Starkt historiskt och kulturellt rotade normer kan vara problematiska eftersom personer som avviker från dem riskerar att bli utsatta för hat. Mom-shaming är ett begrepp som beskriver fenomenet när kvinnor får kritik för sitt sätt att vara i sin roll som mamma. En mamma som har blivit utsatt för mom- shaming är influencern Ida Warg. Syftet med studien är att genom ett genusperspektiv, kvalitativt och semiotiskt analysera influencern Ida Wargs bildkommunikation på Instagram för att se om hon framställer sin roll som mamma på ett normativt sätt. Genom att redogöra för vad bilden vill göra med betraktaren – påverka och engagera, eller erbjuda – fastställs vilken betydelse genus har för skapandet av mammarollen. Tio utvalda bilder analyseras utifrån sju kategorier som är kopplade till kvinnans roll som mamma: Moderskap, Omsorg och uppfostran, Traditionell kärnfamilj, Betalt arbete, Fritid, Miljö, samt Skönhet. Resultatet visar att historiska normer kopplade till mammarollen är ett faktum även i dagens samhälle. Ida Warg bekräftar flera förlegade normer i sin bildkommunikation samtidigt som hon diskret utmanar andra. Studien redovisar att normer är underliggande strukturer som påverkar vårt samhälle. Genom att problematisera mom-shaming belyses därmed vikten av medvetandegörandet och ifrågasättandet av normer. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur sociala mediers makt kan både vara orsak till och lösning på problemet med mom-shaming. Lösningen kan förslagsvis ske genom uppmaning av användandet av hashtaggen #stopmomshaming. / Historically and culturally norms are socially acceptable and can be problematic for people who behave in nonconformity with them because of risk of garner hatred. Mom-shaming is a term that describes the phenomenon when women get criticism and hatred for their act in their role of mother. A woman whom has been subject to this shaming, is mother and influencer Ida Warg. With the purpose of studying norms associated with female role as mother, this paper analyzes the visual design and composition of ten photographs posted by Ida Warg to her Instagram. Theories of gender and semiotics are used as frameworks, for qualitatively study if Ida Warg mediates her role as a mother normatively on her Instagram. The photographs are analyzed according to seven categories associated with mothering: Motherhood, Care and raise of child, Traditional nuclear family, Paid work, Leisure time, Entourage and Beauty. Considering the female role as mother, the result shows that historically rooted norms are still a fact. This paper argues for Ida Warg both certifying and challenging the social norms associated with mothering. Finally, this paper discusses how obsolete norm associated with the female role as mother, as a result of cyberhate such as mom-shaming, lingers and prevents gender equality. Henceforth, this paper also discusses the power of social media, being both reason why and solution to mom-shaming. One solution may be the exhortation of the hashtag #stopmomshaming.

Drei numerische Feldberechnungsverfahren - die Momentenmehtode, die Einheitliche Geometrische Beugungstheorie und die Verallgemeinerte Multipoltechnik - werden schrittweise zu einer Erweiterten Hybridmethode (EHM) kombiniert. Dabei wird jeder einzelne Kombinationsschritt anschaulich anhand von Beispielen erläutert, die den Vorteil der EHM verdeutlichen: Mit diesem Verfahren lassen sich bestimmte Anordnungen äußerst effektiv analysieren.

Many different message-oriented middlewares (MOM) exist today on the market. With different underlying designs, purposes and features, it is not easy to make the right choice of MOM for your system. The IT company Nordicstation is in such a situation where they need to make a choice of MOM. They currently own a system called Sharelock which generates reports about violations of financial assets trad- ing. They wish to make the process of generating a report more asynchronous by using a MOM and they have a couple of requirements. This thesis was carried out with the purpose of finding the most suitable products for the system in mind, compare their features, performance, licenses and ease-of- use. This was accomplished by analysing their installation process, monitoring in- terfaces, documentation on their websites and performance in a simple throughput test. The results showed that RabbitMQ was the strongest candidate. It had good per- formance, an attractive web interface for monitoring, an easy installation and it also offered commercial support. Apache Artemis was also found to be an attractive choice but it did not have a web interface which made it hard to manage the system. / Idag finns det många meddelandebaserade mellanprogramvaror (MOM) på marknaden. Dessa har olika grundläggande designer, syften och kännetecken vilket kan göra det svårt att göra ett bra val av MOM för ett visst system. IT-företaget Nordicstation befinner sig i en sådan situation där de behöver göra ett val av MOM. De har ett system som kallas Sharelock som genererar rapporter om regelbrott in- om värdepappershandeln. De vill göra processen mer asynkron genom att använda en MOM och de har ett antal krav på produkten. Det här examensarbetet utfördes med syftet att hitta de mest passande produkter- na för det tänka systemet, jämföra deras särdrag, prestanda, licenser och anvä- ndarvänlighet. Detta gjordes genom att analysera deras installationsprocess, övervakningsgränssnitt, dokumentation på deras hemsida och prestanda i ett en- kelt prestandatest. Resultaten visade att RabbitMQ var den starkaste kandidaten. Den hade bra prestanda, ett attraktivt webbgränssnitt, en enkel installation och den erbjöd också kommersiell support åt kunder. Apache Artemis var också ett attraktivt val men den hade inget webbgränssnitt vilket gjorde det svårt att övervaka och hantera sys- temet.

Drei numerische Feldberechnungsverfahren - die Momentenmehtode, die Einheitliche Geometrische Beugungstheorie und die Verallgemeinerte Multipoltechnik - werden schrittweise zu einer Erweiterten Hybridmethode (EHM) kombiniert. Dabei wird jeder einzelne Kombinationsschritt anschaulich anhand von Beispielen erläutert, die den Vorteil der EHM verdeutlichen: Mit diesem Verfahren lassen sich bestimmte Anordnungen äußerst effektiv analysieren.

Power-poles are one of the common massive conducting structures in cities and countryside. To fulfill the remarkable increased electric power demand nowadays, the number and the size of power-poles are also growing over the past few decades.  The influence of power-pole on electromagnetic  wave  propagation  is  a  potential  noise  source  for  nearby  radio  devices  like radars.   This master thesis project is aiming to analysis the interference of a case where an Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal emitted. We consider here the Stockholm Arlanda Airport’s Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR) radar scattering by a power-pole 2.6km away.A Method of Moment technique is used to solve the scattering problem.  We modeled the power-pole on a blueprint from Svenska Kraftnät. It is meshed in small triangles by AutoCAD and  GMSH  software,  and  on  that  mesh  the  Rao-Wilton-Glisson  (RWG)  basis  function  are formed.  A MoM code developed by Makarov determines the bi-static scattering pattern of the power-pole.  Four main models have been considered, a one-side power-pole model and the same model with the ground plane, as well as two sides power-pole model and the model with the ground plane.  We have assumed that the incident field on the power-pole is a plane wave and that the ground is an infinite PEC surface.  The result is presented by the Interference to Signal ratio (ISR) of an airplane receiver when it is flying toward the airport for landing.By the end of the project, we have shown for the considered model that a    50    15dB level of interference is estimated for the interference to signal ratio.  This result then suggests that a power-pole may have a little signal interference towards the VOR system radar wave emit awayfrom 2.6km. / Kraftstolpar är vanligt förekommande stora ledande strukturerna i stadsnära regioner.  Städer och regioner uppvisar idag en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan på elektricitet, vilket ställer krav på ett kraftnät som klarar av större effekt. Ett sätt att öka effekten är att introducera fler kraftledningar, och där med också öka antalet kraftledningsstolpar.  Kraftledningsstolparna kan påverka den elektromagnetiska vågutbredning och är en potentiell bruskälla för närliggande radioenheter som t.ex.  radar/signal-anläggningar.  Detta examensarbete syftar till att analysera eventuella störningar vid användandet av en amplitudmodulerad (AM) signal. Vi betraktar här Stockholm Arlanda Airport’s Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR) radarspridning med en kraftstolpe 2,6 km bort.I detta fall används Method of Moment (MoM)-tekniken för att lösa spridningsproblemet. Vi modellerade kraftstolpen baserad på data från Svenska Kraftnät.  Stolpen modelleras med små  sammankopplade  trianglar  med  hjälp  av  programvaran  AutoCAD  och  GMSH,  och  på det nätverket bildas Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) -basisfunktionen.  En MoM-kod utvecklad av Makarov bestämmer det bi-statiska spridningsmönstret för kraftstolpen.  Fyra huvudmodeller har beaktats, en en-sidig modell av en kraftstolpe med och utan jordplan, liksom en två-sidig modell med och utan jordplan. Vi har antagit att det mot kraftstoplen infallande fältet är en plan våg och att marken är en oändlig prefekt ledande-yta. Resultatet presenteras som en kvot mellan störning i förhållande till signalen (ISR) hos en flygmottagare när den flyger mot flygplatsen för landning.Beräkningarna i projektet visar att för de betraktade modellerna har vi en ISR på -50±15dB. Detta resultat antyder att en kraftstolpe på ett avstånd 2,6 km från VOR-systemet har en lågstörning på VOR-systemets amplitudmodulerade signal.

Modeling of patch antennas and resonators on arbitrary dielectric substrates using surface RWG and volume edge based basis functions and the Method of Moments is implemented. The performance of the solver is studied for different mesh configurations. The results obtained are tested by comparison with experiments and Ansoft HFSS v9 simulator. The latter uses a large number of finite elements (up to 200K) and adaptive mesh refinement, thus providing the reliable data for comparison. The error in the resonant frequency is estimated for canonical resonator structures at different values of the relative dielectric constant ƒÕr, which ranges from 1 to 200. The reported results show a near perfect agreement in the estimation of resonant frequency for all the metal-dielectric resonators. Behavior of the antenna input impedance is tested, close to the first resonant frequency for the patch antenna. The error in the resonant frequency is estimated for different structures at different values of the relative dielectric constant ƒÕr, which ranges from 1 to 10. A larger error is observed in the calculation of the resonant frequency of the patch antenna. Moreover, this error increases with increase in the dielectric constant of the substrate. Further scope for improvement lies in the investigation of this effect.

Researchers recommended investing according to the long only momentum (MOM) strategy to generate excess returns for private investors. The general problem of this study was that it was unclear when to enter and when to exit declining financial markets to avoid larger losses and to improve the overall performance with the MOM strategy. Therefore, it was important to understand the influence of a timing indicator on the MOM strategy. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between different moving average (MA) settings, the MOM strategy, and the performance of the returns from the construction of small U.S. stock portfolios. The research question was what MA setting as a strategy adjustment could improve the MOM strategy performance for small portfolios of U.S. stocks. A quasi-experimental research design was chosen to answer this research question. For the methods and analysis, simple- and exponential- MA, 2 econometric models, and abnormal Sharpe ratios were computed on the sample basis of 30 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stocks. The computations allowed me to determine the optimal trading frequencies for the MA MOM strategy. The key result was that the MA MOM strategy could improve the MOM strategy on average by 0.16% per month. The optimal trading frequency for the MA MOM strategy with $5,000 was tri yearly through which (0.90 - 1.85 %) net monthly return could be achieved. The MOM strategy can be adjusted by a simple moving average (SMA) indicator on a 6 versus 36-month basis as a recommendation. This study might contribute to positive social change by adjusting the MOM strategy, which specifically impacts private investors in declining stock markets to improve the overall performance when trading the MA MOM strategy.

This thesis concentrates on the algorithmic aspects of Method of Moments (MoM) and Locally Corrected Nyström (LCN) numerical methods in electromagnetics. The data dependency in each step of the algorithm is analyzed to implement a parallel version that can harness the powerful processing power of a General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU). The GPGPU programming model provided by NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) is described to learn the software tools at hand enabling us to implement C code on the GPGPU. Various optimizations such as the partial update at every iteration, inter-block synchronization and using shared memory enable us to achieve an overall speedup of approximately 10. The study also brings out the strengths and weaknesses in implementing different methods such as Crout's LU decomposition and triangular matrix inversion on a GPGPU architecture. The results suggest future directions of study in different algorithms and their effectiveness on a parallel processor environment. The performance data collected show how different features of the GPGPU architecture can be enhanced to yield higher speedup.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la lignée des travaux sur la prédiction du champ électromagnétique réfléchi par les bâtiments en milieu urbain. Nous avons développé une méthode de prédiction basée sur la Surface Équivalente Radar (SER) pour le traitement spécifique des bâtiments situés en zone lointaine. Contrairement aux méthodes classiques de lancer et le tracé de rayons où les réflexions sont traitées rayons par rayons, notre approche utilise la SER global d'un ensemble de bâtiments pour décrire la réflectivité des scènes. Le champ électrique est ensuite reconstruit au point de réception à partir de cette SER. La méthode de calcul est analytique et essentiellement basée sur la combinaison de l'optique géométrique (OG) et du calcul de l'intégrale de Kirchhoff-Huygens. Les interactions multiples de l'onde entre les bâtiments sont également prises en compte dans le modèle proposé. Les résultats obtenus en termes de précision de prédiction dans les directions spéculaires et non-spéculaires sont très satisfaisants. Les temps de calcul n'excédent pas 5 secondes pour les scénarios les plus complexes simulés ; ils permettent ainsi de réduire les temps de calcul et de surmonter les contraintes en place mémoire lors de l'étude d'une scène urbaine. Dans une seconde étude, l'influence des irrégularités des façades sur le champ électromagnétique diffracté a été évaluée. Nous utilisons la méthode des moments (MoM) bidimensionnelles (2D) pour résoudre de façon rigoureuse le problème de diffraction lié à trois types de façades : façade plane, façade corruguée et façade avec des balcons. A partir de la distribution du champ diffracté en zone proche et des diagrammes de rayonnement des façades en zone lointaine, nous décrivons les différents mécanismes de diffraction qui s'y produisent et les directions de réflexion prépondérantes sont données pour chacune des façades. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet ANR OP2H (Outil de Prédiction par navigation Hiérarchique et Homogénéisation de matériaux)

Mu is a temperate bacteriophage which infects Escherichia coli and several other Gram negative enteric bacteria. It is an extraordinary phage in several respects and has carved a special niche for itself both as a genetic tool and a paradigm in phage biology, almost rivaling phage lambda. It is also a predator that has adapted its hunting skills well in order to have an extraordinarily wide host range. While phage Mu finds a mention in almost every genetics textbook for several of its unique and well-studied characteristics, there are a few aspects of its biology that are far from understood. In this thesis, light has been shed on one such less understood feature of Mu biology, namely its anti-restriction function. The enigmatic mom gene of bacteriophage Mu is the center of this thesis work. Bacteriophages, through their sheer number and versatility of attack tactics, constitute an overwhelming threat to bacteria in the natural environment. While it is not always possible to completely prevent the entry of foreign DNA into the cell, it is in the interest of the bacterium to tame the xenogeneic DNA, whose expression may have adverse effects on bacterial fitness. Bacterial nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) participate in chromosome structuring and global transcriptional regulation. Besides this canonical role, they furnish the job of regulating xenogeneic DNA as well. NAPs are known to regulate the expression of toxin-antitoxin modules, pathogenicity islands and other horizontally transferred DNA and have a profound role in regulating transposon dynamics and the lifestyle of many phages. Chapter 1 introduces the role of bacterial NAPs in silencing foreign DNA, especially after the DNA establishes itself in the host. This thesis examines the role of a bacterial NAP namely Fis in fine-tuning an immune evasion function of bacteriophage Mu. A general introduction to phage Mu and its host expansion strategies, with special focus on its DNA modification function is also presented. Owing to the various immune evasion strategies, phages often have an upper hand on their hosts in the ongoing evolutionary arms race. One such strategy is DNA modification which bacteriophages have evolved as a means to protect their genomes from restriction enzymes of the host. While most phages employ the commonplace methylation modification for their anti-restriction function, phage Mu employs an unusual acetamido modification, catalysed by its protein Mom. Mom modified DNA is refractory to several restriction enzymes from different bacterial species. However, the modification is toxic to the host and thus mom expression needs to be precisely regulated to prevent untimely expression. A crowded multifactorial regulatory circuit has evolved to ensure the expression of mom without jeopardizing the welfare of the bacterial host. Chapter 2 uncovers a new player in mom regulation. The study shows that the bacterial chromatin architectural protein Fis is a transcriptional repressor of mom promoter and that Fis mediates its repressive effect by denying access to RNA polymerase at mom promoter. Two distinct roles of Fis have been known previously in Mu biology. In addition to bringing about the overall downregulation of transposition events and transcription of early genes of phage Mu, Fis also stimulates tail fiber flipping by aiding the activity of a site-specific recombinase. The present study thus presents a novel facet of Fis function in Mu biology. While the regulation of mom has been a matter of intense investigation over the past few decades, most biochemical and structural aspects of the Mom protein per se have remained mysterious owing to the difficulties in cloning this toxic gene. Chapter 3 describes the expression, purification and biophysical characterization of Mom. A variety of techniques show Mom to be folded and dimeric in solution. SPR studies with Mom indicate its high affinity binding to DNA. Chapter 4 deals with the attempts to identify the elusive co-factor of Mom. To begin with, the in vivo activity of Mom was demonstrated by employing a simple plasmid cleavage assay based on the resistance of Mom modified DNA to certain restriction endonucleases. A variety of disparate in silico structure prediction tools such as I-TASSER, Robetta and PHYRE indicate Mom to be related to the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. Mutation of residues deemed important from this analysis indeed abolished or reduced Mom activity in vivo, validating the bioinformatics based prediction and shed light on the possible active site of Mom. However, acetyltransferases are not known to transfer acetamido groups. It was also necessary to establish beyond doubt, the chemical structure of the Mom modified nucleoside. High resolution mass spectrometry data showed the modification to be acetamido, corroborating the earlier sole report on this aspect. Based on the biochemical reactions that acetyl coenzyme A is known to participate in, it is difficult to explain the involvement of acetyl coenzyme A in acetamido addition. Notwithstanding the converging predictions of different bioinformatics tools, caution is recommended when inferring function from structurally similar family members. It is possible that a different chemistry might have converged on the same (acetyltransferase) fold, given that none of the known pathways utilizing acetyl coenzyme A can explain the Mom modification. Several likely candidates such as carboxy-SAM, glyoxylic acid and glycine were also tested for being donors of the two carbon entity transferred on adenine by Mom. Since these candidates tested negative in our genetic assays, a genome-wide genetic screen was subsequently devised to identify the host genes involved in mom modification. The assay exploited the phenotype of lethality associated with overexpression of Mom in E. coli in order to screen for mutations in the host genome that rescued the toxicity. However, the survivors which were obtained in this assay had emerged through mutations in the mom gene rather than abrogation of the co-factor synthesis pathway of the host. The results point at two possibilities: (i) utilization of essential gene(s) or (ii) existence of redundant pathways for the Mom modification reaction. Chapter 5 is an account of our attempts to trace the lineage of mom and its regulatory region, employing updated DNA and protein sequence databases. Despite the selective advantage conferred on the phage by the anti-restriction function of mom, in many Mu-like phages, mom is either absent or substituted with methyltransferases. However, in Mu-like genomes that do encode mom, in spite of a significant overall sequence divergence from Mu, the core elements of the mom regulatory circuit seem to have either co-evolved or have been selectively conserved. Although Mu appears to be unique in the possession of a regulatory circuit tailored for the purpose of mom regulation, recently discovered Mu-like genomes show that different types of regulatory features evolved several times in closely related genomes. It is very likely that a toxic gene like mom has earned its place in the phage genome by carrying along with itself a baggage of regulatory elements. Failure to sustain sufficient regulatory pressure may trigger the loss or replacement of the advantageous but potentially lethal mom function.