Subway is the leading fast food franchise chain having over 29.700 branches in 87 countries and differentiating itself among other fast foods by serving healthy food. The chain's focus for further development is concentrated on the countries in Central Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Croatia) and its 47 branches. However, the concept of supply chain in this region is disunited and leads to unfair high costs and high requirements from the branch management. Therefore there is an urgent need to unite the logistic system. The idea is that all the branches in the region will keep two or three local suppliers providing delivery of vegetables, drinks and local specialties; other goods will be distributed by single logistics company in the form of consolidated supply. The new logistic concept for provision of availability of products needed for proper work of all Subway branches in Central and Eastern Europe in context of integration, unification and simplification of logistic chains and its effective management is suggested in the work from the logistic service provider point of view. The task is solved in three parts -- transportation of goods from the producers to the warehouse, its delivery to individual branches, and warehouses itself including the cost calculations. The analysis of supplier's location and the location of supplied branches conclusion follows on locating the warehouse unit near Prague. The kinds of goods could be divided into frozen, cooled, dry and non-food goods. The consumption of individual kinds of goods is specified and the process of supplying the warehouse, means of transport, number of drivers, consolidation on distribution routes and its frequency is suggested. The supply of 47 branches will be done with special means of transport with combined shipping space enabling separate transport of individual kinds of goods by using the mobile screens; on 5 routes always between 7:00 to 23:00 in every country on the same day. The warehouse is a key place for delivery consolidation according to the needs of individual branches in accordance with FIFO principle. About 70 different articles of goods are stocked in three parts; respectively in truss racks with longitudinal filling with capacity of 168 pallet spaces in the height of 4 pallets. The manipulation is provided by low-lift and high-lift trucks. The limit warehouse is rectangular with the area of 122.4 m2, Monthly cost are 485,- Kč for pallet space, the costs in the frozen and cooled warehouse are higher by 15,-Kč per pallet space, that is 500,- Kč. The total costs to supply all the Subway branch restaurants in the whole region is the total sum of costs for good acquisition, its transfer from suppliers to the warehouse, warehouse operations and distribution of goods to individual branches.

Деятельность любого промышленного предприятия тесно связано с необходимостью транспортировки грузов. На сегодняшний день процесс доставки грузов осложняется: низкой скоростью логистического цикла; долгим документооборотом и наличием в нём ошибок; сохранностью груза. В ходе научного исследования обоснована возможность применения технологии блокчейн в совершенствовании эффективности транспортно-логистической системы. Однако, универсальный метод внедрения этой технологии на промышленных предприятиях отсутствует. Цель магистерской диссертации заключается в обосновании необходимости внедрения технологии блокчейн в систему транспортной логистики промышленного предприятия. Анализ основывался на изучении научно-периодической литературы, изучении существующих методик исследования и зарубежного опыта внедрения технологии блокчейн в практику её применение на предприятиях. В качестве источников информации использовались нормативно-правовые акты, база публикаций Российского индекса научного цитирования, представленная на ресурсе Elibrary и внутренние документы исследуемого предприятия. Выявленные преимущества технологии блокчейн позволяют обеспечить единое информационное поле для логистической цепи. Использование технологии позволяет построить новую упорядоченную систему передачи информации между участниками логистических цепочек. Данная схема передачи информации может быть осуществлена в рамках авторского подхода, особенностью которого является то, что он включает: модель внедрения технологии блокчейн в систему транспортной логистики предприятия; разработанную автором модель взаимодействия факторов снижения трансформационно-трансакционных затрат; комплекс показателей эффективности процессов транспортной и информационной логистики, а также показатели качества транспортно-логистических систем. По результатам апробации эффективность представлена: через изменение общего показателя эффективности процессов информационной и транспортной логистики; в виде экономии на затратах путём совершенствования процессов системы транспортной логистики на основе технологии блокчейн. Таким образом, экономия на затратах в виде: аренды от простоя вагонов, потери от хранения готовой продукции на складе и вне склада. Таким образом, предложен подход к внедрению технологии блокчейн в системе транспортной логистики предприятия, обеспечивающий единое информационное поле, включающий авторскую модель взаимодействия факторов снижения трансформационно-трансакционных затрат и позволяющий повысить эффективность транспортно-логистический услуг. / The activity of any industrial enterprise is closely connected with the need to transport goods. To date, the process of delivery of goods is complicated by: low speed of the logistics cycle; long document flow and the presence of errors in it; safety of cargo. In the course of the research, the possibility of using blockchain technology to improve the efficiency of the transport and logistics system has been substantiated. However, there is no universal method for introducing this technology in industrial enterprises. The purpose of the master's thesis is to justify the introduction of blockchain technology into the transport logistics system of an industrial enterprise. The analysis was based on the study of scientifically-periodical literature, the study of existing research methods and foreign experience in implementing the blockchain technology into practice its application in enterprises. The sources of information were the regulatory legal acts, the base of publications of the Russian Science Citation Index, presented on the Elibrary resource and internal documents of the enterprise under study. The identified advantages of the blockchain technology allow us to provide a single information field for the logistics chain. The use of technology allows you to build a new orderly system of information transfer between participants in the supply chains. This scheme of information transfer can be carried out within the framework of the author's approach, a feature of which is that it includes: a model for the introduction of blockchain technology into the enterprise's logistics system; a model developed by the author for the interaction of factors reducing transformational transaction costs; a set of indicators of efficiency of transport and information logistics processes, as well as indicators of the quality of transport and logistics systems. According to the results of approbation, the efficiency is presented: through a change in the overall indicator of the efficiency of information and transport logistics processes; in the form of cost savings by improving the processes of the transport logistics system based on blockchain technology. Thus, the cost savings in the form of: rent from idle wagons, losses from storage of finished products in the warehouse and outside the warehouse. Thus, the proposed approach to the introduction of the blockchain technology in the company's transportation logistics system provides a unified information field, including the author’s model of interaction of factors reducing the transformational-transactional costs and improving the efficiency of transport and logistics services.

This dissertation supports human decision-making with a Model-Based Systems Engineering methodology enabling engineering analysis, and in particular Operations Research analysis of discrete-event logistics systems, to be more widely used in a cost-effective and correct manner. A methodology is a collection of related processes, methods, and tools, and the process of interest is posing a question about a system model and then identifying and building answering analysis models. Methods and tools are the novelty of this dissertation, which when applied to the process will enable the dissertation's goal. One method which directly enables the goal is adding automation to analysis model-building. Another method is abstraction, to make explicit a frequently-used bridge to analysis and also expose analysis model-building repetition to justify automation. A third method is formalization, to capture knowledge for reuse and also enable automation without human interpreters. The methodology, which is itself a contribution, also includes two supporting tool contributions. A tool to support the abstraction method is a definition of a token-flow network, an abstract concept which generalizes many aspects of discrete-event logistics systems and underlies many analyses of them. Another tool to support the formalization method is a definition of a well-formed question, the result of an initial study of semantics, categories, and patterns in questions about models which induce engineering analysis. This is more general than queries about models in any specific modeling language, and also more general than queries answerable by navigating through a model and retrieving recorded information. A final contribution follows from investigating tools for the automation method. Analysis model-building is a model-to-model transformation, and languages and tools for model-to-model transformation already exist in Model-Driven Architecture of software. The contribution considers if and how these tools can be re-purposed by contrasting software object-oriented code generation and engineering analysis model-building. It is argued that both use cases share a common transformation paradigm but executed at different relative levels of abstraction, and the argument is supported by showing how several Operations Research analyses can be defined in an object-oriented way across multiple layered instance-of abstraction levels. Enabling Operations Research analysis of discrete-event logistics systems to be more widely used in a cost-effective and correct manner requires considering fundamental questions about what knowledge is required to answer a question about a system, how to formally capture that knowledge, and what that capture enables. Developments here are promising, but provide only limited answers and leave much room for future work.

[pt] As operações de EeP na Bacia de Santos sempre ficaram em segundo plano quando comparadas com a Bacia de Campos, berço das gigantescas descobertas petrolíferas dos últimos 40 anos. Porém, com a descoberta do pré-sal, mais presente na Bacia de Santos, essa hegemonia da Bacia de Campos está aos poucos diminuindo, tendo a produção do pré-sal ultrapassado pela primeira vez a do póssal em junho de 2017. Com isso, torna-se imprescindível o aprimoramento da operação para atender a essa nova demanda. Junto com essa nova descoberta, a grave crise que a indústria do petróleo tem vivido desde 2014 com a alta queda no preço do barril, mais intensificada ainda no Brasil devido ao aumento do dólar, trouxe um novo foco para a diminuição do custo de extração, incluindo aí a diminuição de custos logísticos. Na Petrobras, a grande parte da produção de petróleo vem de água profundas e as unidades marítimas necessitam de suprimentos em volume considerável e tempo hábil para realizar suas operações. O elo final da cadeia logística para atendimento às unidades marítimas são as embarcações e elas representam cerca de 70 por cento dos custos logísticos. Nesse estudo, as diferentes metodologias de atendimento marítimo para transporte de cargas utilizadas nos últimos anos, tanto na Bacia de Campos quanto na de Santos, foram analisadas empiricamente e foram encontrados alguns pontos passíveis de melhoria. Uma possibilidade de redução de frota foi identificada e uma metodologia para realizar essa redução foi proposta. A metodologia se baseia em uma nova forma de formação de clusters, reduzindo o tempo total de navegação das embarcações, e um novo ordenamento portuário, de tal forma que uma mesma embarcação possa realizar mais serviços durante a semana, gerando assim menor necessidade de frota. A nova metodologia completa foi implantada em janeiro de 2018, gerando inicialmente uma diminuição de 20 por cento da frota de transporte de carga na Bacia de Santos. / [en] EeP operations in the Santos Basin have always been left in second plan when compared to the Campos Basin, the cradle of the gigantic oil discoveries of the last 40 years. However, with the discovery of the pre-salt, more present in the Santos Basin, this hegemony of the Campos Basin is gradually diminishing, with the production of the pre-salt having surpassed for the first time the one of the postsalt in June of 2017. With this, it is essential to improve the operation to meet this new demand. Along with this new discovery, the severe crisis that the oil industry has experienced since 2014 with the sharp fall in the price of the barrel, more intensified in Brazil due to the increase of the dollar, brought a new focus in reducing the cost of extraction, including the reduction of logistics costs. At Petrobras, most of the oil production comes from deep water and the maritime units need supplies in considerable volume and on time to carry out their operations. The final link of the logistics chain to serve this maritime units are vessels and they represent about 70 percent of logistics costs. In this study, the different maritime service policies for deck cargo transport used in recent years, both in the Campos Basin and Santos Basin, were analyzed empirically and some improvement points were found. The feasibility of reducing the fleet was identified and a methodology to accomplish this reduction was proposed. The methodology is based on a new form of clusters formation, reducing the total vessels navigation time, and a new berth scheduling, in such a way that the same vessel can perform more services during the week, thus generating less need of fleet. The complete new methodology was implemented in January 2018, initially generating a 20 percent decrease in the cargo transport fleet in the Santos Basin.

Bakgrund: Det miljömässiga hållbarhetstänket är en drivande faktor inom logistikutvecklingen i samband med de påtryckningarna från både samhället och dess konsumenter. Den kraftiga tillväxten inom e-handeln har satt e-handlare i en svår situation då kraven på korta leveranstider påverkar deras arbete med att även arbeta mer miljömässigt hållbart. Här sätts företagens logistikhantering på prov, då dilemmat mellan leveranstider och miljömässigt hållbara leveranser tvingar företagen att hitta en balans mellan de två. Därmed påvisas det att e-handelsföretagens arbete med sin logistikhantering blir deras sätt att överkomma denna problematik. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till en ökad förståelse kring hur ehandelsföretag arbetar med sin logistikhantering för att hålla sig konkurrenskraftiga. Frågeställning: 1) Hur påverkar efterfrågan av miljömässigt hållbara transportlösningar e-handelsföretags logistikhantering? 2) Hur arbetar e-handelsföretag med sin logistikhantering för att möta efterfrågan på korta leveranstider? Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och genom en flerfallsstudie har fyra fallföretag valts att studeras. Det perspektiv som valdes inom studien är det hermeneutistiska perspektivet med en abduktiv ansats. Insamlingen av empirin har skett med hjälp av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med en respondent från respektive fallföretag. Den empiriska data har även kompletterats med dokumentstudier Slutsats: Från studien kunde vi komma till slutsatsen att e-handelsföretags arbete med att erbjuda miljömässigt hållbara leveranser härstammade från flera faktorer. Där valet att outsourca sina godstransporter och ett ökat användande av hemleveranser i kombination med allt mer automatiserade och information-drivna lagerverksamheter var deras sätt att möta denna efterfrågan. Då dilemmat med att arbeta miljömässigt hållbart inte alltid korrelerar med e-handelsföretagens ambitioner att erbjuda korta leveranstider visade det sig att områden som fyllnadsgrad var en aspekt där leveranstid visade sig vara viktigare och därav fortsätter e-handlare att behålla sina låga fyllnadsgrader. Bortsett från fyllnadsgrader är automatisering och användandet av informationssystem områden där miljömässigt hållbara leveranser och korta leveranstider korrelerade. / Background: The environmental sustainability concept is a driving factor in the development of logistics in connection with the pressures from both society and its consumers. The strong growth in e-commerce has put e-retailers in a difficult situation as the requirements for short delivery times affect their work to work even more environmentally sustainable. Here, companies logistics management is put to the test, as the dilemma between delivery times and environmentally sustainable deliveries forces the companies to strike a balance between the two. Thus, it is demonstrated that the e-commerce companies work with their logistics management becomes their way of overcoming this problem. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of how e-commerce companies work with their logistics management to stay competitive. Research question: 1) How does the demand for environmentally sustainable transport solutions affect e-commerce companies' logistics management? 2) How does e-commerce companies work with their logistics management to meet the demand for short delivery times? Methodology: The study has a qualitative research strategy and through a case study, four case companies have been selected to study. The perspective chosen within the study is the hermeneutic perspective with an abductive approach. The collection of the empirical data was conducted using four semi-structured interviews with one respondent from each case company. The empirical data has also been supplemented with document studies Conclusion: From the study, we were able to conclude that the e-commerce companies efforts to offer environmentally sustainable deliveries can be derived from several factors. Where the choice to outsource their freight transport and increased use of home deliveries in combination with increasingly automated and information-driven warehousing operations was their way of meeting this demand. As the dilemma of working in an environmentally sustainable manner does not always correlate with the ambition of e-commerce companies to offer short delivery times, it was found that areas such as fill rates were an aspect where delivery time proved to be more important and hence e-retailers continue to maintain their low fill rates. Apart from filling levels, automation and the use of information systems are areas where environmentally sustainable deliveries and short delivery times are correlated.

[pt] Empresas de exploração de petróleo e gás offshore frequentemente precisam lidar com problemas relacionados ao uso eficiente de seus recursos. Neste trabalho, abordamos um problema de programação de navios associado à logística offshore de petróleo e gás – O Problema de Programação de Embarcações do tipo Pipe-Laying support Vessel (PLSVSP). Essas embarcações são especialmente projetadas para realizar conexões de dutos entre poços de petróleo submarinos e plataformas de produção. A conexão de dutos é a última etapa a ser executada para permitir a drenagem do óleo e iniciar a produção em um poço. No PLSVSP, o objetivo é antecipar a conclusão de poços mais produtivos. O problema pode ser visto como uma variante de um problema de programação de lotes com máquinas paralelas idênticas e tempos de configuração não antecipados por família para minimizar o total weighted completion time. Nessa analogia, embarcações são as máquinas, poços são as tarefas e lotes são as viagens executadas por PLSVs, definindo quais poços devem ser conectados a cada saída do porto. Foram desenvolvidas diversas abordagens de otimização para resolver as variantes determinística e estocástica do problema. Para a variante determinística, desenvolvemos métodos híbridos e uma metaheurística capazes de melhorar as soluções desenvolvidas por formulações MIP puras e lidar com o PLSVSP. Para a variante estocástica, foi desenvolvida uma simheurística utilizando simulação de Monte Carlo incorporada, considerando incertezas nas durações das conexões e nas datas de chegada dos oleodutos no porto. Os resultados mostram uma melhora significativa no custo das soluções quando lidam com incertezas em comparação com soluções geradas por um método determinístico. O uso da simulação em uma estrutura metaheurística mostrou-se uma abordagem promissora, capaz de lidar com o problema estocástico, com pouco esforço computacional extra necessário. / [en] Offshore oil and gas exploration companies frequently need to deal with problems related to the efficient use of their resources. In this work, we address a ship scheduling problem associated with offshore oil and gas logistics – The Pipe Laying Support Vessel Scheduling Problem (PLSVSP). These vessels are specially designed to perform pipeline connections between sub-sea oil wells and production platforms. The connections are the last step to be performed to allow the oil draining, starting production in a well. The PLSVSP objective is to anticipate the completion of the most productive wells. The problem can be seen as a variant of a batch scheduling problem with identical parallel machines and non-anticipatory family setup times to minimize the total weighted completion time. In this analogy, vessels are machines, wells are jobs, and batches are voyages executed by PLSVs, defining which wells to connect each time it leaves the port. We developed several optimization approaches to solve the deterministic and stochastic variants of the problem. For the deterministic problem, we developed hybrid methods and a metaheuristic that outperformed the pure MIP formulations, being practical to deal with the PLSVSP. A simheuristic using embedded Monte Carlo simulation was developed for the stochastic variant of the problem, considering uncertainties in the connection duration and the arrival dates of pipelines at the port. The results show a significant improvement in the solutions dealing with uncertainties compared to solutions generated by a deterministic method. The use of simulation within a metaheuristic framework proved to be a promising approach, being able to deal with the stochastic problem, with little extra computational effort required.

由於消費者的消費行為改變，以及行銷通路權力的轉移，為滿足顧客需求，物流中心提供後勤支援活動，獨立運作於行銷通路，而有通路變革的發生，影響最適化通路成員關係的發展。物流中心的貢獻，最終目標，是使行銷通路有能力獲得優於競爭者的持久性競爭優勢來源。 　　本研究探討後勤系統對流通路成員關係之影響，經由物流中心的顧客價值創造者，來分析資訊應用於後勤管理目標與行銷通路成員關係型態的配合，以及通路權力轉移，影響通路關係的發展。並提出在通路關係上，全體行銷通路成員應有的管理上作為。 　　本研究採用探索性研究，首先進行相關文獻的探討，接著提出觀念架構，然後，進行實地的個案分析與專家訪談，以探討後勤系統管理目標、資訊技術應用目標對行銷通路成員關係型態的影響，以及行銷通路權力擁有者之不同，對通路效益之影響。 　　本研究發現物流中心的後勤管理目標，應有優先順序上的不同，以及資訊技術運用與整合程度，亦會影響通路成員關係的發展。物流中心提供專業化的後勤管理，應有其企業功能與行銷通路功能的一些必要條件，才有能力創造行銷通路的持久性競爭優勢。因此，專業物流中心對流通業的成本效率與差異化效果之貢獻，是配合通路權力轉移，以及符合加值合夥型態通路關係發展的需要。相對的，專業物流中心提供專業化能力，能獲得比批發型物流中心，較多來自其上、下游顧客的滿意度。為了維持行銷通路持久性競爭優勢的來源，通路成員需要瞭解與認知到行銷通路使命、目標、以及策略規劃，在管理上的作為，因而提出可實行的通路關係發展架構之步驟。 　　最後，本研究對相關業者、後續研究者、以及政府提出建議。在商業現代化過程之中，物流中心居於關鍵性地位，它是顧客價值創造者與行銷通路效益之貢獻者。政府有必要輔導傳統零售商與批發商，來分享物流中心的價值創造，以及修改相關法規。相關業者必須考慮如何讓物流中心，能發揮它的專業化後勤系統管理功能，以獲得持久性的競爭優勢來源。

Kompetenzzellenbasierte (regionale) Netze stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Modellierung, Planung und Gestaltung der Logistikstrukturen. Für die Logistikstrukturmodellierung werden ein generischer Beschreibungsrahmen für produktionslogistische soziotechnische Systeme, Definitionen u.a. zum zentralen Begriff Logistikstruktur sowie ein 3-Ebenen-Modell und Strukturtypen für eine vertiefende Materialflussanalyse und -synthese bereitgestellt. Für die Logistikstrukturplanung wird darauf aufbauend mit der Methode der Integrativen Prozess- und Systemstrukturierung (IPSS) eine Methode zur Behandlung von Strukturierungsproblemen konzipiert, die sowohl speziell für kompetenzzellenbasierte Netze als auch allgemein für Produktions- und Logistiksysteme angewandt werden kann. Für die Logistikstrukturgestaltung werden unter Modell- und Methodenverwendung Szenarien sowie Gestaltungs- und Vorzugslösungen für den Materialfluss abgeleitet. / Competence-cell based (regional) networks put special requirements on the modelling, planning and design of logistics structures. For the modelling of logistics structures, a generic description framework for production logistic sociotechnical systems, definitions for, amongst others, the central term logistics structure as well as a 3-layer-model and structure types for a more detailed material flow analysis and synthesis are provided. For the planning of logistics structures, the Method of Integrative Process and System Structuring (IPSS) is developed as a method for handling structuring problems. It can be applied especially to Competence-cell based networks as well as generally to production and logistics systems. For the design of logistics structures, scenarios as well as design and preference solutions for the material flow are derived.

Kompetenzzellenbasierte (regionale) Netze stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Modellierung, Planung und Gestaltung der Logistikstrukturen. Für die Logistikstrukturmodellierung werden ein generischer Beschreibungsrahmen für produktionslogistische soziotechnische Systeme, Definitionen u.a. zum zentralen Begriff Logistikstruktur sowie ein 3-Ebenen-Modell und Strukturtypen für eine vertiefende Materialflussanalyse und -synthese bereitgestellt. Für die Logistikstrukturplanung wird darauf aufbauend mit der Methode der Integrativen Prozess- und Systemstrukturierung (IPSS) eine Methode zur Behandlung von Strukturierungsproblemen konzipiert, die sowohl speziell für kompetenzzellenbasierte Netze als auch allgemein für Produktions- und Logistiksysteme angewandt werden kann. Für die Logistikstrukturgestaltung werden unter Modell- und Methodenverwendung Szenarien sowie Gestaltungs- und Vorzugslösungen für den Materialfluss abgeleitet. / Competence-cell based (regional) networks put special requirements on the modelling, planning and design of logistics structures. For the modelling of logistics structures, a generic description framework for production logistic sociotechnical systems, definitions for, amongst others, the central term logistics structure as well as a 3-layer-model and structure types for a more detailed material flow analysis and synthesis are provided. For the planning of logistics structures, the Method of Integrative Process and System Structuring (IPSS) is developed as a method for handling structuring problems. It can be applied especially to Competence-cell based networks as well as generally to production and logistics systems. For the design of logistics structures, scenarios as well as design and preference solutions for the material flow are derived.