ten years from the onset of the disease. Being diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis causes a shock and leads to a sweeping life change. Since there is no cure, it is important that people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are offered individualized care as well as psychosocial and existential support in order to relieve symptoms and strengthen the patient’s quality of life. Aim: The aim was to describe patients’ experiences of living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Method: Literature study based on existing research in the field. Ten articles on care science have been used from the databases CINAHL Complete and MEDLINE. The procedure has been carried out according to Friberg's method. Results: The result featured three themes and four subthemes that described different aspects of living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The themes that were identified were: life falls apart with subthemes loss of abilities and loss of meaning, rebuilding life with subthemes acceptance and adaptation and finding meaning and decisions about care. Living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis meant grief, insecurity and fear as well as a feeling that life had lost meaning. The progression of the disease led to a constant decision-making process regarding care. The family's participation in health care decisions was meaningful, but also caused feelings of duty. The loss of physical abilities led to fear of completely losing control in life and becoming dependent on others but also fear of death itself. Despite this, the participants were able to accept and adapt to the disease allowing them to find new meaning and experience quality of life. Discussion: The results were discussed on the basis of further research and Callista Roy's adaptation model, which is about people's ability to adapt. The parts highlighted in the discussion were acceptance, adaption, autonomy and feelings of duty.

Orientador: Kelly Cristiane Henschel Pobbe de Carvalho / Banca: Thiago Alves Valente / Banca: Diana Navas / Resumo: Esta dissertação é resultado de uma investigação realizada com alunos do Ensino Fundamental - Séries Finais (9ºano), em uma escola pública estadual, acerca da leitura de crônicas, sobretudo, aquelas já consagradas pelos grandes escritores da literatura brasileira e perpetuadas no suporte livro. Assim, buscou-se refletir se o gênero crônica pode contribuir na formação do leitor estético, uma vez que, este gênero, tem sido explorado nos diferentes materiais didáticos que circulam na esfera escolar como o Currículo Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, o livro didático, além de outros materiais que contemplam o ensino da leitura. Para tanto, são apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre os pressupostos teóricos que norteiam esta investigação, como: a metodologia, a concepção de linguagem, de leitura, de leitor, a concepção de tipos e gêneros textuais, o ensino de literatura e as estratégias que envolvem o desenvolvimento da compreensão leitora. A base teórica para esta pesquisa vem, principalmente, da concepção dialógica da linguagem proposta por Bakhtin (1997, 2006), bem como da concepção sociointeracionista proposta por Vygotsky (1991, 1994), além das contribuições da Teoria da Estética da Recepção, mais especificamente, o Método Recepcional, preconizado por Bordini e Aguiar (1993). Para o desenvolvimento desta investigação, a metodologia qualitativa de caráter interpretativista foi utilizada, por meio da aplicação dos procedimentos previstos na pesquisa narrativa. Buscou-se, ainda, refl... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work is the result of an investigation conducted with 9th year Elementary School students from a public institution in São Paulo State, about reading chronicles, especially those already established by the great writers of Brazilian literature and perpetuated in the books. So we decided to consider if the text genre chronicle can contribute to the formation of the aesthetic reader, since this genre has been explored in different teaching materials used in the school, like the support materials of the Currículo do Estado de São Paulo, the textbooks, as well as other materials that include the teaching of reading. For this reason, we present some reflections on the theoretical assumptions that guide this research, such as the methodology, the conception of language, of reading, of reader, of text types and genres, the teaching of literature and the strategies involving the development of reading comprehension. The theoretical basis for this research comes mainly from the dialogical conception of language proposed by Bakhtin (1997, 2006) and from the sociointeractionist concepton proposed by Vygotsky (1991, 1994), besides the contributions of the Reception Aesthetic Theory, more specifically the Recepcional Method suggested by Bordini and Aguiar (1993). In order to develop this investigation, it was used the qualitative methodology of interpretative character, applying the procedures provided in the narrative research. It was also proposed a reflection on what concerns the reading of chronicles, if this work, based on the theoretical principles described, could assure to the students the development of reading comprehension, as well as the expansion of their horizons of expectation / Mestre

Sometimes students struggle to interpret literary texts because some of these texts do not lend themselves to the deduction of the interpretative processes with which they are familiar, but the same is not true when students pull interpretations from songs. Is it possible that students’ familiarity with songs might enable them to connect a song with a book and aid interpretation that way? This study attempted to explore the possibility of bridging songs to literary texts in my Community College English classroom, to ascertain if or how the use of song can support or extend students’ interpretive strategies across different types of texts. I investigated how songs might work as a bridge to other texts, like novels, and, if the students use songs as texts, to what extent do the students develop and hone their interpretative skills? Because of this, how might including songs as texts in English writing or English Literature curriculum contribute to the enhancement of students’ writing? The students’ responses disclosed that the songs appealed to their cognition and memories and helped them to interpret and write about the novels they read. Moreover, the students’ responses revealed that pairing or matching songs with novels strengthened interpretation of the book in a plethora of ways, such as meta-message deduction, applying contexts, applying comparisons, and examining thematic correlations. When a novel is bridged or paired with a song, interpretation can also be derived by examining different perspectives, characterizations, personal connections, and life experiences. Exploring emotional connections as well as signs and symbolism can also enable interpretation. Another way to deduce interpretation, according to the students, is to locate a reoccurring issue or thread in a song and transfer the analysis from the song to the novel. However, although a few students might not use songs to interpret literary texts, they might still be able to recognize that the possibility exists to grasp meaning that way.