[pt] O uso da técnica bootstrap para construção de intervalos de confiança e testes de hipóteses vem aumentando consideravelmente desde seu surgimento, em 1979, devido principalmente ao rápido avanço computacional ocorrido nas últimas décadas. Neste trabalho utilizamos o bootstrap paramétrico e não-paramétrico para estudar o comportamento dos hiperparametros em modelos de espaço de estados nos casos de nível e tendência linear locais. Intervalos de confiança baseados em quatro métodos bootstrap diferentes são calculados e comparados quanto à probabilidade de cobertura, produzindo resultados satisfatórios. Constatamos também a eficiência dos testes boopstrap para os casos em que os hiperparâmetros caem no limite do espaço paramétrico, situação que inviabiliza o uso dos testes clássicos por violar uma das condições de regularidade do estimador de máxima verossimilhança. / [en] Bootstrap procedures to calculate confidence intervals and hypotheses tests had considerable growth since its first appearance, in 1979, mostly due to the rapid computational developments that occurred in the last decades. In this work we employ the parametric and nonparametric boorstrap to study the behaviour of hyperparameters in state-space models in the case of local level and linear trend. Confidence intervals based on four different bootstrap methods are computed and compared using the coverage probabilities, with satisfactory results. We also verify the efficiency of bootstrap tests in cases where the hyperparameters lie on the boundary of the parameter space, situation that makes the classical tests inadequate to use, as it violates one of the regularity conditions of the maximum likelihood estimator.

Översvämningar är ett stort globalt problem som förväntas bli allt mer frekventa. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur klimatanpassningsarbetet kring översvämningsrisker hanteras på lokal nivå, i detta fall i Halmstad kommun. Syftet menar också att jämföra beskrivningen av hur arbetet bedrivs i praktiken med teori och tidigare forskning. Frågeställningarna som ska besvara syftet är om hur Halmstad kommun beskriver dess arbete och vad det finns för förklaring till detta samt hur detta kan tolkas och förklaras utifrån forskningsteoretiska begrepp ‘evidens’ och ‘urban resiliens’.   Studien har utförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie genom en intervju med kommunal tjänsteperson och innehållsanalys av styrdokument relevanta för kommunens klimatanpassningsarbete. Det teoretiska ramverket består av begreppen ‘resiliens’ och ‘evidens’ som förklaras med en sammankopplad figur. Studiens resultat visar att klimatanpassningsarbetet är komplext då flera aspekter måste avvägas men Halmstad kommun är välutvecklade inom frågan främst då de är en resursrik kommun. / Flooding is a global issue that’s becoming more frequent. This study means to investigate how climate adaptation may be managed on a local level, by performing a case study of Halmstad municipality. We mean to investigate and compare how the work is described in practice and theory. This will be done by answering questions on how the municipality describes their work, how it can be explained and how it can be interpreted in the context of the theoretical concepts' ‘evidence’ and ‘urban resilience’.  The study is based on qualitative methods, an interview and content analyses of strategic documents. The theory consists of the terms ‘resilience’ and ‘evidence’ that are interpreted with an explanatory figure.  The studies' result highlights the complexity of climate adaptation since many aspects of climate risk must be acknowledged. Halmstad can, however, be considered developed in this area which is explained by the resources at their disposal.

The objective of the submitted diploma thesis is to analyze the subject of a direct democracy system in the Czech Republic focusing on the local level of governance. The possibility of being able to participate imminently in the municipal government and thus amending the current representative model became the subject of not only political discussions over the last few years. The thesis is composed of a foreword and five chapters, which are hereafter divided to subchapters for better transparency. Findings and author suggestions concerning the possible future forms of the local democracy are summarized in the conclusion. The introductory chapter presents the direct democracy in a theoretical way and shows how it differs from the representative democracy model. It also contains the definition of the five most respected forms of a direct democracy, which are: referendum, plebiscite, citizen initiative, petition and recall. Following two chapters are focused on the situation in Czech Republic, first in general, then with an emphasis on the municipal scene. Efforts to establish an individual form of a direct democracy can be observed already from the year 1918 with various results, new possibilities appeared later as Czech Republic had entered supranational communities. A local referendum still remains...

Employing empirical findings from Tharaka Nithi and Siaya counties, this thesis analyses the dynamics of citizen participation in development policy and planning process in Kenya and its effects on poverty reduction efforts in the rural parts of the country. The study is based on the premise that public participation enhances the quality and relevance of development processes and their outcomes and is, therefore, an important ingredient for achieving sustainable poverty reduction outcomes. It utilizes the political economy model and draws from the concepts of “power” and “interests” in understanding the poverty reduction „enterprise‟ in the two rural communities in Kenya. The study finds that the elites, bureaucrats, and institutions have dominated Kenya‟s post-colonial development policy and planning space to the exclusion and disadvantage of ordinary citizens. The capture of public decision-making spaces, processes and development outcomes by elites is widespread and has affected the extent and quality of citizen participation in decision-making and poverty reduction in rural Kenya. Although ordinary citizens generally view themselves as the front line duty bearers in the fight against poverty, they hardly fulfilled their perceived role in poverty reduction. Faced with a web of dominating forces and constraints, ordinary citizens have become passive and peripheral actors in the poverty reduction „enterprise‟ and local level development generally. As currently profiled, approached and directed, poverty reduction is an elitist project with its goals couched in populist terms, essentially in the service of powerful and influential people and institutions within the Kenyan society. This explains why, despite poverty reduction being a policy objective throughout the post-independence period, alarmingly high levels of poverty have persisted in Kenya, especially in the rural areas. The study concludes that the success of rural poverty reduction in Kenya is chiefly dependent on sufficient citizen participation in decision-making, quality of development planning, good leadership and the capacity and will of institutions at the grassroots to pursue sustainable development endeavors.

The study explores the effect of intergroup contact on the likelihood of spoiler group activity on a micro-regional level in post-conflict societies. It argues that higher levels of intergroup contact make areas more resilient to spoiler groups. This can be especially relevant during exogenous shocks and therefore contributes to the sustainability of peace processes. The resistance to spoiler activity is explained as a result of developing intergroup networks of solidarity, which reduce recruitment capabilities of organized violent groups. The theoretical propositions will be tested by a large-N study (N = 1,203) using the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey of 2017, distributed about one year after the Brexit referendum. The general findings support the hypothesis that positive intergroup contact decreases the likelihood of spoiler group activity in an area. This study thus contributes to finding applicable solutions to foster stability in peace processes on the local level.

The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s. The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems. The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs. Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs. A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1991</p> / digitalisering@umu

Baggrund: Kalaallit Nunaat (Grønland) har opbygget en unik organisering af det forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde, hvor centralt og lokalt niveau er forbundet gennem et forebyggelsesudvalg og en forebyggelseskonsulent i hver kommune. Paarisa, Center for Folkesundhed, havde lederskabet og har udviklet en uddannelse for forebyggelseskonsulenterne.     Formål: At samle og analysere indhentede erfaringer fra arbejdet med organiseringen af det forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde i perioden 1996 til 2007.   Metode: Officielle dokumenter blev analyseret ved et retrospektivt, deskriptivt og eksplorativt casestudie. Semistrukturerede interviews med udvalgte nøglepersoner og anbefalinger til det fremtidige forebyggende og sundhedsfremmende arbejde, som blev givet af forebyggelses-konsulenterne på et seminar i 2007, blev ligeledes inkluderet. Endelig blev der gennemført et litteraturstudie med henblik på at analysere partnerskaber som et redskab til at højne folkesundheden. Dette studie blev anvendt til triangulering af resultaterne.   Resultater: For at fremme af folkesundheden lokalt skal der arbejdes tværsektorielt og være vilje til koordinering og samarbejde. Dette kan ske ved netværksarbejde, men formelle partnerskaber anbefales. For at opnå succes, skal der desuden være forbindelse mellem centralt og lokalt niveau / Background: Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) has built up a unique organization of the preventive and health promotion work in which central and local level are linked through a preventive board and a consultant in each municipality. Paarisa, the Public Health Center, had the leadership and developed an education for the local consultants.   Aim: To collect and analyze acquired experiences of the process of organizing the preventive and health promotive work in the period from 1996 to 2007.   Method: Official documents were analyzed in a retrospective, descriptive and explorative case study. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with key-persons and recommendations to the future preventive and health promotion work provided by the preventive consultants at a seminar in 2007 were likewise included. A literature study was conducted in order to analyze partnerships as a tool to strengthen public health. This study was used for triangulation of the results.   Results: In order to promote public health locally, it is necessary to work cross-sectorial and have the will to coordinate and cooperate. This can be in form of networking, but formal partnerships are recommended. To achieve success, there should be connections between central and local level. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-91-7</p>

In September 2015, all member states of the United Nations signed upon the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), constituting the core of the 2030 Agenda. The 2030 Agenda form an integrated policy agenda, with the SDGs characterised as inherently interlinked. Policy integration and coordination across customary boundaries are assumed as fundamental when attempting to implement the indivisible and interlinked objectives. The public sector has, however, shown insufficient capabilities of such, characterised by increasing specialisation and fragmentation following from unforeseen effects of New Public Management (NPM) reforms. To facilitate necessary policy integration and coordination, significant alterations to policies and institutions are assumed to be necessary, and post-NPM approaches that seeks to join up the governmental apparatus have surfaced as counter-movements.  Building on the above, the thesis set out to examine policy integration and coordination as cornerstones when attempting to implement the 2030 Agenda, as well as organisational key capabilities and/or barriers for such. The thesis’ theoretical point of departure builds on the fields of organisation theory and public administration, and the longstanding deliberation between the two dichotomies specialisation and coordination. Such dichotomy is elaborated on through the NPM perspective contrasted against the post-NPM perspective. The thesis’ central theoretical concepts are policy integration, coordination and specialisation. The thesis was carried out as a qualitative case study, researching the experiences and opinions of 16 civil servants, from 14 Swedish municipalities, operating strategically within sustainable development on the municipal level, through semi-structured interviews.  Research findings indicate deficient policy integration in the majority of municipalities, with the 2030 Agenda being treated in separate programmes for social, environmental and economic sustainability respectively. Further, is vertical coordination, within the organisation as well as between governmental levels, appearing as insufficient. Identified organisational key factors include: the role of organisation; the role of the budget; the role of the ordinary municipal structure; the role of the leaders; the role of the center; the role of the individual civil servant; and, the role of communication. Many of the organisational key factors are described as capabilities as well as at the same time being barriers, and, hence, constituting contradictory practices for the civil servants and the organisations. The budgetary process especially stands out as one such contradiction. Similarly, are signs of the NPM perspective and the post-NPM perspective surfacing as simultaneous logics, practices and contradictions the civil servants must relate to. To strengthen policy integration and coordination, as well as the advancements of the 2030 Agenda, some practices may have to be modified.

Diversity of a country is often measured by the amount and spread of nationalities that live there. But also within a country, regions vary in their traditions and culture. Cultural homogeneity within communities is mixed up by (internal) migration, that, like international migration, increases diversity of a place. In a novel approach I therefore look at diversity in German municipality associations measured by different family names and investigate the effect it has on the number of generated patents. I show that cultural diversity and openness of a place affect its economic performance positively in terms of innovation also when referring to intra-country differences.

Gender equality and diversity (Ge&amp;D) perspectives in the transport sector have been neglected within scientific research and policymaking processes for a significant time. Gender is somewhat considered, meanwhile diversity is seldom taken into account. According to researchers, the problem with the Ge&amp;D gap is that the implementation phase is lacking, i.e., to go from policy to action. For this reason, a tool called GaDAP has been newly developed to help with strategic and systematic implementation of both Ge&amp;D perspectives. With this background, this thesis aims to test, analyze, and evaluate the potential of how the GaDAP-tool can affect the development of systematic implementation of Ge&amp;D perspectives. This is conducted as a case study in Västerås municipality where qualitative methods such as workshops and semi-structured interviews have been used. The theoretical framework consists of implementation theory, as well as gender and diversity mainstreaming. It is highlighted in the findings, analysis, and discussions that implementation of Ge&amp;D perspectives are challenging within the transport field. Challenges such as knowledge gaps, lack of local political directives, and institutional barriers, negatively affect a systematic implementation. Although, some potential and possibilities were seen. First, the participants show a willingness to implement Ge&amp;D perspectives. Secondly, the GaDAP-tool proved to be helpful to increase knowledge of the subject. Conclusions that are made show that the GaDAP-tool could push systematic Ge&amp;D implementation, however, only to a certain extent. There are still several challenges to deal with before reaching a planning process with systematically implemented Ge&amp;D perspectives.