The purpose of the study was to describe the use of nonfiction/informational trade books within a literature-based elementary classroom by students and the teacher. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, the researcher became a participant observer in a third grade classroom during a two and one-half week thematic unit about the westward movement. Data were collected from field notes, audiotapes of class discussions and informal interviews, documents of students' work, photographs, daily observer comment summaries, and memos. These data were coded, analyzed for recurring patterns, and grouped together, resulting in grounded theory.

The object of education in the United States is development of the human being as a person and as a citizen in a democracy. In high school that person is a youth--one whose needs for development are common to the democratic tradition of every age. The greatest wealth of any nation is its human beings. A person is whole and unified, yet he possesses many avenues through which life is realized, experiences are enlarged and control is secured over materials and forces. In view of the objectives above, it is planned to present in the paper a discussion of the way in which Virgil reveals the qualities which if acquired characterize youth as honorable, upright and noble characters. In chapter two which follows, each quality is exemplified by several noteworthy illustrations from the Aeneid. / Typescript. / "August, 1953." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: W. Edwards, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).

ABSTRACT Background: Every year, 30,000 people in Sweden suffer from stroke. The disease leads to disability and patients with stroke are in need of recovery process. Previous research highlighted patients 'and relatives' experiences after stroke. The accumulated knowledge clarifies which nursing measures nurses use to support patients' recovery process. Purpose: to describe the nurse's experience in supporting the patient's recovery after a stroke. Method: Systematic literature study with descriptive synthesis. Results: It emerged that seeing the patient as unique was significant, and to have a functioning recovery process, patients must be given sufficient time and be well informed. Showing honesty also resulted in nurses being able to build trust with patients and relatives. The nurses' support in the form of guidance and individually adapted information as well as physical, emotional, social support was important for patients. A positive communication between patients and nurses contributed to a good care relationship that resulted in success in the recovery process, thus relatives were a resource for patients' recovery process. Conclusion: Patients suffering from stroke may suffer and experience pain after the life change. Patients can also experience well-being in their health, this by having a well-functioning recovery process. Nurses with their unique role and professional knowledge can support the recovery process.

Abstrakt Bakgrund: Ryggsmärta ett subjektivt och multidimensionellt problem som påverkar många personers vardag. Kronisk ryggsmärta är ofta ett livslångt tillstånd med stor personlig betydelse som personen måste lära sig leva med. Ryggsmärtan måste därmed förstås respekteras av sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva vuxna personers erfarenheter av att leva med kronisk ryggsmärta.  Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa intervjustudier. Datainsamling av inkluderade artiklar utfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Analys gjordes enligt Fribergs femstegsmall. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: ”Ryggsmärtan påverkar fysiskt”, ”Känslorna och självuppfattningen påverkas”, ” Sociala livet förändras” och ” Hitta balans i tillvaron”. Konklusion: Kronisk ryggsmärta påverkade flera aspekter av personers liv och gav liknande men unika erfarenheter. Personer med ryggsmärta påverkades inte bara av ryggsmärtan utan av andra personers förhållningssätt och omgivande faktorer. Sjuksköterskan kan använda erfarenheterna och kunskap om personernas beteenden för att främja anpassning och hälsa samt möjliggöra bättre bemötande, förståelse och personcentrerad omvårdnad. / Abstract Background: Back pain is a subjective and multidimensional problem that affect many people’s everyday lives. Chronic back pain is often a lifelong condition with great personal significance that the person must learn to live with. Therefore, back pain must be understood and respected by the nurse. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to describe adults’ experiences of living with chronic back pain. Methods: A literature study based on eight qualitative interview studies. Data collection of included articles was performed in the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Analysis was done according to Friberg’s five-step model. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories: “Back pain affects physically”, “Emotions and self-perception are affected”, “The social life changes” and “Finding balance in in life”. Conclusion: Chronic back pain affected several aspects of people’s lives and gave similar but unique experiences. People with back pain were not only affected by their back pain but also other people’s attitudes and surrounding factors. Nurses can use the experiences and knowledge of the people’s behaviour to promote adaption and health as well as enable better approach, understanding and person-centred care.

Sammanfattning Introduktion  Bemötande och stigma mot personer som lever med hiv har visats påverka deras livskvalitet. Vårdgivarens bemötande är avgörande för att personer med hiv ska få en bra behandling. Generell okunskap och rädsla kring hiv påverkar individen med hiv i stor utsträckning.  Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur personer med hiv upplevt vårdpersonals bemötande och eventuellt stigma inom hälso- och sjukvård, enligt den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Metod  En litteraturstudie med beskrivande design och en kvalitativ induktiv ansats baserad på 11 originalartiklar. Originalartiklarna var publicerade mellan 2012 - 2022 och har genomgått en tematisk analys. Peplaus interaktionsteori är arbetets teoretiska referensram.  Huvudresultat Resultatet redovisas under domänerna positiva respektive negativa upplevelser av bemötande, upplevt av person med hiv. Kategorierna som återfanns under positiva upplevelser var: omtanke och stöttande attityder. Kategorierna som återfanns under negativa upplevelser var: rädsla och irrelevant beteende, vägran och motvillighet till vård, diskriminering, bristande stöd, påverkan på den interpersonella relationen, stigma leder till rädsla, intersektionellt stigma samt ett bifynd, konfidentialitet.  Slutsats Studiens huvudresultat visade att personer med hiv både upplever ett positivt och ett negativt bemötande inom hälso- och sjukvård. Det negativa bemötandet kan leda en negativ inverkan på vårdrelationen. Det positiva bemötandet leder till en ökad tilltro till vården och att patienterna mår bättre. Verksamheter i vilka patienter med hiv varit missnöjda med vårdpersonals bemötande, föreslås lära av verksamheter i vilka patienter med hiv varit nöjda med vårdpersonals bemötande. / Abstract Introduction  Maltreatment and stigma against people living with HIV (PLWH) has been shown to affect their quality of life. The caregiver's treatment is crucial so that PLWH receive fair treatment. General ignorance and fear about HIV affect the individual with HIV to a large extent. The aim  The aim was to describe how PLWH experience the treatment and possible stigma from healthcare workers in the public healthcare setting, from scientific literature.  Method  A literature study with descriptive design and a qualitative inductive approach that is based on 11 original articles. The original articles were published between 2012 - 2022 and have undergone a thematic analysis. Peplau's interaction theory is used as the theoretical framework.  Results  The results are presented under the domains positive and negative experiences of treatment, experienced by PLWH. The categories under positive experiences were: caring and supportive attitudes. The categories under negative experiences were: fear and irrelevant behavior, refusal and reluctance to care, discrimination, lack of support, impact on the interpersonal relationship, stigma leading to fear, intersectional stigma and a side category, confidentiality. Conclusion  The main results showed that PLWH experience both positive and negative treatment in healthcare. The negative treatment can lead to a negative impact on the interpersonal relations. The positive treatment leads to an increased confidence in healthcare and patients feel better. Health services where patients with HIV have reported dissatisfaction with treatment from healthcare personnel, are suggested to learn from those health services where these patients have experienced nice treatment.

What does it mean to listen—and how can works of literature teach us about listening? Of the four modes of language—reading, writing, speaking, and listening—that together constitute the “language arts” as a curriculum area in secondary English education, listening is relatively undertheorized—and conspicuously so, given the prominence of student engagement and culturally-responsive pedagogy in scholarly and popular education writing. Western thought generally prioritizes the act of speaking or the concept of “voice” in conceiving of subjects and agency, and an emphasis on “finding your voice” and “having your say” implies questions about the modes of reception by which any particular voice actually might be heard. In the classroom, listening during discussion of literature, for instance, can be an enriching and even revelatory experience for students and their teacher. This dissertation, which is variously theoretical, historical, and narrative, often captures the drama of classrooms and sometimes contemplates the communities that sponsor them. Grounded in some concerns of the teacher as listener as well as a sense of wonder and surprise in the literature classroom (Chapters 1 and 6), this dissertation is a series of contiguous explorations of ideas about listening in educational theory and pragmatist aesthetics (Chapter 2); psychoanalysis and rhetorical studies (Chapter 3); literary history and criticism (Chapter 4); historical poetics (Chapter 5), as well as particular works of literature (Chapters 4 and 8). While discourses about literature or literary experience since at least the Renaissance arguably privilege visual metaphors for the literary imagination—as a way of “seeing” the lives of others across distances of place and time, as well as “reflections of” oneself in these others’—a parallel and even more ancient tradition among poet-critics invokes the sonorous, elaborating auditory metaphors for understanding the experience of reading itself as a kind of listening. Listening not only refers to modes of sociality, or relating to and with others in ways that manifest communicative exchange, shared experience, or mutual recognition but, importantly, also refers to an inner experience that to some extent remains private. Listening therefore instantiates a certain double consciousness. Like the imaginative participation of reading, listening is a temporal experience of engaging with the other as such—that is, an encounter with difference that might become an occasion for transformative learning.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskorna bör se människan bakom patienten. Patienterna upplever en emotionell ambivalens i återhämtningen. Avdramatiserar sjuksköterskorna ohälsan som patienterna ställs inför och är vänliga, upplever patienterna att det underlättar återhämtningen. För de anhöriga är det viktigt att göras delaktiga och att få relevantinformation. Att ha någon att vända sig till med funderingar är också betydelsefullt. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att skapa relationer inom vården vilka gynnar omvårdnaden. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans roll vid patienters återhämtning. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie grundad på 11 kvalitativa vårdvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna menade att det vara gynnsamt för återhämtningens resultat att engagera patienterna. De ansåg att relationerna som grundades på tillit främjade återhämtningen.Genom att involvera de anhöriga i återhämtningen kunde sjuksköterskorna tillgå kunskap om patienterna som annars hade gått förbi dem. Dock upplevde sjuksköterskorna att de samtidigt behövde vara ett emotionellt stöd till de anhöriga. Genom återhämtningen fannsjuksköterskorna ett behov av att prioritera tiden inom vårdteamet där de uppfattades varaarbetsledare. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas ansvar sträckte sig mellan patienter, anhöriga och vårdteamet för att uppnå en lyckad återhämtning. I detta utgjorde relationerna inom vården en betydelsefull faktor, som påverkades av tidsbristen. / Background: Nurses should see the human inside the patients. Patients experienced anemotional ambivalence during recovery. If nurses normalized the unwellness and were kind,the patients experienced an eased recovery. It is important for relatives to be involved and informed. They want someone to turn to if they have questions. Nurses should create relationships based on trust, benefiting the care. Aim: To describe the nurse’s role regarding patients’ recovery. Method: A descriptive literature study based on 11 qualitative nursing science articles. Result: Nurses experienced it beneficial for the outcome of the recovery to engage patients. They also experienced that relationships built on trust gave a better outcome to the recovery. Nurses gain knowledge through relatives that otherwise had remained unknown. At the same time, nurses experienced a need to provide emotional support for the relatives. Throughout the recovery, nurses experienced a need to prioritize the time within the care team where they were perceived as team leaders. Conclusion: The nurses’responsibility stretched between patients, relatives, and the care team, to accomplish a successful recovery. Relationships composed a meaningful aspect, that was affected by lack of time.

Bakgrund: Förmaksflimmer (FF) är den vanligaste kroniska hjärtarytmin för människor i världen och den främsta riskfaktorn för att drabbas av sjukdomen är hög ålder. Runt 35 000 personer i Sverige drabbas årligen av FF och dagliga begränsningar orsakade av sjukdomen kan leda till nedsatt livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva personers erfarenheter av att leva med förmaksflimmer. Metod: Sju kvalitativa artiklar och en mixed methods studie har granskats, analyserats och därefter sammanställts till denna litteraturstudie. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framgick i analysens resultat vilka var: ”Att uppleva fysiska och psykiska besvär”, ”Att uppleva stöd från vården som viktigt”och ”Att hantera och acceptera sin sjukdom”. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att personerna med FF upplevde hur fysiska symtom påverkade deras vardagsliv negativt, att de upplevde negativa känslor av oro, rädsla, ångest och dödsångest, att de upplevde hur fysiska symtom nonchalerades av vården, att de utvecklade hanteringsstrategier och de accepterade sjukdomen. / Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in adults with advanced age being the most significant risk factor. Around 35 000 individuals in Sweden are afflicted by AF annually and daily limitations caused by the disease can lead to decreased quality of life. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experience among people living with atrial fibrillation.  Methods: Seven qualitative and one mixed methods study have been reviewed, analyzed,and then compiled for this literature study. Results: Three main categories were discovered in the result from the analysis. These three main categories were “To experience physical and psychological difficulties”, “To experience the importance of support from the healthcare” and “To cope and accept the disease”. Conclusion: In conclusion, the people with AF described experiences with physical difficulties and how they affected daily living, that they experienced negative emotions such as worry, fear, anxiety, and death anxiety, that they experienced how physical symptoms were disregarded from the healthcare, that they developed coping strategies and accepting the disease

Background:The goal of palliative care is to improve the quality of life and to alleviate the patient's suffering until death. The nurse is responsible for promoting the patient's quality of life by taking into account the patient's mental, physical, social and existential needs. In palliative care, the nurse develops close relationships with both patients and relatives, which the nurse can experience as responsible and demanding. Aim:The purpose of this literature study is to examine nurses' experiences of caring for patientes with palliative care. Method: The literature study is based on the results of 13 qualitative studies that were performed using thematic analysis. Results: The results report three themes that were: to alleviate the patient's suffering, communication and relationship to the patient and relatives, emotional and practical challanges. Conclusion: The nurses felt that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are important in palliative care. Good relationships with patients and relatives are fundamental to providing good care. The work in palliative care is perceived as challenging and stressful and many nurses tried not to become too emotionally involved to be able to provide good care. / Bakgrund: Målet med den palliativa vården är att förbättra livskvaliteten och att lindra patientens lidande fram till döden. Sjuksköterskan har ansvar att främja patientens livskvalitet genom att ta hänsyn till patientens psykiska, fysiska, sociala och existentiella behov. Inom den palliativa vården utvecklar sjuksköterskan nära relationer till både patienter och anhöriga, vilket sjuksköterskan kan uppleva som ansvarsfullt och krävande. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med palliativ vård. Metod: Litteraturstudien baseras på resultatet från 13 kvalitativa studier som utfördes med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisar tre teman som var: lindra patientens lidande, kommunikation och relation till patient och anhöriga, känslomässiga och praktiska utmaningar. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att både farmakologiska och icke farmakologiska behandlingar är viktiga inom palliativ vård. Goda relationer med patienter och anhöriga är grundläggande för att ge god omvårdnad. Arbetet inom den palliativa vården upplevs som utmanande och påfrestande och många sjuksköterskor försökte att inte bli för känslomässigt involverade för att kunna ge god omvårdnad.

SAMMANFATTNING Introduktion: I Sverige drabbas årligen cirka 300 barn under 18 år av cancer, som även är den vanligaste dödsorsaken hos barn. Det innebär många tuffa behandlingar på sjukhus. Familjen är barnets viktigaste mikrosystem, vilket spelar stor roll dess samspel med uppväxtens omgivande miljö. Därmed är det viktigt att ta reda på familjens erfarenheter av ett cancersjukt barn. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva familjemedlemmars erfarenheter av ett cancersjukt barn i familjen. Metod: Beskrivande design med allmän kvalitativ litteraturöversikt. Huvudresultat: Sju teman identifierades: föräldraskapets utmaningar, påverkan på parrelationen, påverkan på arbetet, påverkan på vardagen, syskonens påverkan, psykisk påverkan och vårdpersonalens betydelse för familjen. Föräldrarna delade upp sig, en var alltid på sjukhuset och den andra tog hand om hemmet och syskon. Det hade ingen tid för att ta hand om relationen till varandra. Vardagen förändrades, barnet kunde inte längre gå till skolan samt inte umgås med kompisar som tidigare. Syskonen till cancersjuka barnet upplevde att det inte fick lika mycket uppmärksamhet. Alla familjer blev påverkade psykisk, bland annat av rädsla och oro. Vårdpersonalens betydelse för familjen, visade sig familjerna ha delade meningar om. Slutsats: Denna litteraturöversikt visar att det är en stor påfrestning på familjen på många olika sätt då ett barn i familjen får cancer. För att hantera situationen använde familjer flera olika sorters copingstrategier. Alla tre olika typerna av copingstrategier: problemfokuserad-, emotionell- och meningsfokuserad coping sågs användas. Att sjukvårdspersonalen stöttar hela familjen under den tuffa tiden är viktigt för att familjen ska få så bra erfarenheter som möjligt. / ABSTRACT Introduction: In Sweden, 300 children under age 18, are yearly affected by cancer. This implies tough treatments in hospital. Cancer is the most common death in children. The family is the child's most important microsystem. Therefore, it's important to find out the family experiences of a child with cancer.  Aim: The aim of this study is to describe family members´ experience of a child with cancer in the family. Method: Descriptive design with general qualitative literature review. Result: Seven themes identified: the challenges of parenthood, the impact on the relationship, the impact on work, the impact on everyday life, the siblings' impact, psychological impact and the importance of care staff for the family. The parents split up, one was in the hospital and one took care of the home. There was no time to take care of the relationship. Everyday life changed, the child could no longer go to school and could not spend time with friends as before. The siblings felt that it did not receive as much attention like before. All families were mentally affected. The importance of care staff for the family turned out to be shared by the families.  Conclusion: This literature review shows that it's a great strain on the family in many different ways when a child gets cancer. Problem-focused, emotional and meaning-focused coping were used by the family. That the care staff supports the whole family during the tough times is important for the family to have good experiences.