Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Alguns Bastonetes Gram-negativos não fermentadores (BGNNF) costumam ser considerados clinicamente pouco significantes e a sua implicação em infecções é subestimada. Devido à similaridade fenotípica, mudanças taxonômicas, baixa reatividade bioquímica e limitações nos bancos de dados em sistemas comerciais, a identificação de BGNNF é frequentemente equivocada, culminando com a denominação de diferentes micro-organismos apenas como BGNNF, por falta de melhor diferenciação. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, por métodos fenotípico convencional, proteômico e molecular, a identificação de BGNNF incomuns isolados em hemoculturas de pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro. Foram selecionadas 78 amostras isoladas de hemoculturas caracterizadas no laboratório clinico como BGNNF para a identificação por sequenciamento dos genes 16S RNA e recA, por um conjunto amplo de testes fenotípicos manuais e por MALDI-TOF MS. Os micro-organismos predominantes na amostragem foram genotipados pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, a maioria das amostras (n=31; 40%) foi incluída no gênero Burkholderia, seguido de Pseudomonas stutzeri (10%) e Delftia acidovorans (4%). Os demais isolados foram agrupados em 27 diferentes espécies. O sequencimento do gene recA identificou a maioria das espécies de Burkholderia como Burkholderia contaminans (n=19; 24%). Os testes fenotípicos incluíram as 31 amostras apenas no CBc e para as outras 47 amostras, a concordância com o sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA em nível de espécie foi de 64% (n=30) e apenas em gênero a concordância foi de 17% (n=8). A análise comparativa geral da identificação por MALDI-TOF MS com o sequenciamento do gene16S rRNA mostrou que 42% (n=33) das 78 amostras foram concordantes em nível de espécie e 45% (n=35) apenas em gênero. Excluindo as amostras do CBc, houve um aumento da concordância em nível de espécie para 60%. As discordâncias parecem ser devido às diferenças nos perfis proteicos das amostras em relação às amostras-referência do banco de dados do equipamento e podem ser aprimorados com a atualização de perfis no sistema. A análise do polimorfismo genético de B. contaminans mostrou a ausência de um clone disseminado causando surto, além da provável origem ambiental das infecções. Os setores de nefrologia e hemodiálise contribuíram com maior número de pacientes com amostras positivas (5 pacientes e 9 amostras). Os grupos clonais BcoD e BcoE foram encontrados em pacientes assistidos no mesmo setor com diferença de quatro meses (BcoD, nefrologia) e 1,5 ano (BcoE, hemodilálise), entre as culturas, respectivamente. As discordâncias entre as técnicas ocorreram principalmente devido a dificuldade de identificação das espécies do CBc. Os BGNNF incomuns são de difícil caracterização independente da metodologia usada e nenhum método por si só foi capaz de identificar todas as amostras. / Some nonfermenting Gram-negative Bacilli (NFGNB) are considered of low clinical significance, and their implication in infections is usually underestimated. Due to their phenotypic similarities, frequent taxonomic changes and low biochemical reactivity, as well as to limitations of bacterial identification commercial system databases, these NFGNB are frequently misidentified and are collectively referred to as NFGNB group, in the lack of a better differentiation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the conventional phenotypic method, the proteomic matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectometry method (MALDI-TOF MS) and of molecular methods (16S RNA and recA gene sequencing) in the identification of 78 unusual NFGNB isolated from blood cultures of pacients treated at an university hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Clonality of the predominant species identified within these isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). By the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, most strains (n = 31; 40%) were included in the Burkholderia spp. followed by Pseudomonas stutzeri (n = 8; 10%), Delftia acidovorans (n = 3; 4%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 3; 4%). The remaining bacterial isolates were included in 27 different species. By the recA gene sequencing technique, most bacteria from the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), samples were classified as Burkholderia contaminans (n=19; 24%). Phenotypic tests provided accurate identification of all 31 isolates included in the BCC by the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. For the other 47 samples, agreement of the results obtained with these two techniques in species and genus level identifications occurred in 30 (63,8%) and 17 samples (36,2%), respectively. The results obtained by the MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods agreed at species and genus levels in 33 (42%) and 35 isolates (45%), respectively. When bacteria from the BCC were excluded from the analysis, the agreement between the two techniques at species level increased to 60%. Misidentification by the MALDI-TOF MS method may be due to differences in protein spectra between the samples and the reference strains in the equipment database. PFGE analysis of B. contaminans isolates revealed the absence of a disseminate clone causing an outbreak, and the probable environmental source of infections. The nefrology ang dialisis sectors contributed to the greatest number of patients with positive cultures (5 pacients and 9 isolates). Clones BcoD and BcoE were found in blood cultures of pacientes treated in a same sector with differences of 4 months (BcoD, nefrology) and 1.5 year (BcoE, dialisis). The misidentifications occurred mainly due to the hard differentiation of BCC species. Unusual NFGNB are of difficult characterization whatever the methodology used and no method alone was able to identify all the isolates.

Les venins sont des armes sophistiquées, utilisées par les organismes venimeux pour se défendre des prédateurs, ainsi que pour paralyser et tuer leurs proies. Mais dans la nature, le bien n’est jamais très loin du mal, les toxines venimeuses pouvant se révéler être des agents thérapeutiques efficaces. Les peptides de venins de fourmis ont donc été étudiés dans cette thèse afin de déterminer le potentiel de ces toxines pour la découverte de molécules thérapeutiques innovantes. A l’instar des autres venins d’insectes, les venins de fourmis restent peu étudiés, principalement en raison de la petite taille de ces insectes et des quantités limitées de venins disponibles. Cependant, les fourmis offrent l’avantage d’être des insectes sociaux très abondants dans tous les milieux terrestres. En collectant les venins de plusieurs individus, il est donc possible d’obtenir des quantités suffisantes de venin pour les analyses biochimiques et pharmacologiques.Afin d’assurer la reproductibilité des analyses, une identification taxonomique correcte est nécessaire. Dans cette optique, un outil de chimiotaxonomie a été développé durant cette thèse (permettant ainsi de regrouper les venins provenant de plusieurs colonies afin de compenser les faibles quantités de matériel biologique par individu ou par colonie).Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux facteurs écologiques impliqués dans la diversification des venins de fourmis. Pour cela, la toxicité et la composition des venins de fourmis ont été analysés en relation avec le polyéthisme, la spécialisation alimentaire et la spécialisation défensive.La diversité écologique des fourmis a amplement contribuée à la diversification des venins. En étudiant les venins de 82 espèces de fourmis, nous avons révélé la grande diversité structurale des toxines. Bien que la majorité des peptidomes sont composés par de petits peptides linéaires, des peptides structurés par des ponts disulfure ont été révélés dans de nombreux venins et constituent de nouvelles familles structurales de toxines.La purification de certains de ces peptides à ponts disulfure a permis leur caractérisation biochimique et l’évaluation de leur rôle biologique. Ainsi nous avons décrit un groupe de peptides neurotoxiques, baptisés les formicitoxines qui sont capables de bloquer les canaux calcium humains de type L. La commutatoxine est, quant à elle, un peptide avec un pont disulfure qui semble activer les récepteurs humains TRPV1 et TRPV3 et laisse supposer une implication dans l’induction de la douleur chez les mammifères.La grande diversité des peptides mise en évidence dans les venins, associée à la grande diversité écologique et taxonomique des fourmis, suggère que les venins de fourmis constituent un nouveau champ d’exploration prometteur pour la recherche de molécules thérapeutiques et insecticides. Les venins de fourmis s’ajoutent à la chimiothèque conséquente déjà représentée par les venins des autres animaux venimeux. / Venoms are sophisticated weapons employed by venomous organisms to ward off predators, as well as to subdue and kill prey. However, in nature, good is never far from bad and venom toxins may prove to be efficient therapeutic agents. Ant venom peptides were investigated in the course of this thesis to evaluate their potential in the discovery of novel drugs. Like other insect venoms, ant venoms remain understudied, mainly due to the small size of individual ants and, so, the limited a mount of venom available. The ecological diversity of ants has largely contributed to venom diversification. By studying the venom peptidomes from 82 ant species, we have revealed the great structural diversity of the toxins. Although the majority of the peptidomes are comprised of small and linear peptides, peptides structured by disulfide bonds were also brought to light in numerous venoms and constitute novel structural classes of toxins. The purification of some of these disulfided peptides permitted their biochemical characterization and the assessment oft heir biological functions. The enormous peptide diversity revealed among venoms combined with the great ecological and taxonomical diversity of ants suggests that ant venoms constitute a promising new source in the search for both novel drugs and insecticides. Ant venom augments the vast bioactive molecules library represented by venoms from other venomous animals.

Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle interface CE/MALDI-MS automatisée, équipée d’une cellule UV/visible déportée, et d’une distribution automatique de matrice intégrée. Ce nouveau système a été évalué sur des mélanges différents de protéines entières, de digestats de protéines et d’anticorps monoclonaux (mAbs). Les résultats obtenus lors de cette évaluation ont montré la complémentarité de la nouvelle interface avec les systèmes analytiques classiques. De plus, nous avons montré la première séparation et analyse de mAbs entier par CE/MALDI-MS. Dans un second travail, la nouvelle interface a été utilisée pour effectuer la première analyse Top Down de proteine entière et de mAbs par collecte et enrichissement de fraction. Cette stratégie a montré la répétabilité du système permettant de séparer des analytes d’intérêt et d’enrichir les dépôts MALDI jusqu'à de très hautes quantités d’analytes permettant l’obtention de spectre Top Down. Au cours du troisième travail, le nouveau système CE/MALDI-MS a été utilisé dans une stratégie originale à 2 dimensions de séparation et de collecte d’isoformes de mAbs entiers ou partiellement digérés suivi d’infusions et analyses à l’aide du nanosprayer CESI. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point des conditions électrophorétiques dit « asymétriques » séparant les mAbs dans des conditions très salées mais collectés dans un milieu compatible avec l’ESI-MS. Cette stratégie inédite a permis d’effectuer la première séparation et caractérisation de mAbs par CE-MS. Parallèlement, nous avons mis au point le premier dosage plasmatique d’ITPP par MALDI-TOF MS et surtout la création de CEToolbox, une application Androïd gratuite pour smartphone et tablette permettant le calcul des principales grandeurs mathématiques pour la caractérisation et l’optimisation des séparations par électrophorèse capillaire. / In this work, we developed a new interface CE/MALDI-MS automated, equipped with a UV/visible cell remote, and integrated automatic distribution of matrix. This new system has been evaluated on different mixtures of intact protein, digested protein and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The results obtained during this evaluation showed the complementarity of the new interface with conventional analytical systems. Furthermore, we have shown the first separation and analysis of mAbs by CE/MALDI-MS. In a second work, the new interface was used to perform the first Top Down analysis for intact protein and mAbs by fraction collection and enrichment. This strategy has shown the repeatability of the system for separating analytes and the enrichissment the MALDI deposits up to very high amounts compatible for Top Down approach. In the third work, the new system CE/MALDI-MS has been used in an original 2-dimensional strategy of separating and collecting intact mAbs isoforms or partially digested followed by infusions and analyzes with CESI nanosprayer. For this, we have developed electrophoretic condition so-called "asymmetric" allowing the separation of mAbs under very salty conditions but collected in a totally compatible solution with ESI-MS. This novel strategy allowed for the first separation and characterization of mAbs by CE-MS. Meanwhile, we have developed the first plasma level of ITPP by MALDI-TOF-MS and particularly the creation of CEToolbox as a Free Android application for smartphone and tablet enabling the calculation of the main mathematical quantities for characterization and optimization of CE separations.

Les cheveux constituent un matériau de choix en archéométrie pour l’étude des civilisations anciennes. L’étude moléculaire de cheveux de momies et de leur protéome peut apporter de précieuses informations sur la composition, la préservation et l’environnement de la fibre. Une approche protéomique bottom-up dédiée à l’analyse en MS des protéines de cheveux de momies a été donc implémentée. Celle-ci a permis l’identification des protéines capillaires de cheveux anciens à partir de quantités minimales, ainsi que la caractérisation de leur état de conservation. Cette approche a été associée à une stratégie interdisciplinaire, intégrant également des analyses structurelles par FTIR, et élémentaires par SEM-EDS, XRF et PIXE. Enfin, le couplage direct TLC-MALDI-MS a été mis en place pour la caractérisation de systèmes biologiques et archéologiques, complexes et précieux. / Hair is an ideal material for the archaeometric study of past civilizations. Although it is rarely described, molecular study of hair and its proteome can provide precious clues on the ancient hair composition, its preservation state, as well as its environment. Here, we describe the implementation of a bottom-up proteomic approach for the mass spectrometry analysis of proteins from mummy hair. Through this approach, it was possible to identify the ancient hair proteins from a minimal initial amount of sample, and to characterize their molecular conservation state. This study was associated to an interdisciplinary project that also integrates structural analyses by FTIR and elemental analyses by SEM-EDS, XRF and PIXE. Finally, TLC-MALDI-MS hyphenation was implemented for the characterization of biological and archaeological systems, which are also complex and precious.

En Afrique, les fièvres récurrentes causées par différentes espèces bactériennes du genre Borrelia sont des infections négligées transmises par les arthropodes et sont responsables de manifestations cliniques variant d’une septicémie mortelle à des formes plus bénignes et d'autres manifestations cliniques, en particulier d'avortement chez les femmes enceintes. Quatre espèces différentes de Borrelia, initialement séparées les unes des autres sur la base de leur répartition géographique et de leur vecteur, sont actuellement cultivées de prélèvements cliniques et de vecteurs : Borrelia crocidurae, Borrelia duttonii, Borrelia recurrentis et Borrelia hispanica. Ces différentes espèces circulent sur le continent africain en parallèle avec au moins six espèces non encore cultivées et détectées dans des vecteurs. Notre travail est une contribution à l’investigation des fièvres récurrentes à Borrelia en Afrique. Dans cette perspective, nous avons mis au point la détection rapide en spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF des Borrelia dans les tiques en créant au préalable une base de données Borrelia MALDI-TOF-MS. La base de données de Borrelia et un logiciel de soustraction IHU ont été utilisés pour détecter B. crocidurae dans 20 tiques Ornithodoros sonrai, y compris huit tiques qui ont été testées positives pour B. crocidurae par PCR-séquençage, ce qui ouvre la voie à l'utilisation du MALDI-TOF-MS pour la double identification des vecteurs et des agents pathogènes vectorisés, dont il s’agissait du premier exemple maintenant étendu à d’autres modèles dans notre laboratoire. / In Africa, relapsing fever borreliae are neglected arthropod-borne pathogens causing mild to deadly septicemia and other clinical manifestations, particularly abortion in pregnant women. Four different species of Borrelia, initially distinguished one from another on the basis of geography and vector, are currently cultured causative agents in Africa: Borrelia crocidurae, Borrelia duttonii, Borrelia recurrentis et Borrelia hispanica. These different species are circulating in parallel to at least six not-yet cultured species in vectors. Our work consisted in the investigation of recurrent fevers borreliosis in Africa. We have developed rapid detection in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of Borrelia in ticks by creating a prior a Borrelia MALDI-TOF-MS database. The Borrelia database and a custom software program that subtracts the uninfected O. sonrai profile were used to detect B. crocidurae in 20 O. sonrai ticks, including eight ticks that tested positive for B. crocidurae by PCR-sequencing; which paves the way for the use of MALDI-TOF-MS for the dual identification of vectors and vectorized pathogens. We have also illustrates a non-specialized circulation of B. crocidurae borreliae within a collection of 35 O. sonrai ticks in West Africa. These ticks were genotyped by 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequencing while B. crocidurae was genotyped by Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST). The 35 ticks were grouped into 12 genotypes strong geographic structuring and 35 B. crocidurae into 29 genotypes without strict geographic structure. One O. sonrai genotype carried several B. crocidurae genotypes and one B. crocidurae genotype was found in different O. sonrai genotypes.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study reports on a proteomic analysis of sorghum proteomes in response to salt and hyperosmotic stresses. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to separate, visualise and identify sorghum proteins using both sorghum cell suspension cultures and whole plants. The sorghum cell suspension culture system was used as a source of culture filtrate (CF) proteins. Of the 25 visualised CBB stained CF spots, 15 abundant and well-resolved spots were selected for identification using a combination of MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOFTOF MS, and database searching. Of these spots, 14 were positively identified as peroxidases, germin proteins, oxalate oxidases and alpha-galactosidases with known functions in signalling processes, defense mechanisms and cell wall metabolism. / South Africa

Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a non-protein amino acid produced by many cyanobacteria, and thought to induce neurotoxic effects through excitotoxicity, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) and Alzheimer’s. The ubiquitous nature of cyanobacteria, and evidence of biomagnification through our food web, creates a dire need for the development of an analytical platform that will provide accurate identification and quantification of BMAA amounts in our ecosystem and potential food supply. The present study evaluated the ability of a MALDI-ToF-MS method to detect and quantify BMAA in a variety of biological matrices. Through validation procedures, it was demonstrated that this MALDI-ToF-MS method provided comparable data to currently accepted analytical methods, specifically LC-MS/MS. Further, the development of said method reduced sample preparation and data acquisition time (1-2 seconds per sample), while providing high throughput analysis and eliminating the need for derivatization, chromatographic separation, and modification of amino acids.

A aplicação de microrganismos capazes de adsorver metais se destaca dentre as técnicas para biorremediação ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar bactérias com potencial de emprego nesta tecnologia. A partir de amostras de solo, água e sedimentos coletadas da mina Sossego da VALE em 4 eventos de coleta, foram isoladas 73 bactérias resistentes à altas concentrações de Cu2+. Para a identificação dos isolados utilizaram-se diversos métodos: MALDI-TOF; sequenciamento de parte dos genes 16S rRNA e rpoD; construção de árvores filogenéticas; e provas bioquímicas. Foram selecionadas 12 bactérias pertencentes a pelo menos, 8 espécies diferentes, sendo a maioria pertencente ao gênero Cupriavidus. 75% dos isolados apresentou resistência a Cu2+ superior a de C. metallidurans CH34, bactéria mais resistente a Cu2+ conhecida. Valores de adsorção de Cu2+ superiores aos desta bactéria também foram observados em 5 isolados. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os isolados selecionados apresentam alto potencial para aplicação em biorremediação ambiental. / The application of microorganisms capable of adsorbing toxic metals stands out from other bioremediation techniques. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria with potential for bioremediation of environments contaminated by copper ions. From soil, water and sediment samples collected at VALE`s Sossego mine collected at 4 different occasions, 73 copper resistant bacteria were isolated. For the identification of the isolates, various methods were used: MALDI-TOF, sequencing of part from the genes rRNA and rpoD; construction of phylogenetic trees; and biochemical tests. 12 bacteria that belong to at least 8 different species were selected. 75% of the isolates were resistant to Cu2+ exceeding C. metallidurans CH34, the, most resistant bacteria to Cu2+ known. The ion adsorption capacity of 5 isolates was greater than those for C. metallidurans. The results obtained for the bacterial isolates indicate that they have a high potential for application in environmental bioremediation.

Les peptides vecteurs ou CPP sont de petits peptides, en général de taille inférieure à 30 acides aminés. Parmi les nombreux CPP décrits dans la littérature, les peptides riches en arginine ont fait l'objet d'une attention particulière. Plusieurs modifications chimiques du squelette peptidique conduisant à une distribution spatiale différente des groupes fonctionnels, ou encore l'introduction de chaînes aliphatiques ont été effectuées pour accroitre la capacité du peptide à traverser la membrane de la cellule. L'objectif de ce travail a été le développement de nouveaux peptides vecteurs cycliques contenant un domaine cationique minimal et pouvant être acylés par une chaîne aliphatique. Quinze nouveaux transporteurs cycliques, dont les peptides vecteurs classiques Pénétratine et R6W3ont été synthétisés. La cyclisation tête-queue par ligation chimique native a été rendue possible par l'introduction d'un résidu cystéine et d'une fonction thioester (ou précurseur) respectivement aux extrémités N et C-terminales des différentes séquences de CPP. Leur aptitude à transporter le peptide bioactif PKCi dans des cellules CHO a été évaluée par quantification de la cargaison internalisée en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF. Les résultats indiquent une meilleure internalisation essentiellement par voie d'endocytose dépendante des glycosaminoglycanes, suite à la cyclisation des CPP comparés à leur version linéaire. De toute la série des lipopeptides testés dans ce projet, deux séquences se distinguent par leur capacité remarquable à franchir les membranes cellulaire : les CPP [C12-R4] et [C12-R7]. / Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short, cationic or amphipatic peptides, usually containing less than 30 amino acids, which are able to deliver various bioactive cargoes inside cells. Among the many CPPs described in the literature, the arginine-rich peptides have attracted particular attention. Several chemical modifications of the peptide backbone leading to different spatial distributions of the CPP functional groups, or the introduction of aliphatic chains have been made to enhance their internalization efficiency. The aim of this work was the synthesis of new cyclic CPPs containing a minimal cationic domain and their functionalisation with an aliphatic chain. We have synthesised a small library of fifteen new cyclic carriers including the classical CPPs Penetratin and R6W3 using native chemical ligation (NCL) in solution. The introduction of an N-terminal Cys residue and of a C-terminal thioester (or precursor) in the initial linear peptide sequence allowed the head-to-tail cyclisation. The efficiency of cargo delivery in CHO cells was measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We found that cyclisation of CPPs improved their internalisation efficiency mostly by glycosaminoglycan-dependent endocytosis. Among the whole series of lipopeptides tested in this project, two sequences are distinguished by their remarkable ability to cross cellular membranes: the peptides [C12-R4] and [C12-R7].

Herein, we report on the mechanochemical Scholl reaction of dendritic oligophenylene precursors to produce benchmark nanographenes such as hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC), triangular shaped C60 and expanded C222 under solvent-free conditions. The solvent-free approach overcomes the bottleneck of solubility limitation in this well-known and powerful reaction. The mechanochemical approach allows tracking the reaction process by in situ pressure measurements. The quality of produced nanographenes has been confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. This approach paves the way towards gram scale and environmentally benign synthesis of extended nanographenes and possibly graphene nanoribbons suitable for application in carbon based electronics or energy applications.