The use of American historical fiction in an eighth grade social studies or language arts class has not been fully explored, so its literary and social science value is questionable. In order to establish its worth and methods for its use, research into desirable 1iterary goals for adolescents, implications and purposes of historical fiction in general and for youth in particular, a bibliography of novels, and an evaluative survey of specific novels written for youth needed to be done. The research indicates that some critics believe that most junior novels have little to offer youth and that they are poorly written. A minority find that they are useful as an example of a literary genre and as a model for the exploration of adolescent problems, frustrations, and decision making alternatives. Opinions on the value of historical fiction also vary. Some writers conclude that it is largely romantic and a reflection of contemporary times in historical dress, while others have indicated that it conveys an emotional and spiritual feeling for an era through its presentation of historical figures and events and student involvement. Many writers on the subject are ambitious when they consider what junior novels and junior historical novels should accomplish. They list a variety of personal, literary, and conceptual goals. They itemize suitable aims for students such as character building, personal problem solving, an understanding of the mechanics of plot and characterization, an understanding of historical events, and the motivations of figures involved in them, a "feeling" for an era, knowledge of our democratic heritage, even an understanding of what history means. This survey and analysis of specific novels chosen from different American historical eras explores the pertinence of these opinions and goals to novels and briefly verifies the historical accuracy. Part Three handles the problem of methods of use and adaptation in the classroom by specifying alternatives for teachers' consideration. The survey determines that junior American historical fiction is useful to study as a literary genre, though imperfect. If it is used, students must be aware of the imperfections; principally shallow character development or inadequate and overly romantic plots. As a model of personal relevance to youth, historical fiction is not outstanding even though nearly half of the novels contain obvious efforts to build character and several have a theme about growing up. The historical value in these novels varies; most are largely romantic with contemporary main characters who cannot control their situations but can control their destinies. Some provide historical data that gives the reader an insight into specific events, historical figures, or the emotional feelings prevalent during an era. The themes in half the novels stress the issues of the times in which they are set. The surveyed novels include examples of political, social, psychological, economic, religious, cultural, and great man interpretations of history. Social and psychological interpretations predominate, and a majority imply that societies rather than people make history. This survey concludes that junior American historical fiction is relevant for classroom use. Teacher familiarity with the novels and his continuing exploration of divergent applications for use by individual students or classes can make them successful, informative, and enhance student interest in history.

Bakgrund: Ätstörningar är ett folkhälsoproblem som drabbar många personer runt om i världen. Det är en sjukdom som många förknippar till unga tjejer men drabbar personer oavsett ålder och kön. Det finns flera sorters ätstörningar som har olika symtom, de vanligaste är anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa och hetsätningstörning. Vårdpersonalen har en stor roll i patienternas återhämtning och bör därför vårda om patientrelationen. Ju mer kunskap vårdpersonalen har desto mer sannolikt är det att fånga in de personer som lider av ätstörning. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på åtta empiriska studier. Cinahl, Pubmed och APA Psykinfo användes för artikelsökningen. Studierna är kvalitetsgranskade och har analyserats med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: Samtliga studier visar på vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. I resultatet visas två huvudteman och fem subteman. Huvudteman är att vårda mot patientens vilja och tydliga strategier skapar förståelse i vårdmötet. Konklusion: Utifrån denna litteraturstudies resultat kan vårdpersonalen öka medvetenhet om de olika utmaningarna som kommer med att vårda personer med ätstörning. Genom att utveckla kunskaperna inom ätstörning kan vårdpersonalen ge en mer optimal vård till personer med ätstörning. / Background: Eating disorders are a public health problem that affects many people around the world. It’s a disease that many associate with young girls but it affects people regardless of age and gender. There are several different types of eating disorders that have different symptoms, the most common ones are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Health care professionals has a major role in the patient’s recovery and should therefore take care of the patient relationship. The more knowledge the health care staff has, the more likely it is to capture the person who suffer from an eating disorder. Aim: To describe healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. Methods: A qualitative literature study based on eight empirical studies. Cinahl, Pubmed and APA psykinfo has been used when searching for articles. The studies are quality reviewed and analyzed with the help of Friberg’s analysis model. Results: Every study shows healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. The result shows two main themes and five subthemes. The main themes are to care against the patients will and clear strategies creates understanding in the care meeting. Conclusion: Based on the results of this literature study, healthcare professionals can raise awareness of the different challenges that comes with caring for people with an eating disorder. By developing knowledge about eating disorders, healthcare professionals can provide more optimal care for people with eating disorders.

Bakgrund: Kronisk njursjukdom klassas som en folksjukdom och orsakar samhället stora kostnader samt lidande för de drabbade. Globalt beror nästan var tjugonde dödsfall på njursjukdom. En behandlingsform för njursjukdom är hemodialys. Kronisk njursvikt är en allvarlig sjukdom, patienterna spenderar mycket tid på sjukhus och kan behöva omfattande vård vilket ställer krav på vårdpersonal.  Syfte: Att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att behandlas med hemodialys vid kronisk njursvikt. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga studier som återfanns i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs fyrstegsmetod. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier och tio subkategorier. Kategorierna var: Omfattande begränsningar, Hantering av en ny verklighet, Framtidsperspektiv och Omgivningens betydelse. Kategorierna och subkategorierna beskriver hur de upplever samt påverkas av hemodialys vid kronisk njursvikt. Konklusion: Patienter som genomgår hemodialysbehandling påverkas fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och ekonomiskt. Det är av vikt att vårdpersonal får grundläggande kunskap om hur patienterna påverkas i det vardagliga livet för att kunna ge fullgod vård. / Background: Chronic kidney disease is a disease that has high prevalence in the population and causes large costs to the society and suffering for those affected. Globally, almost every twentieth death is caused by kidney disease. Hemodialysis is one of the treatment options. Chronic kidney disease is a serious illness, the patients spend a lot of time at hospitals and may need comprehensive care which put requirements on the healthcare professionals.  Aim: To highlight the experiences of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: A literature study based on ten qualitative studies. Database searches were conducted in PubMed and CINAHL. After the quality review the analysis was conducted using Friberg’s four-stage model.  Results: The analysis resulted in four categories and ten subcategories. The categories were: Extensive restrictions, Dealing with a new reality, Perspectives on the future, The importance of the social surroundings. The categories and subcategories describe the experiences and impact of the hemodialysis treatment the patients must live through. Conclusion: Patients undergoing hemodialysis are affected physically, mentally, socially and economically. It is important for healthcare professionals to understand how and to what extent hemodialysis affect the patients and their relatives to provide good care.

Bakgrund: Äggstockscancer drabbar omkring 240 000 kvinnor världen över varje år och har den högsta dödligheten bland all gynekologisk cancer. Äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnor i olika aspekter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med äggstockscancer. Metod: Denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie är baserad på nio utvalda studier från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Analysen gjordes enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier och tolv subkategorier. Kategorierna var: Att genomgå hälsoförändringar, Att ställas inför störningar i det dagliga livet, Att bemästra sjukdomen samt Att leva med ständig oro för framtiden. Kategorierna tar tillsammans upp hur äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnorna i fysiska, psykiska, sociala samt existentiella aspekter. Lidandet är speciellt framträdande, men hopp och mening förekommer även. Konklusion: Äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnorna i många olika aspekter vilket gör det väsentligt att sjuksköterskan har ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt för att kunna identifiera behov. Att lyssna och ha de svåra samtalen gör att en bra kontakt mellan sjuksköterska och patient skapas och möjliggör bästa möjliga vård för kvinnorna att klara av sin situation. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att kunna ge bättre stöd och få mer kunskap kring äggstockscancer. / Background: Ovarian cancer affects 240 000 women globally every year and is the form of gynaecological cancer with the highest mortality. Ovarian cancer is affecting women in different aspects. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of living with ovarian cancer. Methods: A literature study based on nine qualitative studies from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. The analysis was conducted according to Friberg’s five-stage model. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories and twelve subcategories. The categories were: To go through health changes, To face disruptions in everyday life, To master the disease and To live with constant worry of the future. The categories brings up how ovarian cancer affects the women in physical, psychological, social and existential aspects. Suffering was particularly prominent but hope and meaning also existed. Conclusion: Ovarian cancer affects women in many different aspects and it is essential that the nurse has a person-centered approach so needs can be identified. Listening and having difficult conversations leads to a good connection between nurse and patient which enables the best possible care for the women to handle their situation. Additional research needs to be conducted to give better support and to gain more knowledge about ovarian cancer.

Bakgrund: Depression är svår att behandla, och att behandlingen består främst av terapeutiska och antidepressiva metoder, trots att forskningen visar på att fysisk aktivitet är en lika effektiv behandling, och att år 2030, befaras depression vara den största folksjukdomen i världen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av fysisk aktivitet vid depression.  Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 8 kvalitativa studier, som har kvalitetsgranskats och analyserats genom inspiration för en innehållsanalys. De kvalitativa studierna återfanns från databaserna Cinahl och APA PsycInfo. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och åtta subkategorier. I denna litteraturstudie framkom huvudkategorier som “Goda hälsoeffekter av fysisk aktivitet”, “Hinder som uppkom för att utföra fysisk aktivitet” och “Hjälp till motivation”. Konklusion: Fysisk aktivitet upplevdes ge goda effekter vid depression och depressiva symtom. Personer upplevde hinder som gjorde det svårt att utföra fysisk aktivitet. Men också faktorer som kunde hjälpa till att stödja, motivera, kontrollera och få rutiner till sinvardag. / Background: Depression is difficult to treat, and the treatment consists mainly of therapeutic and antidepressant methods, although research shows that physical activity is an equally effective treatment, and that by 2030, depression is feared to be the largest public disease in the world. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe patients' experiences of physical activity in depression. Methods: A literature study based on 8 qualitative studies, which have been quality reviewed and analyzed through inspiration for a content analysis. The qualitative studies were found from the databases Cinahl and APA PsycInfo. Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories and eight subcategories. In this literature study, main categories were "Good health effects of physical activity", "Obstacles that arose to perform physical activity" and "Help for motivation" emerged. Conclusion: Physical activity was perceived to have good effects on depression and depressive symptoms. People experienced obstacles that made it difficult to perform physical activity. But also factors that could help support, motivate, control and get routines into their everyday lives.

Initially, this work recognizes that college students often fail to understand or to appreciate the language of literature; therefore, a proposal has been developed that incorporates the typical methods and media of two academic areas--literature and oral interpretation--into a synchronized dual approach to the study of literature. Chapter I discusses contemporary problems of literacy in general; Chapter II explores the traditional teaching approaches of English and oral interpretation; and Chapter III develops a possible-literary communal effort by outlining a survey course in British Literature and presenting a series of exemplificative Writers Theatre scripts.Chapter IV reviews the associative problems that apparently exist between oral language and the written symbol and recommends that a companion project might demonstrate more fully the efficacy of an integrative approach to the teaching of writing.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the usefulness of oral interpretation in the teaching of English literature at the middle school level. Four areas of literature: poetry, short story, mythology, and drama, were approached through methods of oral interpretation and/or recommendations in the teacher's resource manual accompanying the textbook. A descriptive review was made of the response to the material by the students and the methods of presentation by the instructor. The primary value of approaching the study of literature through oral interpretation was increased interest and motivation among the students and their generally positive reaction to the methods used.

Background: Aging can mean weakness that affect the elderly's independence. When theelderly come in need for healthcare, example through nursing homes, home care or hospitals,the work needs to be based on promoting the elderlys independence. Aim: To describenurses' experiences of promoting the elderly patient's independence. Method: Systematicliterature study of qualitative approach with Evans (2002) analysis method. Results: Afterthe analysis, two themes and four subthemes emerged. Theme one describes strategies thatinclude preventive measures and participation. Theme two describes resources in theorganization, which includes internal resources and external resources. Conclusion: Thereare different ways for nurses to promote independence in the elderly patient. They can workpreventively so that the independence of the elderly patient can be preserved andstrengthened. Participation in the elderly patient was considered significant as this is almosta must for the elderly to have the opportunity to experience independence. Understanding aswell as reflection and evaluation are significant parts of the work of internal resources.External resources include collaboration between different professions and how theenvironment can be adapted to the elderly. Assistive technology for the elderly patient is anexternal resource as the elderly patient's independence is promoted.

Bakgrund: Varje år i Sverige utförs miljontals röntgenundersökningar av drygt 3400 verksamma röntgensjuksköterskor. Trots yrkesförberedande utbildning så visar tidigare studier på att de nyexaminerade upplever känslor av att vara oförberedda. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa erfarenheter av att vara nyexaminerad röntgensjuksköterska eller sjuksköterska. Metod: Litteraturstudie. Sökningar genomfördes i PubMed och Scopus. Åtta artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier med fem underkategorier: utmanas på arbetsplatsen med underkategorier, behov av särskild introduktion och möta orealistiska förväntningar. Sakna kontroll med underkategorier, chockad av "verkligheten" och lämnad med sin stress. Bemästra sin nya yrkesprofession med underkategori bygga självförtroende. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Patricia Benners teori, från novis till expert. Konklusion: Erfarenheterna grundade sig i vilka förväntningar som arbetsplatsen hade samt hur förberedda de var efter utbildningen. Hur de upplevde sin första tid grundade sig i vilket stöd de fick, hur deras självförtroende var och deras tillit till sina kunskaper. Stöd och introduktion hade stor inverkan på karriärstarten. / Background: Millions och X-ray examinations in Sweden are carried out by roughly 3,400 radiographers every year. Despite vocational training, previous studies show that new graduates' experience feelings of being unprepared. Aim: The purpose was to illuminate the experiences of being a newly graduated radiographer or nurse. Methods: Literature study. Searches were conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Eight articles were quality reviewed and analyzed. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories and five subcategories: being challenged at the workplace with subcategories, the need for a special introduction, and meeting unrealistic expectations. Out of control with subcategories, being shocked by "reality" and left with their stress. Master their new profession with subcategory building self-confidence. Based on Patricia Benner's theory from novice to expert, the results have been discussed. Conclusion: Experiences were based on the expectations at the workplace and how prepared they were after their education. How they experienced their first time was based on the support they received, their self-confidence, and trust in their skills. Support and introduction have a major impact on the start of the career.

Bakgrund: Magnetresonanstomografi (MR) är en växande diagnostisk metod som möjliggör bildtagning utan joniserande strålning. Trots Magnetkamerans många fördelar så kan den orsaka obehag och rädsla hos patienter. För att kunna vidareutveckla omvårdnadsåtgärder är det betydelsefullt att uppmärksamma patienters erfarenheter av att genomgå en MR-undersökning. Detta är viktigt för att skapa goda förutsättningar där patienter kan genomföra sina undersökningar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att genomgå en MR-undersökning.   Metod: Litteraturstudie utifrån åtta studiers kvalitativa resultat. Artikelsökningen utfördes i databaserna Pubmed och CINAHL. Artiklarna analyserades baserat på Fribergs modell för litteraturöversikter.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var; uppleva kroppsliga besvär, uppleva känslor av olust och befinna sig i en främmande miljö.  Konklusion: För att främja patienters upplevelser av MR-undersökningar är kommunikation, anpassad information och känsla av kontroll viktiga faktorer. Detta skapar goda förutsättningar för röntgensjuksköterskan att främja patienters välbefinnande och trygghet. / Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a growing diagnostic method that enables imaging without ionizing radiation. Despite the MRI-camera's many advantages, it can cause discomfort and fear in patients. In order to further develop nursing measures, it is important to draw attention to patients' experiences of undergoing MRI-examinations. This is important to create good conditions where patients can carry out their examinations.  Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate patients’ experiences of undergoing MRI examinations.  Methods: Literature study based on the qualitative results of eight studies. The search for articles was performed in the databases Pubmed and CINAHL. The articles were analyzed with inspiration from Friberg's model for literature reviews.   Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories and eight subcategories. The main categories were experiencing physical discomfort, experiencing feelings of unease and being in a foreign environment.  Conclusion: To promote patients' experiences of MRI examinations, communication, tailored information and a sense of control are important factors. This creates good conditions for the radiographers to promote patients' well-being and security.