Le football professionnel est devenu une industrie du spectacle audiovisuel dont il tire une partie importante de ses revenus. Cependant, les recettes dites Matchday et les revenus annexes de la billetterie constituent un gisement de croissance important pour les clubs français. Ceux ci devraient pouvoir maitriser les capacités offertes au public du spectacle vivant dans les stades et devenir propriétaires de leurs enceintes en utilisant la technique des baux emphytéotiques. Les politiques de prix variables ou de prix dynamiques conduites dans d’autres secteurs comme les transports, l’hôtellerie ou les centres de loisir sont applicables dans la gestion de la billetterie. La digitalisation de l’offre ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de relation client. Elle améliore la traçabilité des consommateurs et permet de déterminer leur propension optimale à payer. Les solutions de CRM, Customer Relationship Management améliorent la connaissance client et permettent de mieux segmenter l’offre pour mieux adresser les différents publics du stade. Dans une activité fondée sur l’incertitude du résultat mais sur la certitude des coûts de production, les ressources digitales permettent de fidéliser les différentes catégories de fans et d’augmenter le panier moyen. Les clubs français très engagés dans la gestion à court terme ont négligé les outils du pricing et tardent à adopter les solutions digitales qui ont donné des résultats satisfaisants dans des secteurs comparables. Nous formulons des propositions adossées à des expérimentations concrètes pour augmenter les performances de la billetterie dans le secteur de l’industrie du football en France. / Football has become a major industry of entertainment for TV networks and also for companies running football squads. TV rights represent at least 50% of the French clubs incomes. Meanwhile, most of them have disregarded Matchday revenues. For a large majority of them, they don’t own their arenas. Moreover, they play in (too) large stadiums with overcapacities according to average attendances. This is why average prices are below the European average price when we compare French League One with the other major’s championships in Europe. In this field, we suggest long-term leases between public owners and football firms in order to transfer both property and ability to refit arenas and stadiums. In addition, French firms running football clubs have not yet fully used technics of variable prices and dynamic prices. They should also display CRM resources in order to address each segment of costumers, including fans, year ticket holders, walk in customer or families. The target is to hit as close as possible the willingness to pay of each category of customers. We have experienced such policies for Year ticket holders in French third division. Digital resources increase customer insights and sustain cross selling policies increasing revenues as it is done in other comparable sectors such as air transportation, leisure parks, hotels and resorts. We make some suggestions and recommendations to strengthen home revenues in the French professional football League.

Il a été démontré que l’hétérotachie, variation du taux de substitutions au cours du temps et entre les sites, est un phénomène fréquent au sein de données réelles. Échouer à modéliser l’hétérotachie peut potentiellement causer des artéfacts phylogénétiques. Actuellement, plusieurs modèles traitent l’hétérotachie : le modèle à mélange des longueurs de branche (MLB) ainsi que diverses formes du modèle covarion. Dans ce projet, notre but est de trouver un modèle qui prenne efficacement en compte les signaux hétérotaches présents dans les données, et ainsi améliorer l’inférence phylogénétique. Pour parvenir à nos fins, deux études ont été réalisées. Dans la première, nous comparons le modèle MLB avec le modèle covarion et le modèle homogène grâce aux test AIC et BIC, ainsi que par validation croisée. A partir de nos résultats, nous pouvons conclure que le modèle MLB n’est pas nécessaire pour les sites dont les longueurs de branche diffèrent sur l’ensemble de l’arbre, car, dans les données réelles, le signaux hétérotaches qui interfèrent avec l’inférence phylogénétique sont généralement concentrés dans une zone limitée de l’arbre. Dans la seconde étude, nous relaxons l’hypothèse que le modèle covarion est homogène entre les sites, et développons un modèle à mélanges basé sur un processus de Dirichlet. Afin d’évaluer différents modèles hétérogènes, nous définissons plusieurs tests de non-conformité par échantillonnage postérieur prédictif pour étudier divers aspects de l’évolution moléculaire à partir de cartographies stochastiques. Ces tests montrent que le modèle à mélanges covarion utilisé avec une loi gamma est capable de refléter adéquatement les variations de substitutions tant à l’intérieur d’un site qu’entre les sites. Notre recherche permet de décrire de façon détaillée l’hétérotachie dans des données réelles et donne des pistes à suivre pour de futurs modèles hétérotaches. Les tests de non conformité par échantillonnage postérieur prédictif fournissent des outils de diagnostic pour évaluer les modèles en détails. De plus, nos deux études révèlent la non spécificité des modèles hétérogènes et, en conséquence, la présence d’interactions entre différents modèles hétérogènes. Nos études suggèrent fortement que les données contiennent différents caractères hétérogènes qui devraient être pris en compte simultanément dans les analyses phylogénétiques. / Heterotachy, substitution rate variation across sites and time, has shown to be a frequent phenomenon in the real data. Failure to model heterotachy could potentially cause phylogenetic artefacts. Currently, there are several models to handle heterotachy, the mixture branch length model (MBL) and several variant forms of the covarion model. In this project, our objective is to find a model that efficiently handles heterotachous signals in the data, and thereby improves phylogenetic inference. In order to achieve our goal, two individual studies were conducted. In the first study, we make comparisons among the MBL, covarion and homotachous models using AIC, BIC and cross validation. Based on our results, we conclude that the MBL model, in which sites have different branch lengths along the entire tree, is an over-parameterized model. Real data indicate that the heterotachous signals which interfere with phylogenetic inference are generally limited to a small area of the tree. In the second study, we relax the assumption of the homogeneity of the covarion parameters over sites, and develop a mixture covarion model using a Dirichlet process. In order to evaluate different heterogeneous models, we design several posterior predictive discrepancy tests to study different aspects of molecular evolution using stochastic mappings. The posterior predictive discrepancy tests demonstrate that the covarion mixture +Γ model is able to adequately model the substitution variation within and among sites. Our research permits a detailed view of heterotachy in real datasets and gives directions for future heterotachous models. The posterior predictive discrepancy tests provide diagnostic tools to assess models in detail. Furthermore, both of our studies reveal the non-specificity of heterogeneous models. Our studies strongly suggest that different heterogeneous features in the data should be handled simultaneously.

本研究以資料包絡分析法來衡量職業球員的績效表現，球員在簽訂複數年合約前後與績效表現之關聯性，來探討球員是否有合約週期的現象，進而再探究球員處於合約年的比率多寡，是否會對球隊的勝率造成影響。 　　本研究以2002年球季結束後至2008年球季開始前，這段期間曾與球團簽訂複數年合約的美國大聯盟球員為研究對象。實證結果顯示投手在簽訂複數年合約前一年，純粹技術效率有明顯增加，野手部分則顯示在簽約前兩年整體技術效率呈現顯著增加。研究結果顯示支持合約週期理論，即球員在合約年之前會刻意增加表現，以便爭取較佳之合約。另外，以2009年各球隊的勝場數為研究對象，實證結果顯示，當球隊中有較多投手處於複數年合約的第一年，則球隊的勝場數顯著較少。 / This research applies Data envelopment analysis to examine the performance of Major League Baseball (MLB) players before and after signing multi-year contracts. The research also aims to explore the claim of contract cycle theory by investigating whether contract status has an influence on wining ratio of a team. The sample includes players who signed multi-year contracts between end of season 2002 and prior season 2008. The result illustrates that pitchers’pure technical efficiency increase significantly before signing the contract and fielders’total technical efficiency increase significantly 2 years before the contract signing. The results support the contract cycle theory that players show a tendency to improve their performance prior to signing a contract in order to earn a better contract. In addition, the teams with more players who are in their first year of multi-year contract have a significantly less number of wining ratio.

Il a été démontré que l’hétérotachie, variation du taux de substitutions au cours du temps et entre les sites, est un phénomène fréquent au sein de données réelles. Échouer à modéliser l’hétérotachie peut potentiellement causer des artéfacts phylogénétiques. Actuellement, plusieurs modèles traitent l’hétérotachie : le modèle à mélange des longueurs de branche (MLB) ainsi que diverses formes du modèle covarion. Dans ce projet, notre but est de trouver un modèle qui prenne efficacement en compte les signaux hétérotaches présents dans les données, et ainsi améliorer l’inférence phylogénétique. Pour parvenir à nos fins, deux études ont été réalisées. Dans la première, nous comparons le modèle MLB avec le modèle covarion et le modèle homogène grâce aux test AIC et BIC, ainsi que par validation croisée. A partir de nos résultats, nous pouvons conclure que le modèle MLB n’est pas nécessaire pour les sites dont les longueurs de branche diffèrent sur l’ensemble de l’arbre, car, dans les données réelles, le signaux hétérotaches qui interfèrent avec l’inférence phylogénétique sont généralement concentrés dans une zone limitée de l’arbre. Dans la seconde étude, nous relaxons l’hypothèse que le modèle covarion est homogène entre les sites, et développons un modèle à mélanges basé sur un processus de Dirichlet. Afin d’évaluer différents modèles hétérogènes, nous définissons plusieurs tests de non-conformité par échantillonnage postérieur prédictif pour étudier divers aspects de l’évolution moléculaire à partir de cartographies stochastiques. Ces tests montrent que le modèle à mélanges covarion utilisé avec une loi gamma est capable de refléter adéquatement les variations de substitutions tant à l’intérieur d’un site qu’entre les sites. Notre recherche permet de décrire de façon détaillée l’hétérotachie dans des données réelles et donne des pistes à suivre pour de futurs modèles hétérotaches. Les tests de non conformité par échantillonnage postérieur prédictif fournissent des outils de diagnostic pour évaluer les modèles en détails. De plus, nos deux études révèlent la non spécificité des modèles hétérogènes et, en conséquence, la présence d’interactions entre différents modèles hétérogènes. Nos études suggèrent fortement que les données contiennent différents caractères hétérogènes qui devraient être pris en compte simultanément dans les analyses phylogénétiques. / Heterotachy, substitution rate variation across sites and time, has shown to be a frequent phenomenon in the real data. Failure to model heterotachy could potentially cause phylogenetic artefacts. Currently, there are several models to handle heterotachy, the mixture branch length model (MBL) and several variant forms of the covarion model. In this project, our objective is to find a model that efficiently handles heterotachous signals in the data, and thereby improves phylogenetic inference. In order to achieve our goal, two individual studies were conducted. In the first study, we make comparisons among the MBL, covarion and homotachous models using AIC, BIC and cross validation. Based on our results, we conclude that the MBL model, in which sites have different branch lengths along the entire tree, is an over-parameterized model. Real data indicate that the heterotachous signals which interfere with phylogenetic inference are generally limited to a small area of the tree. In the second study, we relax the assumption of the homogeneity of the covarion parameters over sites, and develop a mixture covarion model using a Dirichlet process. In order to evaluate different heterogeneous models, we design several posterior predictive discrepancy tests to study different aspects of molecular evolution using stochastic mappings. The posterior predictive discrepancy tests demonstrate that the covarion mixture +Γ model is able to adequately model the substitution variation within and among sites. Our research permits a detailed view of heterotachy in real datasets and gives directions for future heterotachous models. The posterior predictive discrepancy tests provide diagnostic tools to assess models in detail. Furthermore, both of our studies reveal the non-specificity of heterogeneous models. Our studies strongly suggest that different heterogeneous features in the data should be handled simultaneously.

短片《黑夜來臨》述說鄭宇勝－三民高中的王牌投手，正侃侃而談他得到勝利與小聯盟合約的喜悅，這讓他可以逃離充滿恐懼的生活。但其實勝利並不是屬於他的，生涯早已報銷的鄭宇勝，將自己投射在別人的勝利中，逃避現實的威脅，在這場設計成「記者採訪」的心理治療裡，鄭宇勝被迫在幻想中看到矛盾之處，道出一場夢靨與真實的自己，而這又是何其殘酷… 　　《黑夜來臨》以黑色電影手法，從選手心理的角度切入台灣棒球的教育問題，探究選手對其選手生命的心理過程，帶觀眾去經歷這樣的過程，藉由一個極端的遭遇，隱喻當代台灣每一個高中選手面對職涯選擇時，受全球選手交易與高中教育不見全的影想。 　　本創作論述報告包含創作動機、電影表現形式手法、相關心理學研究及高中棒球環境的田野調查報告，亦包含從前製、攝製期與後製期的工作紀錄，並說明本片在試映後的觀眾反應及修改方向。 / In psychiatrist's room, CHENG Yusheng, the ace pitcher from Shan Min Senior High School, was eloquently talking about the wining of the game and the joy of signing his minor league's contract. This is not only a childhood dream but, more important, an escape from a lifelong fear, his mother. But in reality, this victory never belongs to Cheng, his career has ended log time ago. He imagined a victory not his own in order to runaway from the threat of real world. In the process of psychotherapy, Cheng was forced to face the contradictions in his hallucination, and told the story of nightmare and truth. And soon the Darkness is a short film about a Taiwanese high school baseball player’s struggle. The film is produced by skills of film noir, and we look at this situation from the angle of sports psychology, focus on the moment when Taiwanese high school players face their future. The director’s report demonstrates the production background of the story, presents the perspective to make this film, and records the process of the production and screening.

No description available.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-17T19:21:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA PATRÍCIA ARAÚJO SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2017.pdf: 2030927 bytes, checksum: 35c9446ade62c6244bbc8167859a3fe7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALÉRIA PATRÍCIA ARAÚJO SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2017.pdf: 2030927 bytes, checksum: 35c9446ade62c6244bbc8167859a3fe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / CNPq / O Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida (PMCMV), no âmbito da habitação de interesse social, realocou para o Condomínio Habitacional Major Veneziano as famílias da “Favela do Papelão”, da “Ocupação Margarida Maria Alves” - organizada pelo Movimento de Luta nos Bairros, Vilas e Favelas (MLB) - e centenas de outras famílias oriundas de diversos bairros da cidade de Campina Grande-PB. As experiências, dinâmicas, adaptações, lutas e vivências destas famílias são muito diferenciadas e esta dissertação de mestrado buscou revelar, a partir de entrevistas realizadas com 35 moradores, como estigmas, desigualdades, precariedades, segregações e irregularidades são ressignificados no cotidiano de um condomínio vertical do PMCMV. Além disso, esta pesquisa reflete sobre a política habitacional implementada no Brasil na última década destinada às famílias baixa renda. Neste aspecto, a partir da ótica da sociologia da vida cotidiana, este estudo resgata as origens, trajetórias e experiências com o espaço urbano das famílias realocadas para os apartamentos, a partir da percepção dos próprios sujeitos beneficiados pelo programa de moradia. Quatro anos depois da realocação efetivada, o “sonho” da casa própria não se realizou para todos. Muitas famílias da ocupação Margarida Maria Alves permanecem no condomínio, enquanto a maior parte daquelas que chegaram provenientes da Favela do Papelão deixou os apartamentos. Além das reclamações referentes à segregação urbana, já revelada por outros estudos sobre o PMCMV, foi possível apreender também uma dinâmica de conflitos, vulnerabilidades e precariedades que girava em torno de dois temas principais: o não pagamento da taxa de condomínio e as regras da convivência coletiva. Há ainda o medo e a insegurança frente à criminalidade e violência, principalmente associados ao uso e venda de drogas, roubos e furtos. A percepção mais comum é de um sonho frustrado, ou, como diz uma moradora “Eu costumo chamar isso aqui de terra do nunca, aqui nunca existiu, aqui não existe, nem a gente existe”. / The Brazilian Housing Program "Minha Casa, Minha Vida" (PMCMV), in the ambit of social interest’s housing, reallocated to the Condominium Housing Major Veneziano the families of the "Favela do Papelão", the "Ocupação Margarida Maria Alves" – organized by the Movement of Fight in the Neighborhoods, Villages and Favelas (MLB) – and hundreds of other families from different neighborhoods of the city of Campina Grande-PB. The experiences, dynamics, adaptations, struggles and experiences of these families are very different and this Master's dissertation sought to reveal, from interviews with 35 residents, such as stigmas, inequalities, precariousness, segregation and irregularities are re-signified in the daily life of a vertical condominium Of PMCMV. In addition, this research reflects on the housing policy implemented in Brazil in the last decade for low-income families. In this aspect, from the perspective of the sociology of everyday life, this study rescues the origins, trajectories and experiences with the urban space of families reallocated to the apartments, based on the perception of the individuals benefited by the housing program. Four years after the actual relocation, the “dream” of the home was not realized for all. Many families of the occupation Margarida Maria Alves remain in the condominium, while the majority of those that arrived from the Favela do Papelão left the apartments. In addition to the complaints about urban segregation, already revealed by other studies on the PMCMV, it was also possible to understand a dynamics of conflicts, vulnerabilities and precariousness that concern two main themes: the nonpayment of the condominium fee and the rules of collective coexistence. There are also fear and insecurity in front of crime and violence, mainly associated with the use and sale of drugs, robberies and thefts. The most common perception is of a frustrated dream, or, as one resident says: “I usually call this here a never land, here it never existed, it does not exist, nor we do exist”.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how positive discipline of Grade 9 boys should be managed at a selected public fee paying school in KwaZulu-Natal and to determine how learner behaviour would improve through educators acting as mentors. Furthermore, how educators could assist in implementing positive discipline management strategies to help in improving learner behaviour, and which positive discipline management strategies have been successful. This study could be regarded as primarily descriptive and exploratory in nature, incorporating the basic characteristics associated with quantitative research. As such, it was predominantly deductive and positivistic in nature. This study highlighted the importance of effective management systems that would assist the educator in the classroom. Several theories regarding learner management were explained and the literature review focused on the need for positive discipline strategies to be employed in the classroom, which would ultimately make for better relationships between the educator and the learner. The study found that it is essential that the SGB, principal and senior management all get behind and support a managing behaviour mentor system as it has the potential to create a pleasurable work environment resulting in a reduction in the number of disciplinary matters for both the educator and the learner. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)