Bakgrund: Att ha ett barn som vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning innebär att föräldrar tvingas lämna sitt barn i händerna hos vårdpersonal och detta är för de flesta föräldrar en ny situation som är förenad med upplevelser av stress och oro. En ökad kunskap om föräldrarnas upplevelse av tiden barnet vårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning kan bidra till ett bättre omhändertagande av föräldrarna. Syfte: Att beskriva föräldrars upplevelse av att ha ett barn som vårdas inom intensivvård. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats och ett induktivt förhållningssätt där 13 artiklar inkluderades till resultatpresentationen. Resultat: Resultatet visar att föräldrar upplevde oro och stress i samband med att barnet lades in på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Intensivvårdsavdelningen, som är en högteknologisk miljö med mycket personal runt barnet, beskrevs som en ny och okänd miljö av föräldrarna och upplevdes föra dem längre ifrån barnet. Rädsla för barnets framtid och oro för att barnet skulle dö beskrevs av föräldrarna. Föräldrar upplevde att stöd från vårdpersonal i form av kontinuerlig information, en god kommunikation och att tillåtas vara delaktiga var betydelsefullt. Slutsats: Att vårdteamet inkluderade och involverade föräldrarna i vården var viktigt och hade betydelse för att minska föräldrarnas stress och oro. Det ökade även föräldrarnas känsla av trygghet och  säkerhet i sin roll som förälder vilket har betydelse för föräldrarnas upplevelse av delaktighet samt för föräldrarnas förmåga att finnas där för sitt barn. Med ett familjeperspektiv och familjecentrering i vården av barnet ses familjen som en helhet och vidare forskning skulle kunna öka förståelsen för föräldrar i en utsatt situation och studera vad implementeringen av den familjecentrerade vården skulle innebära för föräldrarnas upplevelse. / Background: Having a child in an intensive care unit means that parents are forced to leave their child in the arms of the healthcare staff and for most parents this is a new situation and is associated with experiences of stress and anxiety. An increased knowledge of the parents' experience of the time their child is admitted to an intensive care unit can contribute to better care for the parents. Aim: To describe the parents’ experience of when their child is being admitted to an intensive care unit. Method: A systematic literature study with a qualitative approach and an inductive approach where 13 articles was included in the presentation of the result. Results: The result shows that parents’ experienced anxiety and stress when their child was admitted to the intensive care unit. The intensive care unit, which is a highly technical environment (with high technology) and a lot of people surrounding the child, was described by the parents as an new and unknown environment that separated them from their child. A fear of the future on the child's behalf and anxiety for the childs’ death was described by the parents. Parents’ experienced support from healthcare staff in the form of continuous information, good communication and being involved was meaningful. Conclusion: The healthcare teams’ ability to include and involve the parents in caring was important and of significance for reducing the parents’ stress and anxiety. It also increased the parents’ sense of comfort and security in their role as parents which is of significance in the parents’ experience of involvement and their ability to be there for their child. With a family-perspective and family-centered care in the care for the child the family was seen as an entirety och further research could increase the understanding of parents in a vulnerable situation and study what the implementation of family-centered care would mean for the parents’ experience

Bakgrund: År 2020 blev bröstcancer den vanligaste diagnostiserade cancertypen i världen. Tidigare forskning visar att unga kvinnor som drabbas av bröstcancer har sämre sjukdomsprognos och hälsorelaterad livskvalité jämfört med äldre kvinnor med bröstcancer och till följd av behandling riskerar de att hastigt att gå in i klimakteriet i ung ålder. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva unga kvinnors erfarenheter av bröstcancer. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på nio kvalitativa originalartiklar. Databassökningar gjordes i Cinahl, APA Psycinfo, PubMed och Web of Science. Analys gjordes utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier och tio subkategorier. Kategorierna var; En förändrad självbild, Brist på information från vården, Nya perspektiv på relationer, Den ständiga oron samt Behovet av stöd.  Konklusion: Unga kvinnor med bröstcancer är en utsatt patientgrupp som är i behov av mer information och stöd från vården. Många av de utmaningar som kvinnorna möter är relaterade till att de är i en period i livet där familjebildning är centralt. Det fanns en önskan hos kvinnorna att få möta andra unga kvinnor med bröstcancer som är i liknande livssituation som de själva. / Background: In 2020, breast cancer became the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the world. Previous research shows that young women with breast cancer have a poorer prognosis and health-related quality of life compared to older women with breast cancer and as a result of treatment they risk rapidly entering menopause at a young age. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe young women’s experience of breast cancer. Methods: A literature study based on nine qualitative original articles. Database searches were conducted in Cinahl, APA Psycinfo, PubMed and Web of Science. The analysis was conducted according to Friberg’s five-stage model.  Results: The analysis resulted in five categories and ten subcategories. The categories were: A changed self-image, Lack of information from healthcare, New perspectives on relationships, The constant anxiety and The need of support. Conclusion: Young women diagnosed with breast cancer are in dire need of information and support from healthcare. Many of the challenges that women face are related to the fact that they are in a period in the life of starting a family. There was a desire among the young women to meet other young women with breast cancer who are in a similar life situation as themselves.

Bakgrund: Medvetenheten kring psykisk ohälsa ökar, liksom kunskapen om att personer med psykisk ohälsa även har nedsatt fysisk hälsa och dör i förtid. Syfte: Syfte är att utforska vilka interventioner som kan hjälpa patienter med psykisk ohälsa och ohälsosamma levnadsvanor att förbättra sina levnadsvanor och sitt psykiska mående. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats. RCT-studier kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades för att syntetiseras till ett narrativt resultat. Resultat: Resultatet visar att personer med psykisk ohälsa behöver stöd till egenvård genom beteendeförändring, antingen i grupp eller individuellt. Med hjälp av strategier och utbildning i hälsosamma levnadsvanor kan de förbättra bland annat sitt BMI och sin psykiska hälsa. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskan bör uppmärksamma, hjälpa och stötta de här personerna att göra hälsosamma val. Stödet kan ges genom utbildning i hälsosamma levnadsvanor och stöttning till beteendeförändring. / Background: Awareness of mental illness is increasing, as is the knowledge that people with mental illness also have reduced physical health and die prematurely. Aim: The aim is to explore which interventions that can help patients with mental illness and unhealthy lifestyles to improve their lifestyles and mental state. Method: A systematic literature study with a quantitative approach. RCT-studies were quality reviewed and analyzed to be synthesized into a narrative result.    Results: The results show that people with mental illness need support for self-care through behavioral change, either in groups or individually. With the help of strategies and education in healthy lifestyles, they can improve, among other things, their BMI and their mental health. Conclusion: The district nurse should pay attention to and help and support these people to make healthy choices. The support can be given through education in healthy lifestyles and support for behavioral change.

Bibliography: pages 115-119. / As the new South African national ethos is borne, education assumes the inenviable role of reconciliator and liberator amidst the programme of the redressing of past imbalances. Stakeholders everywhere are looking to the field of education for national reconstruction and nation building through the development of young minds into productive, active and creative citizens. Indeed, the responsibility that education bears is a moral one. The broad field of this dissertation identifies Literature Education as a tool for transformation within the specific context of present post-apartheid South Africa. A paradigmatic analysis of literature teaching is provided to establish a theoretical framework for teachers to critically appreciate the underpinnings of their methodological practice, within which to locate their current literature teaching trends. Making a paradigmatic shift in literature teaching implies a change in our beliefs concerning knowledge and meaning; power and authority and learning and teaching in society. The thesis posits that Literature Education must necessarily be located within a critical paradigm of teaching, so that as a critical pedagogy, it may facilitate the self and social transformation of pupils and practitioners alike. Within the critical paradigm of literature teaching, reading is reconceptualised as an interactive process between reader and text. The reader's status is elevated to meaning-maker, without whom the act of reading would be void. Adequate literary theory is advanced on Schema Theory as a model of reading analyses of a reader's or pupil's Personal-Mental Schemata. The theory of Additive Schemata is proposed as the means to effect the transformation in pupils through Schema Refreshment or Schema Alteration. The critical teacher using Additive Schemata inputs, is in a position to maximise the potential that the learner has for transformation. Transformation, however is not guaranteed as it depends on a variety of factors such as a learner's flexibility, logical reasoning and a need to be transformed. In order to validate this proposal a research project was conducted in an English Literature class, the dynamics of which are detailed in Chapter Three in their entirety. The findings reveal that Additive Schemata have a positive influence on a learner's personal-mental Schemata leading in most cases to a transformation within pupils who engaged critically with the Additive Schemata approach. The research acknowledges that a learner's point of entry is not the same as the point of departure within the Additive Schemata approach. Learners are not being introduced to a new moral order; the Additive Schemata offers learner's a new moral choice. In so doing, literature teaching, following the Additive schemata approach, embodies the central tenets of a critical pedagogy offering pupils a process that is self-liberating and socially empowering.

What do we hope to teach in teaching literature, and how can we best serve that purpose? These are questions that are no less urgent than they are fundamental, and should, in fact, be constantly in our minds as we engage in our practice. This discussion will entail a conversation between the theories behind, and the process of, teaching literature to adolescents, with a series of observations and thoughts rooted in specific texts and classes. I will start by querying how we define our mission, and then situate this debate in its historical context. I will look at how current influences are affecting this mission, before examining in a more granular sense how we attempt to trace progress and process. I will root this discussion in both theory and practice, utilizing my own teaching and extant student artifacts. I will argue that the elliptical nature of the process means that our assessment must be multifaceted, and that a mirror elliptical approach on our end can yield richer understandings, for both teacher and students.

Although research speaks to the relationships between stereotype threat and academic performance, and race-based psychosocial variables and academic performance, little research thus far has investigated these variables simultaneously. To address this gap in the literature, the current study examined the impact of a negative stereotype induction on persuasive writing performance and post-task self-perceptions of academic performance in a sample of Black, White, and Hispanic undergraduate students. Unique to the current study is an additional investigation which reviewed the role racial/ethnic centrality plays in the relationship between stereotype threat and writing performance. A researcher generated measure of persuasive writing was administered to assess writing skills, and was scored based on a holistic quality scale with reported efficacy in the literature. Racial/ethnic centrality was assessed via the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, whereas post-task perceptions of academic ability were garnered via a survey used in prior stereotype threat research. Participants were randomly assigned to either a stereotype induced or stereotype not induced condition, and completed study measures either in person, or online. Findings were not indicative of statistically significant differences in persuasive writing scores across experimental conditions; however, race/ethnic and gender differences were noted. Furthermore, Black participants in the stereotype induced condition were found to report more negative self-perceptions of writing ability. Racial/ethnic differences in racial/ethnic centrality were found, with Black and Hispanic participants self-reporting higher racial/ethnic centrality when compared to their White peers. Lastly, a statistically significant interaction effect for racial/ethnic identity by racial/ethnic centrality by stereotype condition was found for persuasive writing performance.

The use of American historical fiction in an eighth grade social studies or language arts class has not been fully explored, so its literary and social science value is questionable. In order to establish its worth and methods for its use, research into desirable 1iterary goals for adolescents, implications and purposes of historical fiction in general and for youth in particular, a bibliography of novels, and an evaluative survey of specific novels written for youth needed to be done. The research indicates that some critics believe that most junior novels have little to offer youth and that they are poorly written. A minority find that they are useful as an example of a literary genre and as a model for the exploration of adolescent problems, frustrations, and decision making alternatives. Opinions on the value of historical fiction also vary. Some writers conclude that it is largely romantic and a reflection of contemporary times in historical dress, while others have indicated that it conveys an emotional and spiritual feeling for an era through its presentation of historical figures and events and student involvement. Many writers on the subject are ambitious when they consider what junior novels and junior historical novels should accomplish. They list a variety of personal, literary, and conceptual goals. They itemize suitable aims for students such as character building, personal problem solving, an understanding of the mechanics of plot and characterization, an understanding of historical events, and the motivations of figures involved in them, a "feeling" for an era, knowledge of our democratic heritage, even an understanding of what history means. This survey and analysis of specific novels chosen from different American historical eras explores the pertinence of these opinions and goals to novels and briefly verifies the historical accuracy. Part Three handles the problem of methods of use and adaptation in the classroom by specifying alternatives for teachers' consideration. The survey determines that junior American historical fiction is useful to study as a literary genre, though imperfect. If it is used, students must be aware of the imperfections; principally shallow character development or inadequate and overly romantic plots. As a model of personal relevance to youth, historical fiction is not outstanding even though nearly half of the novels contain obvious efforts to build character and several have a theme about growing up. The historical value in these novels varies; most are largely romantic with contemporary main characters who cannot control their situations but can control their destinies. Some provide historical data that gives the reader an insight into specific events, historical figures, or the emotional feelings prevalent during an era. The themes in half the novels stress the issues of the times in which they are set. The surveyed novels include examples of political, social, psychological, economic, religious, cultural, and great man interpretations of history. Social and psychological interpretations predominate, and a majority imply that societies rather than people make history. This survey concludes that junior American historical fiction is relevant for classroom use. Teacher familiarity with the novels and his continuing exploration of divergent applications for use by individual students or classes can make them successful, informative, and enhance student interest in history.

Bakgrund: Ätstörningar är ett folkhälsoproblem som drabbar många personer runt om i världen. Det är en sjukdom som många förknippar till unga tjejer men drabbar personer oavsett ålder och kön. Det finns flera sorters ätstörningar som har olika symtom, de vanligaste är anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa och hetsätningstörning. Vårdpersonalen har en stor roll i patienternas återhämtning och bör därför vårda om patientrelationen. Ju mer kunskap vårdpersonalen har desto mer sannolikt är det att fånga in de personer som lider av ätstörning. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på åtta empiriska studier. Cinahl, Pubmed och APA Psykinfo användes för artikelsökningen. Studierna är kvalitetsgranskade och har analyserats med hjälp av Fribergs analysmodell. Resultat: Samtliga studier visar på vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda personer med ätstörning. I resultatet visas två huvudteman och fem subteman. Huvudteman är att vårda mot patientens vilja och tydliga strategier skapar förståelse i vårdmötet. Konklusion: Utifrån denna litteraturstudies resultat kan vårdpersonalen öka medvetenhet om de olika utmaningarna som kommer med att vårda personer med ätstörning. Genom att utveckla kunskaperna inom ätstörning kan vårdpersonalen ge en mer optimal vård till personer med ätstörning. / Background: Eating disorders are a public health problem that affects many people around the world. It’s a disease that many associate with young girls but it affects people regardless of age and gender. There are several different types of eating disorders that have different symptoms, the most common ones are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Health care professionals has a major role in the patient’s recovery and should therefore take care of the patient relationship. The more knowledge the health care staff has, the more likely it is to capture the person who suffer from an eating disorder. Aim: To describe healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. Methods: A qualitative literature study based on eight empirical studies. Cinahl, Pubmed and APA psykinfo has been used when searching for articles. The studies are quality reviewed and analyzed with the help of Friberg’s analysis model. Results: Every study shows healthcare professionals experiences of caring for people with an eating disorder. The result shows two main themes and five subthemes. The main themes are to care against the patients will and clear strategies creates understanding in the care meeting. Conclusion: Based on the results of this literature study, healthcare professionals can raise awareness of the different challenges that comes with caring for people with an eating disorder. By developing knowledge about eating disorders, healthcare professionals can provide more optimal care for people with eating disorders.

Bakgrund: Kronisk njursjukdom klassas som en folksjukdom och orsakar samhället stora kostnader samt lidande för de drabbade. Globalt beror nästan var tjugonde dödsfall på njursjukdom. En behandlingsform för njursjukdom är hemodialys. Kronisk njursvikt är en allvarlig sjukdom, patienterna spenderar mycket tid på sjukhus och kan behöva omfattande vård vilket ställer krav på vårdpersonal.  Syfte: Att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att behandlas med hemodialys vid kronisk njursvikt. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga studier som återfanns i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs fyrstegsmetod. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier och tio subkategorier. Kategorierna var: Omfattande begränsningar, Hantering av en ny verklighet, Framtidsperspektiv och Omgivningens betydelse. Kategorierna och subkategorierna beskriver hur de upplever samt påverkas av hemodialys vid kronisk njursvikt. Konklusion: Patienter som genomgår hemodialysbehandling påverkas fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och ekonomiskt. Det är av vikt att vårdpersonal får grundläggande kunskap om hur patienterna påverkas i det vardagliga livet för att kunna ge fullgod vård. / Background: Chronic kidney disease is a disease that has high prevalence in the population and causes large costs to the society and suffering for those affected. Globally, almost every twentieth death is caused by kidney disease. Hemodialysis is one of the treatment options. Chronic kidney disease is a serious illness, the patients spend a lot of time at hospitals and may need comprehensive care which put requirements on the healthcare professionals.  Aim: To highlight the experiences of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: A literature study based on ten qualitative studies. Database searches were conducted in PubMed and CINAHL. After the quality review the analysis was conducted using Friberg’s four-stage model.  Results: The analysis resulted in four categories and ten subcategories. The categories were: Extensive restrictions, Dealing with a new reality, Perspectives on the future, The importance of the social surroundings. The categories and subcategories describe the experiences and impact of the hemodialysis treatment the patients must live through. Conclusion: Patients undergoing hemodialysis are affected physically, mentally, socially and economically. It is important for healthcare professionals to understand how and to what extent hemodialysis affect the patients and their relatives to provide good care.

Bakgrund: Äggstockscancer drabbar omkring 240 000 kvinnor världen över varje år och har den högsta dödligheten bland all gynekologisk cancer. Äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnor i olika aspekter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med äggstockscancer. Metod: Denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie är baserad på nio utvalda studier från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Analysen gjordes enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier och tolv subkategorier. Kategorierna var: Att genomgå hälsoförändringar, Att ställas inför störningar i det dagliga livet, Att bemästra sjukdomen samt Att leva med ständig oro för framtiden. Kategorierna tar tillsammans upp hur äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnorna i fysiska, psykiska, sociala samt existentiella aspekter. Lidandet är speciellt framträdande, men hopp och mening förekommer även. Konklusion: Äggstockscancer påverkar kvinnorna i många olika aspekter vilket gör det väsentligt att sjuksköterskan har ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt för att kunna identifiera behov. Att lyssna och ha de svåra samtalen gör att en bra kontakt mellan sjuksköterska och patient skapas och möjliggör bästa möjliga vård för kvinnorna att klara av sin situation. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att kunna ge bättre stöd och få mer kunskap kring äggstockscancer. / Background: Ovarian cancer affects 240 000 women globally every year and is the form of gynaecological cancer with the highest mortality. Ovarian cancer is affecting women in different aspects. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of living with ovarian cancer. Methods: A literature study based on nine qualitative studies from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. The analysis was conducted according to Friberg’s five-stage model. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories and twelve subcategories. The categories were: To go through health changes, To face disruptions in everyday life, To master the disease and To live with constant worry of the future. The categories brings up how ovarian cancer affects the women in physical, psychological, social and existential aspects. Suffering was particularly prominent but hope and meaning also existed. Conclusion: Ovarian cancer affects women in many different aspects and it is essential that the nurse has a person-centered approach so needs can be identified. Listening and having difficult conversations leads to a good connection between nurse and patient which enables the best possible care for the women to handle their situation. Additional research needs to be conducted to give better support and to gain more knowledge about ovarian cancer.