Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as memórias que se construíram acerca da luta armada contra a Ditadura Civil-Militar Brasileira, desenvolvida entre o final dos anos 1960, início dos 1970, no Rio Grande do Sul. Partindo dos livros de memórias escritos pelos que pegaram em armas no Estado, realizando entrevistas com esses exguerrilheiros, e com base também numa pesquisa em jornais da época, buscou-se primeiro reconstituir o que ocorreu de luta armada no Rio Grande do Sul. A seguir, foi feita uma análise a respeito de que forma essas memórias foram sendo construídas, em determinados momentos retratando a época da luta armada sob um viés mais cômico, em outros momentos ressaltando o aspecto mais violento da repressão que se abateu sobre esses militantes que pegaram em armas contra a Ditadura. A pesquisa buscou compreender os fatores que influenciaram a forma como essas narrativas foram desenvolvidas, como a trajetória desses ex-guerrilheiros desde a luta armada até o momento em que escreveram seus livros, o contexto que o Brasil vivia no momento da escrita, e as possíveis influências que a leitura de outros livros de ex-guerrilheiros possa ter tido sobre os autores analisados. Com base na análise desses livros de memórias foi possível perceber também em linhas gerais alguns fatores de identidade desse grupo dos que pegaram em armas contra a Ditadura. Os livros analisados foram “Guerra é Guerra, dizia o torturador”, de Índio Vargas; “O Riso dos Torturados”, de Jorge Fischer Nunes; “Verás que um filho teu não foge à luta”, de João Carlos Bona Garcia, e “A Guerrilha Brancaleone”, de Cláudio Antônio Weyne Gutiérrez. / This research aimed to analyze the memories that were built as for the armed fight against the Brazilian Military-Civil Dictatorship, that took place in late 1960s, early 1970s in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Starting from memory books written by those who took up arms in the State, interviewing these ex-guerrilla fighters, and based in a research in those days newspapers, first it sought reconstructing what about happened of armed fight in Rio Grande do Sul. Next, an analysis in which ways these memories were being reconstructed was done, sometimes picturing that fight in a comic way, and in others highlighting a more violent aspect of the repression over those who fought against the regime. The research sought to understand the factors that influenced the way in which these narratives were developed, like the ex-guerrilla fighters trajectory from the armed fight to the moment they have written their books, the context in which Brazil has lived at the moment they were written, and the possible influence the reading of other ex-guerrilla fighter books might have had over the analyzed authors. Based on the analyses of these memory books, it was possible to understand in a general way some identity factors of this group who took up arms against Dictatorship. The analyzed books were “Guerra é Guerra, dizia o torturador” (War is War, said the torturer) by Índio Vargas; “O Riso dos Torturados” (The Laughter of the Tortured) by Jorge Fischer Nunes; “Verás que um filho teu não foge à luta” (You’ll see your son won’t escape from fighting) by João Carlos Bona Garcia; “A Guerrilha Brancaleone” (Brancaleone’s Guerrilla) by Cláudio Antônio Weyne Gutiérrez.

This thesis investigates how through experience the brain acquires and stores memories, and uses these to extract and modify knowledge. This question is being studied by both computational and experimental neuroscientists as it is of relevance for neuroscience, but also for artificial systems that need to develop knowledge about the world from limited, sequential data. It is widely assumed that new memories are initially stored in the hippocampus, and later are slowly reorganised into distributed cortical networks that represent knowledge. This memory reorganisation is called systems consolidation. In recent years, experimental studies have revealed complex hippocampal-neocortical interactions that have blurred the lines between the two memory systems, challenging the traditional understanding of memory processes. In particular, the prior existence of cortical knowledge frameworks (also known as schemas) was found to speed up learning and consolidation, which seemingly is at odds with previous models of systems consolidation. However, the underlying mechanisms of this effect are not known. In this work, we present a computational framework to explore potential interactions between the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and associative cortical areas during learning as well as during sleep. To model the associative cortical areas, where the memories are gradually consolidated, we have implemented an artificial neural network (Restricted Boltzmann Machine) so as to get insight into potential neural mechanisms of memory acquisition, recall, and consolidation. We analyse the network's properties using two tasks inspired by neuroscience experiments. The network gradually built a semantic schema in the associative cortical areas through the consolidation of multiple related memories, a process promoted by hippocampal-driven replay during sleep. To explain the experimental data we suggest that, as the neocortical schema develops, the prefrontal cortex extracts characteristics shared across multiple memories. We call this information meta-schema. In our model, the semantic schema and meta-schema in the neocortex are used to compute consistency, conflict and novelty signals. We propose that the prefrontal cortex uses these signals to modulate memory formation in the hippocampus during learning, which in turn influences consolidation during sleep replay. Together, these results provide theoretical framework to explain experimental findings and produce predictions for hippocampal-neocortical interactions during learning and systems consolidation.

abstract: General-purpose processors propel the advances and innovations that are the subject of humanity’s many endeavors. Catering to this demand, chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) and general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) have seen many high-performance innovations in their architectures. With these advances, the memory subsystem has become the performance- and energy-limiting aspect of CMPs and GPGPUs alike. This dissertation identifies and mitigates the key performance and energy-efficiency bottlenecks in the memory subsystem of general-purpose processors via novel, practical, microarchitecture and system-architecture solutions. Addressing the important Last Level Cache (LLC) management problem in CMPs, I observe that LLC management decisions made in isolation, as in prior proposals, often lead to sub-optimal system performance. I demonstrate that in order to maximize system performance, it is essential to manage the LLCs while being cognizant of its interaction with the system main memory. I propose ReMAP, which reduces the net memory access cost by evicting cache lines that either have no reuse, or have low memory access cost. ReMAP improves the performance of the CMP system by as much as 13%, and by an average of 6.5%. Rather than the LLC, the L1 data cache has a pronounced impact on GPGPU performance by acting as the bandwidth filter for the rest of the memory subsystem. Prior work has shown that the severely constrained data cache capacity in GPGPUs leads to sub-optimal performance. In this thesis, I propose two novel techniques that address the GPGPU data cache capacity problem. I propose ID-Cache that performs effective cache bypassing and cache line size selection to improve cache capacity utilization. Next, I propose LATTE-CC that considers the GPU’s latency tolerance feature and adaptively compresses the data stored in the data cache, thereby increasing its effective capacity. ID-Cache and LATTE-CC are shown to achieve 71% and 19.2% speedup, respectively, over a wide variety of GPGPU applications. Complementing the aforementioned microarchitecture techniques, I identify the need for system architecture innovations to sustain performance scalability of GPG- PUs in the face of slowing Moore’s Law. I propose a novel GPU architecture called the Multi-Chip-Module GPU (MCM-GPU) that integrates multiple GPU modules to form a single logical GPU. With intelligent memory subsystem optimizations tailored for MCM-GPUs, it can achieve within 7% of the performance of a similar but hypothetical monolithic die GPU. Taking a step further, I present an in-depth study of the energy-efficiency characteristics of future MCM-GPUs. I demonstrate that the inherent non-uniform memory access side-effects form the key energy-efficiency bottleneck in the future. In summary, this thesis offers key insights into the performance and energy-efficiency bottlenecks in CMPs and GPGPUs, which can guide future architects towards developing high-performance and energy-efficient general-purpose processors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2018

Forskning om det mänskliga minnet är omfattande och likaså forskning kring evolutionsteorin, men studier som undersöker hur människors barndomsminnen har påverkat deras beteenden och synsätt i vuxen ålder utifrån evolutionsteorin är mer sällsynta. Avsikten med den föreliggande studien var att bidra till att denna kunskapslucka fylls igen. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre pedagoger, en socialpedagog, två psykologistudenter, två sociologistudenter samt en sjuksköterskestudent genomfördes med fokus på vilka barndomsminnen de haft, negativa eller positiva, samt hur de upplevt att det påverkat deras beteenden och synsätt i vuxna livet. Informanternas ålder var mellan 25 – 66 år och det var fem män och fyra kvinnor. Utifrån informanternas svar undersöktes om dessa kunde kopplas till evolutionsteorin och om barndomsminnena hade överlevnadsvärden. I resultatet av den tematiska analysen framträdde sju teman: 1. Rädsla, 2. Utanförskap, 3. Hjälpsamhet, 4. Föräldra-/vuxenroll, 5. Tillhörighet, 6. Svek/brist på tillit och 7. Negativa erfarenheter. Studiens resultat ger förståelse för hur barndomsminnen kan påverka människors beteenden samt hur evolutionsteorin kan ta sig uttryck hos människor idag. Resultatet visar människors strävan att ständigt förbättra sina egenskaper genom att lära sig av sina eller andras misstag. Studien ger därmed ett psykologiskt bidrag till den kvalitativa forskningen om hur människors minnen kan anpassas genom generationer utifrån evolutionsteorin. / Research in human memory is extensive and so is research on the theory of evolution, but studies that investigate how people's childhood memories have influenced their behaviors and approaches in adulthood based on the theory of evolution are rare. The purpose of the present study was to contribute to the completion of this knowledge gap. Semi-structured interviews with three educators, a social educator, two psychology students, two sociology students and a nursing student were conducted focusing on which childhood memories they have had, negative or positive, and how they have experienced how it has affected their behavior and approach in adult life. The informants were between 25 and 66 and there were five men and four women. Based on the informants' answers, we examined whether these could be linked to the theory of evolution and if childhood memories has survival values whether these could be linked to the theory of evolution and if childhood memories has survival values. In the result of the thematic analysis, seven themes emerged: 1. Fear, 2. Alienation, 3. Helpfulness, 4. Parental / Adult Role, 5. Belonging, 6. Betrayal / Lack of Trust and 7. Negative experiences. The study's results give an understanding of how childhood memories can affect people's behavior and how evolution  theory can be applied in people today. The result shows people's efforts to constantly improve their characteristics by learning from their or other’s mistakes. The study thus makes a psychological contribution to the qualitative research on how people's memories can be adapted through generations based on the theory of evolution.

A pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar quais imagens da infância os adultos têm. Foi desenvolvida em uma perspectiva qualitativa com o propósito de compreender o que pensam acerca da infância e coletou memórias de infância de nove adultos que têm em comum o fato de seus filhos frequentarem uma instituição pública de educação infantil. Sustentada pelo referencial teórico da Sociologia da Infância compreende a infância enquanto categoria da estrutura social em sua divisão geracional. Utiliza os paradigmas da área acerca da construção social, histórica e cultural das imagens e representações de infância. Com o apoio das teorias da Memória Coletiva a pesquisa compreende a influência que o passado exerce na percepção do presente e na construção de concepções e imagens, neste caso, da infância. A pesquisa de campo revelou que tanto as experiências vividas pelos sujeitos adultos quando crianças como as representações sociais da infância exercem influência na maneira de se conceptualizar e imaginar a infância nos dias de hoje. / This research aims to identify which childhood images adults have. It was developed in a qualitative perspective with the purpose of understanding what they think about childhood and collected childhood memories from nine adults that share the fact of their children attend the same public kindergarten. Based on the theoretical framework of Sociology of Childhood understands childhood as a category of social structure in a generational division. The research uses the fields paradigm of socially, historically and culturally constructed images and models of childhood. Supported by the Collective Memory theories the research understands the influence that past has upon the presents perception and upon the conceptions and images of childhood construction, in this case. The field research revealed that both the experiences of these adults while they were children and social models of childhood influence the manner of conceiving and imagining childhood nowadays.

Le numérique prend une place de plus en plus importante dans la vie de tous les jours et les quantités de données échangées explosent ce qui impose de développer des mémoires de plus en plus performantes, enjeu majeur du secteur de la microélectronique. Parmi les mémoires non-volatiles émergentes, les mémoires OxRRAM à base d'oxyde résistif sont particulièrement attrayantes et représentent un candidat potentiel au remplacement des mémoires FLASH (compatibles avec la technologie CMOS, faibles tensions de programmation). Leur structure est simple (Métal-Isolant-Métal) et leur fonctionnement est basé sur une commutation de résistance sous l'effet d'un champ électrique. Si le mécanisme de formation/dissolution d'un filament conducteur de taille nanométrique est reconnu par la communauté, un débat subsiste encore sur la nature et les caractéristiques du/des filaments dans le cas de l'oxyde HfO2 (lacunes d'oxygène, élément métallique). En nous appuyant sur des méthodes de la microscopie électronique en transmission - STEM-HAADF et STEM-EELS - cette thèse apporte des éléments de compréhension par rapport aux modifications d'état physico-chimique qui s'opèrent lors des différentes étapes du fonctionnement d'une mémoire (FORMING, RESET) et ceci à l'échelle nanométrique définie par la taille du filament conducteur. L'empilement TiN/Ti/HfO2/TiN, préparé selon les procédés de la microélectronique, a été intégré dans différentes architectures (1R, 1T1R) avec une électrode supérieure structurée (50 à 200 nm) pour confiner la zone de conduction dans un volume fini compatible avec la MET puis polarisé selon différentes méthodes (C-AFM, banc de mesure et TEM in-situ). Lorsque les effets thermiques sont contrôlés, l'analyse des cartographies chimiques élémentaires montre que le titane de l'électrode supérieure participe au mécanisme de commutation (migration localisée dans la couche HfO2) en plus de la déplétion en oxygène à l'interface HfO2/électrode inférieure et probablement aux joints de grains dans HfO2. / Digital technology is invading our day life and the amount of data is exploding. This implies to develop memories which perform better and better. This is a major issue in microelectronics. Among non-volatile memories, Oxide based resistive RAM are particularly attractive (compatible with CMOS technology, low programming voltage) and are considered as promising candidate for replacing FLASH memories. The stack is simple (M-I-M) and the switching is based on resistance changes under an applied electrical stress. If forming and breaking a nanometer-sized conductive area is commonly accepted as the physical phenomenon involved in the switching mechanism, a debate remains about the nature and the characteristics of the filamentary area (oxygen vacancies, metallic element). Based on transmission electron microscopy methods - STEM-HAADF and STEM-EELS - this thesis work provides, at the scale of the filament (nm), a further understanding about the physico-chemical modifications of the memory cell induced by the operating step (FORMING, RESET). The TiN/Ti/HfO2/TiN stack, processed with microelectronic techniques, was incorporated into different architectures (1R, 1T1R) with a shaped top electrode (diameter 50 to 200 nm) to confine the filament in a volume compatible with TEM and then biased with different methods (C-AFM, measuring bench, in-situ TEM). When thermal effects are under control, the analysis of the EELS elementary maps shows that titanium from the top electrode plays a role in the switching mechanism (local migration in the HfO2 layer) in addition to the oxygen depletion at the HfO2/bottom electrode interface and probably at grain boundaries in HfO2.

Associative Memories (AMs) are essential building blocks for brain-like intelligent computing with applications in artificial vision, speech recognition, artificial intelligence, and robotics. Computations for such applications typically rely on spatial and temporal associations in the input patterns and need to be robust against noise and incomplete patterns. The conventional method for implementing AMs is through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Improving the density of ANN based on conventional circuit elements poses a challenge as devices reach their physical scalability limits. Furthermore, stored information in AMs is vulnerable to destructive input signals. Novel nano-scale components, such as memristors, represent one solution to the density problem. Memristors are non-linear time-dependent circuit elements with an inherently small form factor. However, novel neuromorphic circuits typically use memristors to replace synapses in conventional ANN circuits. This sub-optimal use is primarily because there is no established design methodology to exploit the memristor's non-linear properties in a more encompassing way. The objective of this thesis is to explore denser and more robust AM designs using memristor networks. We hypothesize that such network AMs will be more area-efficient than the traditional ANN designs if we can use the memristor's non-linear property for spatial and time-dependent temporal association. We have built a comprehensive simulation framework that employs Genetic Programming (GP) to evolve AM circuits with memristors. The framework is based on the ParadisEO metaheuristics API and uses ngspice for the circuit evaluation. Our results show that we can evolve efficient memristor-based networks that have the potential to replace conventional ANNs used for AMs. We obtained AMs that a) can learn spatial and temporal correlation in the input patterns; b) optimize the trade-off between the size and the accuracy of the circuits; and c) are robust against destructive noise in the inputs. This robustness was achieved at the expense of additional components in the network. We have shown that automated circuit discovery is a promising tool for memristor-based circuits. Future work will focus on evolving circuits that can be used as a building block for more complicated intelligent computing architectures.

In memory of cats: The camera and the ordinary moment looks at the way in which families use photographs to remember the past. Photography’s offer of memory is limited to a visual trace, so strategies of oral telling are examined to interrogate the way in which memories can be recovered from photographs. Martha Langford’s study of the similarities between structures in oral culture and the photograph album and Annette Kuhn’s strategies for reading family photographs in a broader historical context, are used to examine and recover memories from my own photographic archive. Using moving image to record those memories and then tell how that photographic evidence has shaped my present, is a process suggested by Linda Williams in her writing about how postmodern documentary can use the past to intervene in the present. Other documentary styles, performative documentary and the essay film, offer a structure for personal memories to be revisited and re-presented to public viewers. Offering a space for personal or specific memories to be understood or related to by a viewer is discussed by Lisa Saltzman, who looks at indexical forms other than the photograph, like casting and tracing. These ideas culminated in my video work, A Clowder of Cats, which explores the losses that have been a part of my history, through photographs of the cats my family has owned. The camera gives us a strategy to remember moments that may otherwise have been forgotten, and moving image provides a space for those ordinary moments to be bought back to the present.

In memory of cats: The camera and the ordinary moment looks at the way in which families use photographs to remember the past. Photography’s offer of memory is limited to a visual trace, so strategies of oral telling are examined to interrogate the way in which memories can be recovered from photographs. Martha Langford’s study of the similarities between structures in oral culture and the photograph album and Annette Kuhn’s strategies for reading family photographs in a broader historical context, are used to examine and recover memories from my own photographic archive. Using moving image to record those memories and then tell how that photographic evidence has shaped my present, is a process suggested by Linda Williams in her writing about how postmodern documentary can use the past to intervene in the present. Other documentary styles, performative documentary and the essay film, offer a structure for personal memories to be revisited and re-presented to public viewers. Offering a space for personal or specific memories to be understood or related to by a viewer is discussed by Lisa Saltzman, who looks at indexical forms other than the photograph, like casting and tracing. These ideas culminated in my video work, A Clowder of Cats, which explores the losses that have been a part of my history, through photographs of the cats my family has owned. The camera gives us a strategy to remember moments that may otherwise have been forgotten, and moving image provides a space for those ordinary moments to be bought back to the present.

<p><strong><p>The purpose of this study was to illustrate how adult people think that, experiencing a war during their childhood has affected their lives. Questions at issue: 1. what does it mean to live in a war as a child? 2. How do the respondents think about possible significance of experiencing a war in their childhood and how their lives have turned out today?</p><p>The study is performed with a qualitative method of research, based on studies of literature, two individual interviews and a group interview. The result is presented on the basis of the theoretic perspective-phenomenology. The result connects back to the earlier research within the subject field and analyses through crisis theory, coping theory and KASAM.</p><p>The result shows that the respondents live the war within themselves. They still have nightmares and flashbacks from the wartime which still torment them. They are using different ways of coping to handle that. The study also shows that the respondents have a positive self-esteem and a great feeling of compassion towards other people, especially towards children who live in war counties.</p></strong></p>