This thesis proposes that the current popularity of heroic fantasy arises from the genre's capacity to reveal "meaning" to the alienated subject within late modernity. While consumerism potentially undermines the subject's sense of stability both as an individual and as a member of a coherent and unified social group, the hero's journey conveys a compelling model for attaining a purposive subjectivity by acting on behalf of the broader community. However, this "healing" message is in turn appropriated by multinational corporations and nation states for financial advantage. Heroic fantasy can thus be read at various points of its production and consumption as both legitimating and contesting dominant institutions and ideologies.With particular reference to the books and films of The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter, ontological security is discussed at both individual and collective levels across three horizons: commodification, gender, and nationalism. A combination of close textual analysis and the application of core concepts from cultural studies - particularly ethnographic study, hegemonic power relations and political economy - provides the methodological flexibility necessary to trace consumers' contradictory and ambivalent responses to the three themes: the anti-materialist message incorporated in the genre's moral economy is jeopardised by the rampant commodification of the texts; the normative masculinity and emphasised femininity common to the genre is contested by female readers; and the utopic visions of a secure and homogeneous community are exploited by the New Zealand government rebranding the country as Middle-earth. These arguments are oriented toward a New Zealand perspective; interviews with readers of Harry Potter and a discussion of the World Premiere of Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Return of the King in "Wellywood" contribute to this specific context.This thesis therefore asserts that once heroic fantasy is placed in the contexts of production and reception conflicting trends are revealed, suggesting that the social impacts of heroic fantasy are complex and equivocal. Although the genre is readily commodified by the very system that it retaliates against, analysis suggests that heroic fantasy resists reification into a single dominant discourse as appropriation is never absolute.

When J. R. R. Tolkien’s trilogy The Lord of the Rings was published in Swedish 1959-1961, the translation by Åke Ohlmarks was considered by most critics to be excellent. According to Ohlmarks, even J. R. R. Tolkien himself and his son Christopher were very pleased with it, which Ohlmarks was told by Christopher when he met him in 1975. This is, however, contradicted in the authorised biography of Tolkien by Carpenter (1978), in which Tolkien is said to have been most negative towards the way Ohlmarks handled the text. Before the biography was published, Christopher Tolkien and Ohlmarks had become bitter enemies, which might explain the re-evaluation. The schism has been described by Ohlmarks in his book Tolkiens arv (1978). But ever since The Lord of the Rings came out in paperback in 1971 there has been a discussion about the translation quality also in Sweden. When I first read the books in English I had the Swedish translation beside me. I soon discovered that Ohlmarks had taken great liberties with the text. I noticed that the descriptions were often more detailed in the Swedish translation than in the original and it was this fact that first roused my interest. Therefore, I decided to try to make a translation quality assessment of a part of the text, using a model by Juliane House.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att försöka finna de kristna motivens plats i berättandet i de tre Sagan om ringen-filmerna (The Lord of the Rings) av Peter Jackson. Arbete har lagts ned på att studera litteratur inom både religion och filosofi kring filmernas Midgård-berättelser, där dessa behandlar kristna motiv. Den etablerade forskningen kring detta ämne har hittills till stor del handlat om Tolkiens böcker och inte i särskilt stor utsträckning om filmerna. Därför kan uppsatsen anses relevant i en tid där filmen mer och mer ses som lika betydelsefullt medium som boken.Det resultat som har nåtts är att det förefaller vara en stor del av filmernas handling som har sitt ursprung inom kristendomens berättelser och motiv. Detta inte bara i filmernas stora och övergripande berättelse (i synnerhet berättelsen om Frodo och Sam) utan även i sidoberättelserna (särskilt de som berättar om Aragorn och Gandalf). Filmerna innehåller således en ansenlig mängd kristna motiv.

Submitted by SERGIO RICARDO PERASSOLI JUNIOR null (sergio.perassoli@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-24T12:47:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Sérgio Ricardo Perassoli Junior.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T14:30:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perassoli_sr_me_arafcl.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T14:30:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perassoli_sr_me_arafcl.pdf: 2376400 bytes, checksum: 86f5ea739113546cb42bf9a9c18b6a44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e investigar o processo de individuação da personagem Frodo Bolseiro em O Senhor dos Anéis [The Lord of The Rings, 1950], romance mais importante do escritor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. O processo de individuação, conceito desenvolvido pelo psiquiatra suíço Carl G. Jung, é um tema sobremaneira relevante, caracterizado como a tendência da psique de encontrar o equilíbrio e a completude. Essa tendência aparece frequentemente na extensa obra de Tolkien e é muito explorada na jornada da personagem Frodo, o principal herói do romance em questão. Frodo passa por diversas experiências e encontra diversas figuras arquetípicas que, pode-se afirmar, apontam para um processo de individuação nos termos junguianos. Para aprofundar e enriquecer a análise, serão apresentados teóricos da literatura como Northrop Frye e Gaston Bachelard, que foram influenciados pela psicologia arquetípica de Carl Jung. O trabalho que ora se apresenta também pretende ilustrar a importância das ideias de Jung e dos principais conceitos da psicologia arquetípica para o estudo da personagem e para a própria crítica literária. / This research aims to analyse the individuation process of the character Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings (1951), J.R.R. Tolkien’s masterpiece. The individuation process, a concept developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, is a most relevant theme characterized as the psyche tendency to reach balance. This tendency is frequently shown in Tolkien’s extensive work and it is very much explored in Frodo’s journey, the main hero of the novel. Frodo goes through several life experiences and meets lots of archetypal figures that point to an individuation process. To go deeper, enriching the analysis, literature theorists as Northrop Frye and Gaston Bachelard, who were influenced by Jung’s psychology, will be introduced. This research also intends to make clear the importance of Jung’s archetypal psychology for literary criticism.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-10-08T12:03:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francisco de Assis Ferreira Melo - 2018.pdf: 6103851 bytes, checksum: d55ca431a3fffc68c4343341365b34a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-09T10:41:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francisco de Assis Ferreira Melo - 2018.pdf: 6103851 bytes, checksum: d55ca431a3fffc68c4343341365b34a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T10:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Francisco de Assis Ferreira Melo - 2018.pdf: 6103851 bytes, checksum: d55ca431a3fffc68c4343341365b34a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / The following research represents a topoanalytical perspective based on a interpretative analytical theory method which focuses on studying The Lord of The Rings (O Senhor dos Anéis) by the British author J.R.R. Tolkien, published in three volumes from 1954 to 1955. Therefore, this research uses the single volume translated to Portuguese and the original English version as well. In order to analyzing this literary work, a sequence of chapters was made to showcase in a progressive way how some different kinds of shades come together in this book, coming from The Light to The Darkness – The Light, The Twilight, The Shadow, The Night, The Darkness, and then, eventually returning to The Light with The Dawning. This analytical work is heavily based on academic literary theories to carefully examine the places and spaces of The Lord of The Rings from a perspective that considers The Fear as the main element in the Fantastic Narrative Structure, and in addition, subverting its limits as a genre according to the essentially pure theory created by Todorov, which refers directly to this type of literary production from the 19th Century. As a matter of fact, the Mode Category might be more comprehensive and makes the reader wonder how would be the Marvelous, the Fantasy and the Gothic, according to Remo Ceserani (2006) and David Roas (2014). In accordance with this point of view, it’s easily noticed the way that the Gothic creates the perfect atmosphere where the fear is the ultimate feeling that outstands and amplifies its range regarding the places and the spaces considering the objectification and personification of The Ring of Sauron that affects the characters’ psyche. All of these elements are connected and highlight: the absence of a so-called hero throughout the journey seeking The Ring; the changing of characters influenced by the spaces and places; and the confirmation of this literary work conceived as a well-structured Marvelous text. This research was based on important scholars such as Humphrey Carpenter (2018), Sandra Guardini Vasconcelos (2007), Yi-Fu Tuan (2005, 2012, 2013), Ozíris Borges Filho (2007), Mikhail Bakhtin (2010), Fred Botting (2014). In addition, this research was developed using literary works that helped to understand the process of creating some literary genres such as the Fantastic, the Gothic and the Fantasy, like Horace Walpole (1996), George MacDonald (2012), among others. / A presente pesquisa – de cunho teórico-interpretativo-analítico, em uma perspectiva da Topoanálise – tem como objetivo principal analisar O Senhor dos Anéis, obra do inglês J.R.R. Tolkien, publicada em três volumes entre 1954 e 1955. Nesta pesquisa, é utilizado volume único, tanto em língua portuguesa quanto em língua inglesa. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi elaborada uma sequência de capítulos que procuram representar de forma progressiva uma linearidade de tons luminosos e tons escuros: da Luz, passando pela Penumbra, Sombra, Noite e Escuridão, para retornar à Luz, com o Amanhecer. Tal análise é sustentada por pressupostos teóricos para a investigação de espaços e lugares, tendo o medo como elemento estruturante do texto Fantástico, subvertendo suas fronteiras enquanto gênero, limitado de acordo com a teoria todoroviana de caráter mais purista, apontando à produção deste tipo de texto no século XIX. Por sua vez, a categoria modo consegue ser mais abrangente e acaba por provocar o leitor diante do que seria o Maravilhoso, a Fantasia e o Gótico, conforme Remo Ceserani (2006) e David Roas (2014). É percebido que o Gótico consegue criar uma atmosfera onde o medo é o primeiro sentimento e, como tal, tem suas maneiras de se anunciar, ampliando sua área de atuação e implicando em espaços e lugares, como é compreendido pela objetivação e personificação do Anel de Sauron, que interfere no psicológico dos personagens. Esses elementos se correlacionam e permitem perceber: a ausência de um suposto herói em toda jornada do Anel, a mudança dos personagens influenciados pelos espaços e lugares, a confirmação da obra enquanto um texto Maravilhoso pelos elementos que o constituem. A pesquisa se baseia em autores como: Humphrey Carpenter (2018), Sandra Guardini Vasconcelos (2007), Yi-Fu Tuan (2005, 2012, 2013), Ozíris Borges Filho (2007), Mikhail Bakhtin (2010), Fred Botting (2014). Também são utilizadas obras literárias de autores que ajudaram a delimitar o espaço de surgimento do Fantástico, do Gótico e da Fantasia, como Horace Walpole (1996), George MacDonald (2012), dentre outros.

J.R.R. Tolkien’s pioneering work of fantasy fiction, The Lord of the Rings, was written in a period of twelve years, starting in 1937 during WWII and ending in 1949 a few years after the war ended. However, Tolkien’s experience with war began in 1915, when he entered combat in WWI as a young second lieutenant. Understandably, Tolkien’s war experiences have led many fans and scholars to question to what extent the World Wars influenced his works. In response to these queries Tolkien adamantly denied any connection, stating in the forward to the second edition of LOTR that “The real war does not resemble the legendary war in its process or its conclusion.” Despite Tolkien’s flat denial of any connection between his personal war experiences and his fictional world, many critics have dedicated their studies to identifying concrete similarities that exist between LOTR and WWI. Yet, there exists a substantial and entirely ignored connection between Tolkien’s own wartime experience and his writings. More specifically, no significant study exists examining the connection between Tolkien’s depictions of medical treatments in LOTR and his own experiences with wartime medicine. These connections are particularly noteworthy because after the trauma of the Somme, Tolkien spent almost the entirety of the war as an invalid, in and out of war hospitals. Tolkien’s descriptions of medical remedies, which are richly detailed and significant to the plot, are therefore connected to his own experience. Examining each of these remedies within LOTR and linking them to medical practices used in WWI reveals previously unidentified points of correlation.

This thesis asserts that one aspect of The Lord of the Rings which has been previously overlooked is the hierarchical nature of the master/servant relationship, which mirrors in many ways the hierarchical nature of the Catholic church. Through the various master/servant relationships that Tolkien portrays, he reflects not only the ideal of master and servant working together for good, but also the ways in which this intimate relationship can go horribly wrong. Aragorn represents an ideal master, one who is wise and good, and his servants are either rewarded or punished according to their loyalty to him. In the stories of Wormtongue and Saruman, we see how betrayal and seeking to usurp the power of the master leads to the downfall of the servant. Denethor's fall illustrates how a bad servant becomes, in turn, a bad master. The choices of Faramir, Pippin, Beregond, and the servants of Denethor reflect the difficulties a servant has when trying to decide whether or not to continue following a poor master. Merry and Éowyn show us that sometimes grace may intervene in what seems to be a fairly straightforward situation of disobedience. And the story of Frodo, Sam, and Gollum, from betrayal to ultimate loyalty, at times reflects the complicated hierarchical relationship between mortals and deity.

The essay aims to analyze how the two female characters Éowyn and Galadriel in the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien exercise female authority through literary features. The essay was conducted through a close reading of the novel and an application of the term female authority, which mainly took place in accordance with its application in other literary analyses of The Lord of the Rings. The term “female authority” is defined here primarily as the ability to validate one’s own thoughts and actions, having a strong influence on others and possessing physical or magical powers. The analysis verifies and contrasts the conclusions of previous research by analyzing female authority through literary features. In conclusion, Éowyn and Galadriel show female authority by staying true to their convictions, sharing their thoughts and ideas, ordering and disciplining people around them and not caring about disagreements with others. The ways in which this takes place are illustrated through application of the literary features conflict, dialogue, metaphor, imagery and theme.

This study considers Härskarringen (1959–61), a Swedish translation of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (1954–55), within the framework of translation studies and the description of norms within different fields of translation. As the work’s position as a translation has been questioned by a number of critics, the aim of the study is to identify features of the text which can be associated with this critique. The methodology employed by the study aims to separate departures in the target text from the source text within fields such as semantics and style. The departures are then ordered on the basis of linguistic form. The study suggests that the translation contains a number of features, and proposes possible explanations for these, based on the result of the study in relation to these points of departure as well as the circumstances in the context of the creation of the translation. The method used is partly based on a model developed by Rune Ingo (1991), and the results are analyzed by means of key concepts from Yvonne Lindqvist (2002). The study concludes that Härskarringen should be considered a work done mainly in accordance with an acceptable translation strategy, and thereby has characteristics of a low prestige translation. The study further considers that the critics of the translation hold, seemingly, that The Lord of the Rings should be translated as high prestige literature, and that they have reacted against the translation consequently. The study suggests that the reason for the questioning of Härskarringen’s position as a translation seems to be that the work has not been translated in accordance with the norms of the literary field to where it is today attributed. The critique can partly be viewed as a result of a raised status of The Lord of the Rings and J. R. R. Tolkien, and thus of the mobility of a work within the literary system. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker Härskarringen (1959–61), en översättning av J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings (1954–55), med en översättningsvetenskaplig deskriptiv metodik. Uppsatsen försöker utröna vilka egenskaper hos den svenska tolkningen som gjort att dess ställning som översättning, till helheten eller enskilda delar, har ifrågasatts av en rad kritiker. Undersökningen utförs genom att tillämpa en metod för utverkande av avvikelser mellan översättningen och originaltexten inom för uppsatsen ändamålsenliga kategorier, såsom betydelsemässiga avvikelser mellan översättning och original. De framkomna avvikande textställena sorteras sedan efter deras språkform, och utifrån resultatet samt förhållanden i översättningens tillblivelse karakteriseras sedan den undersökta aspekten av översättningen genom ett antal egenskapsdrag samt möjliga anledningar till dessa. Slutsatsen efter genomförd undersökning är att Härskarringen, huvudsakligen genom att på olika sätt förhålla sig fritt till originalet, bär många gemensamma drag med översättningar inom lågprestigelitteraturen, och att kritikerna – då dessa förefaller anse att Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings tillhör högprestigelitteraturfältet och bör översättas enligt dess normer – därför har reagerat mot översättningens utformning. Härskarringens ställning som översättning har ifrågasatts på grund av att verket inte har översatts i enlighet med normerna på det litterära fält där det i dag anses befinna sig. Företeelsen får delvis ses som en följd av The Lord of the Rings och J. R. R. Tolkiens ökade anseende, och är därmed ett exempel på återverkningar av ett verks rörlighet inom det litterära systemet.

Chama a atenção o fato de uma obra como O Senhor dos Anéis, de J. R. R. Tolkien, envolver não apenas um herói, mas muitos personagens com um objetivo comum: a destruição do Anel do Poder. Eles criam laços e revelam sentimentos que nós encontramos no dia a dia, na jornada de nossa vida: se tornam amigos. Este projeto busca analisar como a amizade na obra tolkieniana colabora para o desenvolvimento de seus personagens, bem como contribui para o sucesso de seu objetivo final. Para tanto, tomaremos como base teórica o livro Ética a Nicômaco de Aristóteles, obra que se propõe essencialmente a estudar a felicidade, ou seja, o bem último do homem (eudaimonía). Ao aniquilarem o Anel, os heróis da saga tolkieniana realizam seu grande desejo, e ocorre então o que Tolkien chama de eucatástrofe, o final feliz, essencial nas histórias de fada. Ainda no pensamento aristotélico, a amizade seria tanto um sintoma da felicidade do ser humano quanto uma necessidade para que ele alcance essa realização plena. Por conta de Tolkien ter o seu entendimento de imaginário baseado, entre outras questões, no pensamento religioso, buscaremos também apoio na teologia, especialmente na Suma Teológica de São Tomás de Aquino, enxergando, na amizade, uma relação direta com a caridade cristã. Por entendermos que, na contemporaneidade, a centralidade do livro dá espaço para outras produções artísticas, nos apoiaremos também nas adaptações fílmicas de O Senhor dos Anéis, dirigidas pelo neozelandês Peter Jackson. Tal análise comparativa visa trazer mais elementos para o estudo sobre a amizade na narrativa de Tolkien, visto que o homem contemporâneo, especialmente o jovem, se mostra, cada vez mais, apoiado no universo do audiovisual, muitas vezes partindo dele para o da literatura. Acreditamos que nosso projeto chega em boa hora, visto que tanto o livro quanto o filme em questão envolvem e fascinam seu público leitor e espectador, contribuindo para a formação de seu pensamento ético e de seu caráter, servindo de referência a muitas obras do gênero fantasia, em diversas plataformas. / It draws our attention the fact that a work like The Lord of The Rings, by J. R. R. Tolkien, involves not only a single hero, but many characters with a common goal: the destruction of the Ring of Power. They connect with each other and reveal feelings we find day by day in our lives journey: they become friends. This project aims, therefore, to analyze how friendship in the Tolkienian work collaborates for the characters development, as well as it contributes for the success of their final goal. To achieve this, we will take as theoretical basis the book Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, a work that essentially proposes to study happiness, in other words, the ultimate purpose of man (eudaimonia). By annihilating the Ring, the Tolkienian saga heroes achieve their great desire, and what happens then is what Tolkien calls the happy ending, which is essential to fairy stories. Still within the Aristotelian line of thought, friendship would be both a symptom of a human beings happiness and a requirement to reach this full achievement. Since Tolkiens imaginary understanding is based on, among other issues, the religious mindset, we will take theology as support, especially Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, by seeing, in friendship, a direct association with the Christian charity. Since we understand that, in our present days, the centrality of the book allows other artistic productions, we will also base this study on The Lord of The Rings movie adaptations, directed by the New Zealander filmmaker Peter Jackson. Such comparative analysis aims to bring more elements to the study of friendship in Tolkiens narrative, since the contemporary man, especially the young one, shows an increasing interest in the audiovisual universe, often starting with it and then moving on to literature. We believe that this is a timely project, since both the book and the movies in question involve and fascinate their readers and spectators, contributing to the development of their ethical thinking and character, acting as a reference to many fantasy gender works, in many platforms.