Combining cesium (Cs) bombardment with positive secondary molecular ion detection (MCs+) can extend the analysis capability of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) from the dilute limit (<1%) to matrix elements. The MCs+ technique has had great success in quantifying the sample composition of III-V semiconductors as well as dopants and/or impurities; however, it has been less effective at reducing the matrix effect for IV compounds, particularly Si-containing compounds, due to Cs overloading at the surface during the analysis from the Cs primary ion beam. The Cs overloading issue is attributable to the mobility and relocation of the implanted Cs to the surface; this effect happens almost instantaneously. Once the surface is overloaded with Cs, the excess Cs begins to reneutralize the ionization Cs and, as a result, the MCs+ technique is ineffective at reducing the matrix effect. This research provides new insights for improving the MCs+ technique and elucidating the Cs mobility. A combination of multiple experimental techniques and theoretical modeling was implemented to assess the Cs retention, up-take, and distribution differences between group III-V and IV materials. Early experiments revealed a temperature-dependent component of the Cs mobility, prompting an investigation of this phenomenon. Therefore, we designed, built, and installed a variable temperature stage for our SIMS with temperatures ranging from -150 to 300 C. This enabled us to study the temperature-dependent component of the Cs mobility and the effect it has on the secondary ion emission processes. Additionally, a method was devised to quantify the amount of neutralization and ionization due to the relocated Cs. The results allow for a more thorough understanding of the material dependence on the Cs+-sample interaction and the temperature component of the Cs mobility. / Ph. D.

Regulatory frameworks for sustainability reporting have become increasingly more prevalent within the EU, with the latest being CSRD. CSRD requires companies to report both impact and financial materiality, a considerable change from preceding ones. By conducting a multiple case study with three large Swedish companies, this thesis examines how management controls can explain how companies integrate double materiality requirements, from a Management Control System (MCS) Package perspective (Malmi &amp; Brown, 2008). Previous research has examined how companies implement sustainability strategies with help of the MCS package, however, not in light of double materiality. This thesis contributes to theory by concluding that the MCS package can be used to explain the level of double materiality integration, through plotting the completeness of controls corresponding to impact and financial materiality. Whilst companies have complete control systems for managing their impact, there is an observed lack of corresponding controls for financial materiality, implying a lower level of integration of double materiality requirements. The findings can be applied in practice to recognise which prerequisites organisations have to translate sustainability reporting into their operations, which can be used to ensure that controls for impact and financial materiality are equally prevalent.

Inledning: På senare tid har mer uppmärksamhet dragits till fördelarna med fysiska butiker, speciellt nu med en ökad konkurrens på nätet. Det har lett till att företag har gått från att enbart bedriva e-handel till att även komplettera med att etablera fysisk butik; clicks to bricks. När företag förändrar sin strategi måste de också anpassa sin ekonomistyrning.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap genom att hitta mönster i hur ekonomistyrningen förändrats i samband med etableringen av fysiska butiker hos företag som startat som e-handelsföretag.   Metod: Två företag som genomfört förändringen clicks to bricks har legat till grund för denna studie. För att bringa klarhet i vår frågeställning har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med respektive företag.   Slutsats: Företag som har genomgått clicks to bricks har upplevt både interna och externa förändringar som resulterat i ett ökat behov av formella styrmedel, där budget och kortsiktig planering har varit extra framträdande. MCS har blivit mer öppet för att snabbt kunna hantera förändringar som sker. Somliga verktyg i ekonomistyrningen, såsom företagskultur, har inte av vad som framkommit i denna studie förändrats efter etableringen av fysisk butik. I andra verktyg har det tillkommit moment; bland annat kräver fysisk butik andra mätsystem samt används verktyg i ekonomistyrningen i andra syften än tidigare.   Nyckelord: clicks to bricks, ekonomistyrning, situationsanpassning, MCS-paket / Introduction: Lately, more attention has been drawn to the benefits of physical stores, particularly now with an increased competition on the web. This has led companies to go from only selling online to also complement the e-commerce by establishing physical stores; clicks to bricks. When companies change their strategy, they also have to adapt their MCS. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge by finding patterns in how the MCS has changed companies going from clicks to bricks. Methodology: Two companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have been the basis for this study. To clarify our issue, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each company. Conclusion: Companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have experienced both internal and external changes that resulted in an increased need for formal controls, where budget and short-term planning have been particularly prominent. The MCS has been more open to be able to quickly handle sudden changes as they occur. Some controls in the MCS, such as the business culture, hasn’t from this study's findings been affected. In other controls elements have been added; physical stores' requires other measurements, among others. Also some MCS controls are now used for other purposes than before clicks to bricks.   Key words: clicks to bricks, management control systems, contingency, MCS as a package

Orientador: Sirio Possenti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Motta_AnaRaquel_D.pdf: 4423477 bytes, checksum: 4b847a284d14d2b20821e1b99e6e316f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho parte da hipótese inicial de que a heterogeneidade enunciativa é uma marca importante no funcionamento das práticas discursivas do grupo de rap Racionais MCs, que constituem o corpus da pesquisa. Após análise preliminar, a hipótese inicial é deslocada para a análise das frases e expressões cristalizadas em língua (provérbios, máximas, citações bíblicas, expressões fixas, entre outros), considerada a característica predominante desse discurso. Para verificar esta nova hipótese, o primeiro capítulo propõe uma delimitação teórica do conceito de provérbio, partindo de teses clássicas do campo paremiológico, para reestabelecê-las em termos discursivos. O segundo capítulo organiza e analisa as ocorrências de provérbios e outras formas fixas no material gráfico e sonoro dos discos, CDs e DVD já lançados pelos Racionais MCs. O terceiro capítulo seleciona e interpreta as ocorrências de desautorizações das formas fixas no mesmo corpus. Por fim, o quarto capítulo postula que a enunciação aforizante, estruturante das e estruturada pelas formas já fixas em língua é a principal marca do funcionamento discursivo do corpus estudado. Essa enunciação engloba elementos prosódicos e o tom sentencioso das formas fixas em sua própria prosódia e tom sentencioso, produzindo novos efeitos de sentido e nova estruturação formal para os elementos fixos através de sua inserção integradora no co-texto enunciativo. Esse funcionamento enunciativo produz um efeito de enunciação coletivizada e de fortalecimento da comunidade discursiva, que incorpora e reproduz os enunciados do grupo. Nos anexos, estão transcritas as letras dos raps dos seis trabalhos já lançados pelos Racionais MCs, organizadas cronologicamente. / Abstract: This research has an initial hypothesis about enunciative heterogeneity being an important mark in the functioning of the discoursive practices of the Racionais MCs rap group, which constitute the corpus of the research. After a preliminary analysis, the initial hypothesis is dislocated toward the analysis of the phrases and expressions crystallized into language (proverbs, sayings, biblical citations, fixed expressions, among others), which are the predominant characteristic of this discourse. To verify this new hypothesis, the first chapter proposes a theoretical delimitation of the concept of proverb, stemming from classical theses of the paremiological field, to reestablish them in discoursive terms. The second chapter organizes and analyzes the occurrences of proverbs and other fixed forms in the graphic and sonorous material of the records, CDs and DVD that so far came from the Racionais MCs. The third chapter selects and interprets the occurrences when disauthorization of the fixed forms happens in the same corpus. The fourth chapter, finally, postulates that the aphorizing enunciation, structuring the forms that are already fixed in the language and structured by them, is the principal mark of the discoursive functioning of the corpus that was studied. Such enunciation encompasses prosodical elements and the judicious tone of the fixed forms in their own prosody and judicious tone, producing new effects in meaning and a new formal structuration for the fixed elements through their integrative insertion in the enunciative co-text. Such enunciative functioning produces an effect of collectivized enunciation and of strengthening of the discoursive community, which incorporates and reproduces the group's enunciations. In the annexes are found the lyrics of the raps from the six works already issued by the group, organized chronologically. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Bakgrund &amp; problem: Traditionell sluten innovation utgör en utmaning för SME som kännetecknas av resursbegränsningar, i synnerhet inom fordonsindustrin. Den öppna innovationen (OI) anammas i större utsträckning av SME på grund av dess kollaborativa karaktär. En framgångsrik tillämpning av öppen innovation kräver en utveckling av ekonomistyrsystem (MCS). Styrsystemen måste anpassas för att främja samarbete, synkronisera insatser och säkerställa att innovations initiativen är i linje med organisationens mål. Följaktligen blir förmågan att utforma och implementera MCS som stödjer öppen innovation allt viktigare för företag att upprätthålla konkurrenskraft och driva innovation i dagens dynamiska affärsmiljö. Syftet: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ett SME inom fordonsindustrin tillämpar och styr öppen innovation. Metod: Denna studie tillämpades en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att analysera hur fallföretaget tillämpar och styr OI. Med hänsyn till studiens beskrivande och förklarande karaktär ansågs denna metod vara lämplig. Empiriska data samlades in från anställda med olika hierarkiska positioner inom företaget. Slutsats: Resultat visar att SMEs tillämpar både ingående och utgående kunskapsflöden för att åtgärda inneboende hinder. Dock råder det gap ett gap i definitionen av OI samt bristande empiriska studier för somliga OI aktiviter. Styrmedel, främst kulturella normer och styrsystem, spelar en central roll för att främja innovation i SMEs. Det finns däremot utmaningar med att styra interorganisatorisk innovation på grund av komplexiteten med interorganisatoriska relationer (IOR) och avsaknaden av litteratur som bemött och utforskat styrning av dessa aktiviteter. Implementering av gränssättande styrsystem förespråkas för att motverka opportunistiskt beteende, förbättra interorganisatoriska samarbeten och på så sätt främja utbytet av OI. / Background &amp; problem: Traditional closed innovation constitutes a challenge for SMEs characterized by resource constraints, particularly in the automotive industry. As a result, Open innovation (OI) is increasingly embraced by SMEs due to its collaborative nature. However, the successful application of open innovation requires the development of management control systems (MCS). Management Control Systems need to be adapted to foster collaboration, synchronize efforts and ensure that innovation initiatives are in alignment with the organization's objectives. Consequently, the ability to design and implement MCS that support open innovation is becoming increasingly important for companies to maintain competitiveness and drive innovation in the current dynamic business environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how an SME in the automotive industry applies and manages open innovation. Method: This study employed a qualitative methodology, employing semi-structured interviews, to analyze how the case company applies and manages OI. Given the descriptive and explanatory nature of the study, this method was deemed suitable. Empirical data were gathered from employees occupying various hierarchical positions within the company. Conclusion: The results indicate that SMEs use both in-bound and out-bound knowledge flows to address inherent barriers. However, there is a gap in the definition of OI and a lack of empirical studies on some OI activities. Policy instruments, mainly cultural norms and management systems, play an essential role in fostering innovation in SMEs. However, there are challenges in managing interorganizational innovation due to the complexity of interorganisational relationships (IOR) and the lack of literature addressing and exploring the governance of these activities. The implementation of boundary systems is advocated to counter opportunistic behavior, improve interorganizational collaborations and thus promote the exchange of IOR.

Les échangeurs réacteurs intensifiés (ERI) sont des échangeurs de chaleur utilisés comme réacteurs chimiques afin d'intensifier les procédés de synthèse. L'ERI étudié dans ce travail est composé de plaques en carbure de silicium, lui conférant ainsi des propriétés thermiques et chimiques importantes. En contrepartie, l'utilisation du SiC accentue les risques de rupture fragile, à ajouter aux risques principaux associés aux ERI qui sont les fuites de fluide et l'emballement thermique de la réaction. L'intensification des procédés représente un gain important en terme de productivité, de sécurité et d'impact environnemental, à condition de maîtriser la conception et la mise en œuvre de l'ERI. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une démarche d'étude adaptée à ce type de produit en général, et d'optimiser la conception de cet ERI en particulier. Pour cela, les modèles thermo-chimique et thermo-mécanique de l'ERI sont développés puis utilisés dans une étude mécano-fiabiliste, notamment au moyen à la méthode AK-MCS basée sur l'interpolation par krigeage de la fonction de performance. / Intensified heat exchanger reactors (ERI) are heat exchangers used as chemical reactors for process intensification. The ERI studied in this work is composed of silicon carbide (SiC) based plates, giving it interesting thermal and chemical properties. In return, the use of SiC increases the brittle fracture risk, in addition of the main risks that are leaking fluid and thermal runaway reaction. The process intensification represents a significant gain in productivity, safety and environmental impact, provided that the design and the implementation procedure of the ERI are optimized. The objective of this work is to propose a process of study suited to this type of product in general, and to optimize the design of this ERI in particular. For this, the thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical models are developed and used in a mechano-reliability study, notably using the AK-MCS method based on kriging interpolation of the performance function.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studien är att öka förståelsen kring hur medlemmar hanterar spänningar mellan ett traditionellt styrsystem och ett modernt styrsystem. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har vi använt oss av den naturalistiska forskningsfilosofin och en induktiv forskningsansats. Empiriinsamlingen har bestått av intervjuer av en kvalitativ karaktär. Analys av den empiriska data gjordes med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Bidrag: Studien tillför ett teoretiskt bidrag där spänningarna bevisligen existerar mellan styrsystem. De centrala spänningar vi har fått fram är Ansvarstagande, Organisationsstruktur, Kommunikation och Arbetssätt, när Lean används som styrkoncept. Med hjälp av att kunna se verksamhetsstyrning som ett paket kan spänningarna dels förstås bättre, dels förklara varför de kan uppstå. Till sist, kan Loose coupling med framgång användas för att analysera hur medlemmarna hanterar spänningar som uppstår mellan dessa styrsystem. Vi kan se att företagen som undersöks i studien använder olika metoder för att hantera spänningarna. Förslag till vidare forskning: ● Vidareutveckla de teorier vi presenterat i studien gällande identifiering av spänningar. Genom att vidare undersöka hur spänningar fungerar och var de kan uppstå kan forskare bidra till en stabilare verksamhetsstyrning för företag. ● Mer fördjupning inom hantering av spänningar. Genom att utveckla de metoder som redan finns kan det underlätta för företag med spänningar och genom att formulera nya metoder och identifiera nya verktyg kan forskningen föras framåt ytterligare. ● Att undersöka om spänningar går att mäta, för att sedan bygga ett verktyg för företagen att kunna identifiera och hantera spänningarna. / Aim: The aim is to increase the understanding of how members in a company handle tensions between a modern traditional control system and a modern control system. Method: This study was conducted with a qualitative design using a multiple case study and an inductive process. Furthermore, has the study been shaped after the scientific method. Empirical data has been gathered from interviews and the analysing of the empirical data has been done using thematic analysis. Contributions of the thesis: The theoretical contribution of this study is proof that tensions exists between two different control systems. The most central tensions that we have discovered are Responsibility, Organizational structure, Communication and Working methods, when Lean is used as a control concept. With the help of being able to see business management as a package, the tensions can be better understood and also explain why they can arise. Finally, Loose coupling can be successfully used to analyse how members handle tensions that arise between these control systems. We can see that the companies that are analysed in this study use different methods to handle the tensions. Suggestions for future research: ● To further develop the theories we presented in the study regarding the identification of tensions. This can be made by further investigating how tensions work and where they can arise. Researchers can contribute to more stable business management for companies. ● More in-depth study of handling the tensions. By developing the methods that already exist, this can make it easier for companies to handle their tensions between the control systems. But also formulating new methods and identifying new tools that could take the research further. ● To examine if tensions could be measured in order to build a tool that could identify and handle the tensions.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Design, development, fabrication, and deployment of an austere, deployable telemetry (TM) system, in only 3 1/2 weeks, will be discussed. This austere approach will be compared to a standard approach. TM candidate systems will be discussed along with exigencies and limitations (test geometry, link analysis, multiple test areas, schedule, cost, fabrication ...) that shaped their selection. Utilization of existing Radio Frequency (RF) systems in "unintended" applications will be discussed. System setup and BER testing with a simulated 'aircraft' will be presented, including observed multipath effects during testing, versus actual performance. Finally, benefits and test efficiencies garnered by having vehicle TM, real- time TM acquisition, processing and display, while deployed to a test area with no range instrumentation, will be presented.

La présente thèse s'intéresse à coder la politique de sécurité SELinux en OrBAC et à proposer une extension de ce modèle. Nous avons commencé par présenter l'état de l'art des différents modèles de contrôles d'accès présents dans la littérature en mettant en exergue les limites de chacun de ces modèles. Ensuite nous avons présenté le modèle OrBAC comme étant une extension du modèle RBAC, car d'une part il a apporté la notion de contexte et d'organisation et d'autre part il permet d'exprimer, en plus des permissions, des interdictions et des obligations. Ensuite, nous avons présenté la solution de sécurité SELinux qui utilise un ensemble de modèles de contrôle d'accès comme DAC, RBAC et MAC. Nous avons recensé plusieurs centaines, voire des milliers, de règles dans la politique de sécurité SELinux, ces règles peuvent concerner des décisions d'accès ou des décisions de transition. Nous avons ensuite pu coder lesdites règles en modèle OrBAC, et ce en passant par le remplissage ses tables d'entité, pour ensuite les transformer en relations OrBAC. Notre thèse a aussi rappelé les fondements de la logique possibiliste, et a ensuite apportée une amélioration importante du modèle OrBAC, il s'agit de l'introduction de l'entité priorité au niveau de chaque relation du modèle OrBAC. L'entité priorité quantifie la certitude pour qu'une entité concrète soit injectée dans l'entité abstraite correspondante, ou en cas général, le degré de certitude pour qu'une relation soit réalisée. Nous avons proposé trois modes de combinaison (pessimiste, optimiste et avancé) qui peuvent être adoptés pour déterminer la valeur de la priorité de chaque relation concrète à partir des priorités des relations abstraites correspondantes. Enfin, nous avons implémenté, via une application développé par DELPHI, le codage des règles concernant les décisions d'accès de la politique de sécurité SELinux, en modèle OrBAC tout en introduisant la notion de priorité. / This thesis focuses on encoding default-based SELinux security policy in OrBAC and propose an extension of this model. We presented the state of the art of different models of access controls present in the literature underlining the limitations of each of these models. Then we presented the model OrBAC as an extension of the RBAC model, firstly because he brought the notion of context and organization and secondly it allows expressing, in addition to permissions, prohibitions and obligation. Then we presented the SELinux security solution that uses a set of access control models such as DAC, RBAC and MAC. We identified several hundreds or even thousands of rules in SELinux security policy, these rules may be access decisions or decisions of transition. We could then encode these rules in OrBAC model, and via filling its tables of entities, then transform relations OrBAC. Our thesis also reviewed the foundations of possibilistic logic, and then made an important enlargement in OrBAC model; it's to introduce an entity called "priority" in each relationship model OrBAC. The entity "priority" quantifies the certainty for concrete entity injection into the corresponding abstract entity, in general, it's meaning the degree of certainty that a relationship is performed. We proposed three modes of combination (pessimistic, optimistic and advanced) that can be adopted to determine the concrete relations priority value from priorities values of each corresponding abstract relationship. Finally, we implement, via an application developed by DELPHI, coding access decisions rules of the SELinux policy in OrBAC model introducing the priority entity.

Les communications sans fil sont essentielles pour les nouveaux systèmes des transports. Ainsi, ces communications sans fil doivent être capables d'opérer sans interruption quelque soit l'environnement électromagnétique (EM) dans lequel elles se trouvent. Pour cette raison, nous nous étudions comment certains environnements EM affectent les systèmes de communication. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux trains à grande vitesse. Dans ce secteur, on peut trouver des interférences EM intentionnelles (IEMI) et des interférences EM non intentionnelles (EMI). Nous avons considéré comme EMI les signaux interférences électromagnétiques transitoires produites par les pertes de contact entre la caténaire et le pantographe. Pour les IEMI, nous avons utilisé des signaux d'interférence générés par des brouilleurs. Nous avons étudié la vulnérabilité du réseau de communication IEEE 802.11n face à ces différents types d'interférences. Par la suite nous avons identifié le mécanisme d'accès au canal comme un point potentiellement vulnérable aux deux types d'interférences. En effet, une interférence de faible puissance peut faire croire que le canal est occupé, empêchant toute communication. Concernant les IEMI, nous avons remarqué que la période de balayage de la bande de fréquence du signal du brouillage est un paramètre important pour que celui-ci soit efficace. Pour les signaux EMI, nous avons identifié la période DIFS comme étant un autre paramètre vulnérable de la norme, car à partir d'un certain niveau de puissance d'interférence et dès que l'intervalle de répétition entre les transitoires est inférieur au DIFS, la communication est systématiquement interrompue. / Wireless communications are essential for new transportation systems. Thus, these wireless communications must be able to operate without interruption, regardless of the electromagnetic (EM) environment. For this reason, we study how some EM environments affect communication systems. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the transportation sector, especially high speed trains. In this sector, both unintentional EM interferences (EMI) and intentional EM interferences (IEMI) can be found. We considered unintentional EM interferences (EMI), such as transient EM interference signals produced by contact losses between the catenary and the pantograph. For intentional EM interferences (IEMI) we used interference signals as those generated by low power commercial jammers. We have studied the vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11n communication network facing these different interference types. We identified the channel access mechanism as a vulnerable feature of IEEE 802.11n. As a matter of fact, in the presence of low power interferences, the channel can be considered busy by the channel access mechanism, preventing any communication. With regard to the IEMI, we have noticed that the sweep period of the frequency band of the jamming signal is an important parameter on the jamming performance. For transient EM interference signals, we identified the DIFS period as another vulnerable parameter of the standard. Indeed, when the repetition interval between transients is lower than DIFS period, with a certain interference power level, the communication is systematically interrupted.