Orientador: José Tomaz Vieira Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morelli_MarianaMarques_M.pdf: 2990993 bytes, checksum: 213be4a8f053870f4ec07fb6a9f9a927 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A região Amazônica é bastante conhecida por sua riqueza em termos de biodiversidade e de potencial energético advindo de sua extensa rede hidrográfica. Após um vasto histórico de tentativas de barramento de um de seus importantes afluentes -o rio Xingu-, fez-se um projeto para a construção do chamado Complexo Hidrelétrico de Belo Monte (CHE). O principal objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma metodologia para avaliar um empreendimento hidrelétrico sob os aspectos Energéticos e Ambientais, valendo-se da Análise Energética, que inclui uma avaliação dos fluxos de energia e de emergia. Nesta dissertação o CHE de Belo Monte foi analisado energeticamente, a partir de duas linhas conceituais: a termodinâmica e a emergia. Primeiramente buscou-se dados referentes ao investimento energético no sistema de produção de eletricidade. Em seguida, converteu-se os dados energéticos em exergia e multiplicou-se os resultados obtidos pelas respectivas transformidades: fontes de energia renovável "gratuita" (7,29E+05 sej/ano), fonte de energia renovável comprada (3,12E+03 sej/ano), fontes de energia não renovável comprada (1,39E+05), fontes de energia não renovável "gratuita" (9,40E+06 sej/ano), fontes de energia não renováveis comprada (1,39E+05 sej/ano), energia referente aos impactos ambientais (biomassa perdida, 4,04E+05 sej/ano), energia referente aos investimentos de R$19, 25 e 30 bilhões (5,7E+20, 7,5E+20 e 9E+20 sej/ano). Optou-se por incluir análises considerando estes investimentos financeiros, os quais contemplam os dados do Investimento Físico pesquisados bem como aqueles que não foram possíveis de se quantificar fisicamente, tais como custos ambientais, sociais, alguns materiais e maquinários. A partir destes dados, foram calculados índices emergéticos (EIR, EYR, ELR, ESI e Tr). O CHE de Belo Monte relativamente eficiente mesmo em seu cenário de R$30 bilhões, apresentando valor de Tr igual a 1,35E+04 sej/J. Foi calculado ainda o Índice de Retorno Energético Sobre o Investimento, em duas situações: incluindo ou não a energia não-renovável gratuita (N). Como o EROI depende de todas as entradas energéticas e não particularmente de N, não houve grande diferença entre as duas situações analisadas / Abstract: This region is well known for its wealth of biodiversity and potential energy that comes from its extensive river system. After a long history of attempts barring one of its major tributaries - Xingu River - , it was conceived a project for building Belo Monte Hydroelectric Complex (CHE). The main goal of this study is to present a methodology for evaluating a hydroelectric project under the Energy and Environmental aspects, using Energy Analysis, which includes an evaluation about energy and emergy flows. In this dissertation CHE Belo Monte was analyzed energetically from two conceptual lines: thermodynamics and emergy. First data on the energy investment in the electricity production system were sought. Then data were converted from energy to exergy multiplied the results by their transformities, obtaining the following: "free" renewable energy sources (7.29 E +05 sej / year), renewable source of energy purchased (3.12 E +03 sej / year), non-renewable sources of energy purchased (1.39 E +05), "free" non-renewable energy sources "(9.40 + E 06 sej / year), non-renewable sources of energy purchased (1.39 E +05 sej / year), energy related environmental impacts (biomass lost 4.04 E +05 sej / year), energy related investments of $ 19, 25 and 30 billion (5.7 E +20 7.5 E +20 sej a nd 9E +20 / year). It was include these investments, which contains data from the Investment Physical searched and those who were not physically possible to quantify, such as environmental costs, social, some materials and equipaments. From these data, emergy indices (EIR, EYR, ELR, ESI and Tr) were calculated. Belo Monte CHE is relatively efficient even in your scenario of $ 30 billion, with Tr equal to 1.35 E +04 sej / J. Energy Rate of Return on Investment was calculated for two situations: with or without the non-renewable energy free (N). As the EROI depends on all the energy inputs and not particularly of N, there was no significant difference between the two situations analyzed / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Adriano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T17:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milanin_Tiago_M.pdf: 1632570 bytes, checksum: 89ed3ce864242183e9189e7d7693aed1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Parasitos do filo Myxozoa (Grassé, 1970) estão entre os patógenos de peixes mais importantes e têm sido objeto de muitos estudos nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver estudos taxonômicos (baseado em análises morfológicas e moleculares), da interação parasito-hospedeiro (com base nas análises histológicas e ultra-estruturais) e filogenéticos de mixosporidios parasitos de Brycon hilarii oriundos de ambiente natural e sistemas de criação. Os peixes de ambiente natural foram obtidos no Pantanal Matogrossense e os de sistemas de criação em pisciculturas do Estado de São Paulo. Uma nova espécie de Myxobolus (Myxobolus oliveirai) foi descrita infectando os filamentos braquiais de B. hilarii oriundos de ambiente natural, mas não foi observada a ocorrência deste parasito nos sistemas de criação avaliados. Dos 216 espécimes de B. hilarii examinados (126 silvestres e 90 cultivadas), 38,1% dos espécimes selvagens (n = 48) estavam infectados. O parasito formou plasmódios alongados, cerca de 3 mm de comprimento, principalmente na ponta dos filamentos branquiais. Foi realizada a comparação morfológica de M. oliveirai com todas as espécies de Myxobolus descritas infectando hospedeiros da América do Sul, assim como praticamente todas as espécies até agora descritas considerando todos os continentes. O sequenciamento parcial do gene 18S rDNA revelou que as sequências obtidas do Myxobolus parasito de B. hilarii não corresponde a nenhum dos Myxozoa disponíveis no GenBank. Na análise filogenética, M. oliveirai constituiu um grupo monofilético com outras oito espécies: cinco espécies de Myxobolus parasitos de peixes mugilídeos, duas espécies parasitos de pangasiideos e uma parasito de Centrarchideo. Os valores das prevalências da infecção não revelaram diferenças significativas entre as estações seca e úmida nem entre hospedeiros machos e fêmeas / Abstract: Parasites of the phylum Myxozoa (Grassé, 1970) are among the most important pathogens of fish and have been subject of many studies in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop taxonomic studies (based on morphological and molecular), of the parasite-host interaction (based on histological and ultrastructural analysis) and phylogenetic of myxosporeans parasites of Brycon hilarii from natural environment and fish farms. The fish were obtained from natural environment in the Mato Grosso wetlands Brazil and fish farms in the state of São Paulo. A new species of Myxobolus (Myxobolus oliveirai) was described infecting the brachial filaments of B. hilarii from the natural environment, but did not observe the occurrence of this parasite in fish farms evaluated. Out of 216 B. hilarii specimens examined (126 wild and 90 cultivated), 38.1% of wild specimens (n = 48) were infected. The parasites form elongated plasmodia primarily in the tip of gill filaments, reaching about 3 mm in length. A thorough comparison with all the Myxobolus species described from South American hosts, as well as nearly all the Myxobolus species described so far is provided. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene revealed that the Myxobolus species parasite of B. hilarii did not match any of the Myxozoa available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis, M. oliveirai sp. nov. composed a monophyletic group with eight other species: five species of Myxobolus parasites of mugilid fishes, two parasites of pangasiid and one of centrarchid. Infection prevalence values of the parasite revealed no significant differences between wet and dry seasons or between males and females / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Orientador: Edvaldo César Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_MaraAline_D.pdf: 10467974 bytes, checksum: 061596f82c4e36c8475f6819f77d8ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os primeiros registros de ocupação e produção no Pantanal pelo mundo moderno, contam de aproximadamente duzentos anos, período em que assume as características sociais, culturais e econômicas valorizadas na atualidade como promotoras da inserção de seus produtos e serviços no mercado internacional, atendendo a uma demanda mundial tanto de produtos advindos da pecuária modernizada, quanto do turismo. A economia global imprime os novos caminhos para a produção espacial, introduz novos sujeitos, reorganiza o modo de vida dos habitantes e modifica as relações com a natureza. As transformações pelas quais a gente pantaneira e o Pantanal estão passando nas últimas décadas inseriram outros elementos ao cotidiano pantaneiro, alteraram os já construídos e promoveram um processo de ressignificação da geografia do Pantanal. A geografia como reveladora do movimento da sociedade está se transformando no Pantanal, desde o final do século passado, alicerçada na mercantilização da natureza e nas novas relações econômicas e socioculturais em construção. Para entender o processo de transformação no Pantanal, o referencial teórico da Geografia aliado a outros saberes, subsidiou a compreensão científica da dinâmica pantaneira / Abstract: The first evidences of settlement and production by the modern world in the Pantanal, are from approximately two hundred years ago. During this period it assumes the social, cultural and economic characteristics regarded as proponents of the integration of its products and services in the international market, meeting a global demand for products derived from modernized livestock farming, as well as tourism. The global economy new paths for spatial production, introduce new agents, reorganize the way of life of the inhabitants and modifies the relationship with. The transformations by which the Pantanal and its people have been going through in recent decades have introduced new elements to the Pantanal routine, modified previously formulated ones and promoted a process of redefinition of the Pantanal¿s Geography. Since the end of last century, Geography has become a contributing factor for the evolving society of Pantanal, based on the commercialization of the natural environment and on the development of new economic and socio-cultural relationships. The theoretical framework of Geography has contributed with the scientific comprehension of the Pantanal¿s dynamics for a better to understanding of the transformation process in the Pantanal, the theoretical framework of Geography combined with other knowledges, contributed to the scientific understanding of the Pantanal¿s dynamics / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Geografia

Orientador: Ticiano José Saraiva dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:37:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelJunior_Emilio_M.pdf: 6909901 bytes, checksum: 2eaa2f163eec136b6a2c6271bbc76e8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No setor leste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (PAAF) as mineralizações auríferas, em sua maioria, ocorrem em veios, sistemas de veios ou disseminados em rochas graníticas. A maioria dos depósitos encontra-se numa faixa NW-SE, com aproximadamente 30 km de largura e 140 km de extensão, denominada Peru - Trairão. Os filões nesta faixa são sub-verticais, com direções variadas e estão relacionados à uma gênese magmática-hidrotermal na forma de veios de quartzo associados a fraturas e/ou zonas de cisalhamento dúctil a rúptil-dúctil. Os sistemas filoneanos auríferos são agrupados em quatro principais sistemas estruturais, com base na disposição das estruturas mineralizadas: (a) Sistema Novo Mundo: WNW-ESE e N-S em regime dúctil e NW-SE em regime rúptil (e.g. região de Novo Mundo); (b) Sistema Flor da Serra: NNE- SSW e WNW-ESE em regime rúptil (e.g. região de Flor da Serra); (c) Sistema Peixoto: N-S, NNE-SSW e NW-SE em regime dúctil a rúptil (e.g. região de Peixoto de Azevedo) e; (d) Sistema União do Norte: E-W regime dúctil e NE-SW em regime rúptil (e.g. sudoeste de Vila União do Norte). Datações U-Pb em zircão por LA-ICP-MS nos granitóides mineralizados no cinturão de cisalhamento têm as seguintes idades de cristalização: (i) quartzo-feldspato pórfiro (Pórfiro União), 1774± 7.5 Ma, relacionada ao magmatismo pós-colisional; (ii) granodiorito União com 1853±23 Ma que abriga os depósitos do Bigode, Bernaldo e Carrapato; e (iii) Granito Aragão de 1931±12 Ma que abriga os depósitos do Aragão e Jurandir; (iv) monzonito da Suíte Intrusiva Pé Quente de idade 1979±31Ma que abriga vários depósitos auríferos. Esses dados caracterizam temporalmente os principais corpos graníticos com associação espacial para ouro, tanto do ponto de vista da sua época de cristalização quanto dos limites aproximados dessas mineralizações, e contribuem para um melhor entendimento da evolução crustal da região. Estudo de proveniência U-Pb em zircões detríticos na unidade vulcanoclástica (grauvaca feldspática) da seqüência vulcano-sedimentar Serra Formosa, hospedeira do depósito aurífero do Francisco, têm valores entre 1.7 e 2.0 Ga, indicando uma proveniência essenciamente de fontes paleoproterozóica / Abstract: In the eastern sector of the Alta Floresta Gold Province (AFGP), the gold mineralization occurs mostly in veins, systems of veins or disseminated in granitic rocks of the stockwork. Most of these deposits are found in a NW-SE region, with an approximate range of 30 km wide and 140 km long, and it is called Peru - Trairão, because it extends from the north region to the south region in Peru. The veins in this range are sub-vertical, with variable directions and are related to magmatic-hydrothermal genesis in the form of quartz veins associated to fractures or ductile shear zones in brittle-ductile. The filoneans auriferous systems are grouped into four main structural systems, based on the disposal of mineralized structures: (a) System Novo Mundo: WNW-ESE and NS under ductile regime and NW-SE under brittle regime (e.g. Novo Mundo-MT region) (b) System Flor da Serra: NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE under brittle regime (e.g. Flor da Serra region), (c) System Peixoto: NS, NNE-SSW and NW-SE under ductile to brittle regime (e.g. Peixoto de Azevedo region) and (d) System União do Norte: E-W under ductile regime and NE-SW under brittle regime (e.g. Vila União do Norte region). Dating with U-Pb in zircon by LA-ICP-MS in mineralized granites in the shear belt define the following crystallization ages: (i) Quartz-feldspar Porphyry (União Porphyry), 1774±7.5 Ma, related to post-collisional magmatism; (ii) União Granodiorite, 1853±23 Ma that holds the deposits Bigode, Bernaldo and Carrapato; (iii) Aragão Granite, 1931±12 Ma that holds the deposits Aragão and Jurandir; (iv) Suíte Intrusiva Pé Quente Monzonite with the age of 1979±31Ma and holds several gold deposits. These data delimit the date of the main granitic bodies with spatial association for gold, both as the point of its period of crystallization as the approximate limits of these mineralizations, and contribute to a better understanding of the crustal evolution in the region. Provenance study with U-Pb in detrital zircons in the volcaniclastic unit (feldspathic greywacke) of Serra Formosa volcano-sedimentary sequence, the host of the gold deposit Francisco, that has values between 1.7 and 2.0 Ga, indicating an essential provenance of Paleoproterozoic sources / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Orientador : Mònica Graciela Zoppi-Fontana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borges_AguedaAparecidadaCruz_D.pdf: 3521525 bytes, checksum: 68d30124c7be8819af14ca335d4162a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa é resultante dos estudos que desenvolvi desde o projeto "Arte, discurso e prática pedagógica", CNPq/2003, sobre presença/frequência indígena Xavante no espaço da cidade de Barra das Garças - MT, tomada como objeto exemplar de alocação de sentidos da discursividade que faz funcionar a contradição constitutiva, que a cidade funda, materializando o modo de ocupação negada. Assim, no batimento conformado no processo discursivo, que é o procedimento metodológico exigido pela Análise de Discurso de base materialista, na qual me fundamentei, busquei compreender como se subjetiva esse sujeito que está/frequenta a cidade, mas que no discurso deveria permanecer na aldeia, voltar a ser o que era ou, até mesmo, morrer. Tratar essa questão discursivamente é dar visibilidade para a produção da ilusão de objetividade e evidência de uma realidade, de um referente, como se um sentido já estivesse lá: como se o lugar ocupado pelas pelos indígenas nas ruas, calçadas de Barra do Garças, significassem, a priori. Os materiais heterogêneos que compõem o "corpus" mostram a dificuldade que o discurso do urbano tem em lidar com aquele que ocupa o espaço planejado para outra finalidade, não enxergando a rua como um lugar de transbordamento do social, que reflete e faz funcionar a ordem própria da cidade. Esse é mais um modo de disfarçar os sentidos que produzem e reafirmam a explosão do social no espaço urbano. Constatei que esse lugar os interpela a subjetivar-se, a significar-se e produzir sentidos; mesmo pertencendo à unidade positiva do direito (todos são iguais perante a lei), o sujeito, quando colocado em relação a ela, identifica-se com o que está fora dela, como aquele que pertence/não pertence ou é um PROBLEMA, uma QUESTÃO a ser resolvido (a). Analisamos, por exemplo, que o preconceito não atinge a memória indígena e que mesmo interpelados pela formação social capitalista, os Xavante concorrem com a formação social indígena, se inscrevendo entre uma e outra formação discursiva no terreno movediço do ir e vir da aldeia para a cidade. Ao final da pesquisa esperamos que os fenômenos marcados discursivamente, possam servir para o debate em torno do papel das instituições superiores sobre a responsabilidade na elaboração, por exemplo, de políticas educacionais que contemplem o caráter contraditório do sujeito, que, marcado pela incompletude, anseia pelo desejo de ser inteiro uno / Abstract: This research is the result of the studies that I developed since the project "Arte, discurso e prática pedagógica" CNPq/2003 about presence/frequency of Xavante Indian at the space of the city Barra do Garças-MT, taken as exemplary object for allocation senses of the discourse that operates the constitutive contradiction, founded by the city, materializing the way of denied occupation. Thus, in the beat shaped in discursive process, which is the methodological procedure required by Discourse Analysis with materialist basis, in which I found, I tried to understand how subjectively is the subject which is/frequents the city, but in the discourse should remain in the village, back to what it was or even die. Addressing this issue discursively is to give visibility to the production of the illusion of objectivity and evidence of a reality, of a referent, as if a meaning were already there: as if the place occupied by the indigenous people at streets and sidewalks of Barra do Garças, meant, a priori. The heterogeneous materials that compose the "corpus" show the difficulty which the urban's discourse has to deal with the one which occupies the space intended for another purpose, not seeing the street as a place of social overflow, which reflects and makes it work the order which is proper of the city. This is another way to mask the meanings that produce and reaffirm the explosion of the social in urban space. I found that this place challenges them to subjectify, to mean and produce meanings; even belonging to the unity positive law (everybody is equal before the law), the subject, when placed in relation to it, identifies with what is outside it, as one who belongs/does not belong or is a PROBLEM, a QUESTION to be solved. We analyze, for example, that the prejudice does not reach the indigenous memory and that even challenged by the capitalist social formation, the Xavante compete with indigenous social formation, inscribing between one and another discursive formation on shaky ground of the come and go from the village to the city. At the end of the research we expect that the phenomena discursively marked, can serve for the debate about the role of institutions of higher responsibility on the preparation, for example, educational policies that address the contradictory nature of the subject, which, marked by incompleteness, longs the desire to be whole, one / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto de Física (bif@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-27T19:05:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese _ficha cartalografica.pdf: 12047542 bytes, checksum: 15c5c46a6007c1cf0e93d34e697f4e96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T19:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese _ficha cartalografica.pdf: 12047542 bytes, checksum: 15c5c46a6007c1cf0e93d34e697f4e96 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho estudamos o comportamento ferromagnético de uma série de multicamadas de ZnO/MT com MT = Fe, CoFe, NiFe. Este tipo de sistemas é importante por suas aplicações na spintrônica; cálculos teóricos em multicamadas de ZnO/Co fixando a espessura da camada do ZnO em 5 nm, mostram que estas estruturas podem ter até 100% de polarização de spin. As multicamadas com estrutura [ZnO(5nm)/MT(t)]x6 foram crescidas por magnetron sputtering variando a espessura do MT numa série de valores t = 0,3; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1,0 nm. A estrutura cristalográfica foi analisada com um difratômetro de raios-X (DRX), revelando um crescimento preferencial no plano (002) do ZnO e mostrando um alargamento de linha e picos satélites. A topografia foi analisada com um microscópio de força atômica (AFM), e revela uma relação entre a espessura do MT com as imperfeições da superfície. A resposta magnética estática foi analisada com um magnetômetro de amostra vibrante (VSM) obtendo curvas de magnetização em função do campo (M vs. H) e curvas de magnetização em função da temperatura (M vs. T) pelo método de medidas de zero field cooling (ZFC) e field cooling (FC). As formas das curvas de histerese revelam a mudança da serie, de um filme com interação dipolar forte a um sistema de nanopartículas não interagentes dependendo da “concentração” do MT na multicamada; as medidas de ZFC/FC confirmam que a ordem ferromagnética é favorecida quanto maior é a espessura depositada do MT. A resposta magnética dinâmica foi analisada por espectroscopia de ressonância ferromagnética (FMR), e revela o decrescimento do campo de ressonância na serie, devido á anisotropia de forma, mostrando uma mudança do eixo fácil da magnetização do plano para a perpendicular. Análise química foi feita por espectroscopia de fotoemisão de raios-X, e revela a formação de fases mistas (íons) coexistindo com o MT; e por último medidas de transmitância revelam a existência de um pico plasmon na faixa de 250 – 340 nm. Estes picos de plasmon são característicos de sistemas dielétricos com nanopartículas. O tratamento térmico de 6000C por 2 horas em vácuo da multicamada [ZnO(5nm)/Fe(t)]x6 teve a finalidade de incrementar a espessura do semicondutor magnético diluído (SMDs) na multicamada, mediante a difusão do MT na rede do ZnO; estes sistemas revelam uma mudança nas suas propriedades estruturais e magnéticas e possivelmente o aparecimento do SMDs, devido a que seu comportamento magnético não corresponde a de um filme nem a de um sistema granular. / In this work we study the ferromagnetic behavior of a series of multilayer ZnO / MT with MT = Fe, CoFe, NiFe. Such systems are important for applications in spintronics: theoretical calculations in multilayer of ZnO/Co with fixed ZnO thickness of 5 nm show that these structures can have up to 100% spin polarization. The multilayers with structure of [ZnO (5nm) / MT (t)] x6 were grown by means of magnetron sputtering varying the thickness of the MT with the values of t = 0,3; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 and 1, 0 nm. The crystallographic structure is analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and the results revealed a preferential growth of ZnO along (002) plane, enlargement of the width of the peaks and existence of satellite peaks. The topography is analyzed with the atomic force microscope (AFM) and it reveals a relationship between the thicknesses of the MT layers and the surface imperfections. The static magnetic response was analyzed with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and magnetization curves as a function of field (M vs. H) and as a function of temperature (Mvs. T) using the zero field cooling measurements (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) were obtained. The shapes of hysteresis curves show the changes of a film with strong dipolar interactions to a system of non-interacting nanoparticles according to the "concentration" of MT in the multilayer. Measurements of ZFC / FC M-T curves confirm that the ferromagnetic order is favored in the samples with thicker deposited MT layers. The dynamic magnetic response was analyzed by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) and it shows the decrease of the resonance field in the series, which is due to the shape anisotropy, showing a change of the easy axis of magnetization from in plane to the perpendicular of the plane. The chemical analysis is done by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and the result shows the formation of mixed phases (ions) of the MT. Transmittance measurements reveal the existence of a peak of plasmon in the range of 250 to 340 nm. These peaks of plasmon are characteristic dielectric systems with nanoparticles. Heat treatment for the sample of [ZnO (5nm) / Fe (t)] x6 has been done at 600oC for 2 hours in vacuum in order to increase the thickness of diluted magnetic semiconductor (SMDs) layers in the multilayer system due to the diffusion process of MT atoms. These systems show changes in their structural and magnetic properties, which can be due to the appearance of SMDs since the magnetic behavior does not match to a film or to a granular system.

Current stand structure and composition, biomass levels and distributions, stand level foliage surface area (LAI) estimations, and mortality and growth patterns were determined using consistent sampling methodology for a network of 142 (20 m x 20 m) permanent plots at three southern Appalachian spruce-fir sites (Mt. Rogers National Recreation Area (NRA) of Virginia, the Black Mountains of North Carolina, and the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina). Baseline conditions were documented to accommodate future efforts to determine actual phenomena of forest decline in a highly disturbed ecosystem. Information on structure, composition, and growth and mortality trends were combined to develop a model to predict forest change for the next two decades. Past studies indicated that undisturbed spruce-fir species distribution tended to follow an elevation gradient: red spruce (Picea rubens Sargent) dominance changing to Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret) dominance as elevation increased. Current stand composition at the Black Mountains and the Great Smokies also showed a shift from spruce to fir; however, Mt. Rogers NRA was an exception to that trend. As fir abundance increased with elevation there were increasing levels of balsam woolly adelgid-caused (Adelgid piceae Ratz.) mortality at the Black and Smoky Mountains where there was a greater proportion of standing dead fir than live fir. Unlike these two sites, Fraser fir on Mount Rogers still had escaped major damage from the adelgid. Projected leaf area index (LAI)(m²/m²) was developed for spruce, fir and yellow birch (Betula lutea Michaux f.), based on predicted foliage weight from overstory biomass equations, as a quantifiable measure of forest productivity. Primarily old-growth spruce-fir stands at the Great Smoky Mountains had an average LAI (11.9) significantly greater than stands at Mt. Rogers NRA (9.1) or the Black Mountains (8.3) which both have a patchwork of disturbance histories. Some conversion to increased hardwoods may have occurred in second growth stands at lower elevations with a resulting lower leaf area capability. At higher elevations (1830-1980 m), LAI was predicted to decrease if the remaining adelgid-infested fir die for both virgin and logged sites. Past studies have inferred information on mortality patterns from assessment of standing dead stems density. Overstory annual mortality was directly measured each year from 1985 and 1989 and found to vary among the four dominant overstory species; mountain-ash (Sorbus americana Marshall) had the highest rate (6.4 %), followed by fir (5.8 %), birch (2.7 %), and spruce had the lowest (2.1 %). Results suggested that enumerations of standing dead trees should not be used to assess mortality patterns since a substantial proportion (20-30 %) of all trees that died, fell to the ground in the same year, and were never part of the pool of standing dead stems. Comparisons of fir diameter distribution indicated that at sites where the balsam woolly adelgid was causing significant fir mortality, stand structure was shifting because of the elimination of larger (> 35 cm DBH) live fir stems. Prediction of individual tree mortality using logistic regression was unsuccessful for birch and mountain-ash, while equations to predict spruce and fir mortality depended on crown condition (amount of intact needles), as a predictor variable. Since an accelerated rate of change in stand structure has been predicted to occur with increased mortality and reduced growth rates, a short-term (twenty year) projection model of forest composition and structure was developed. Individual tree basal area increment equations for red spruce, Fraser fir, and yellow birch, along with ingrowth and mortality information were combined to provide predictions starting from the year 1989 and ending in 2009. Where the adelgid has been dominating fir mortality patterns for several decades, such as in the Black Mountains, little overall change is expected. For most elevations basal area is projected to be stable while stem densities decrease. In the Smokies, where little fir is found at or below 1675 m elevation, stand structure is predicted to change little during the 20 year period. However, the highest elevations of the Smokies are predicted to eventually be similar to the current stand structure of high elevations of the Black Mountains. The adelgid infestation of the peaks of the central Smokies lagged by twenty-some years behind the Black Mountains and the model predicts a deterioration of fir as well as spruce in that area. / Ph. D.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the principal causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans, is considered to be a successful pathogen owing to the elicitation of multidrug resistance, ability to survive inside macrophage phagosomes by taking nutrients from host cell cytoplasm, and the capacity to alternate between proliferating and dormant (nonproliferating) conditions of growth. Thus, whether one looks at tubercle bacillus from the standpoint of regulation of cell division in the host system, or uptake of nutrients from the host cell cytoplasm or elicitation of drug resistance, the requirement for ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter type protein complexes, which might be involved in the transport of drugs, nutrients or proteins, could be of critical importance to the pathogen. Therefore the present study was initiated to characterize ABC transporter type proteins, FtsE and FtsX of M. tuberculosis (MtFtsE and MtFtsX), and their interaction with FtsZ and FtsQ, which are the septation proteins that are recruited respectively before and after the localization of FtsE and FtsX proteins. The study was carried out in 3 parts. 1. Cloning, overexpression and purification of MtFtsE and MtFtsX proteins and elucidation of ATP binding activity of MtFtsE There exists considerable extent of homology between the FtsE and FtsX proteins of M. tuberculosis and E. coli. Therefore, in order to verify whether the structural homology is reflected in functional homology, complementation of growth defect of E. coli ftsE (Ts) by MtFtsE and MtFtsX was carried out. The MtFtsE protein could partially complement growth defect of E. coli ftsE temperature sensitive strain MFT1181, whereas co-expression of MtFtsE and MtFtsX efficiently complemented growth defect, indicating that the MtFtsE and MtFtsX proteins functionally complement E. coli FtsE and FtsX and that the two proteins together might be performing an associated function. Subsequently, in order to biochemically characterize MtFtsE and MtFtsX proteins of M. tuberculosis, MtftsE gene was cloned in pQE30, overexpressed, purified by Ni2+-NTA agarose affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions and refolded. MtFtsX protein, being toxic to E. coli cells, could not be expressed to sufficient amounts. Western blotting with anti-MtFtsE antibody showed that the recombinant 6xHis-MtFtsE protein and the native MtFtsE protein were localized to the membrane of E. coli and M. tuberculosis cells respectively. 6xHis-MtFtsE protein showed ATP binding in vitro, whereas K42R mutation abolished ATP binding. Thus, like in the case of E. coli FtsE, the K42 residue, which is positionally equivalent to K41 in EcFtsE in Walker A motif, was found to be essential for ATP binding. At 1.3 nM concentration of [α32P] ATP,70 molar excess of ATP, ADP, AMP, and GTP competed out respectively 97%, 87%, 73% and 57% of the [α32P] ATP bound to 6xHis-MtFtsE. 2. Biochemical characterization of MtFtsE protein The functional architecture of an ABC transporter consists of two each of nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and transmembrane domain (TMD), which are either part of a single polypeptide chain or individual subunits. The functional NBD is a ‘nucleotide-sandwich dimer’ with ATP flanked by the Walker A and B motifs of one NBD and the signature motif and D-loop of the other. NBD, through ATPase activity, is involved in energizing the transport of substrates namely drugs, proteins, ions, and solutes across the membrane. Since MtFtsE possesses Walker A and Walker B motifs that constitute NBD, and MtFtsX possesses TMD (four transmembrane segments), the two proteins together might constitute an ABC transporter type complex. Therefore, we wanted to know whether MtFtsE could hydrolyze ATP. MtFtsE not only could bind ATP with high affinity but could hydrolyse it also (Km, 1.5 µM; Vmax, 0.87 nmole/mg/min). It could bind and hydrolyse GTP as well, but not CTP, albeit with lower affinity and rate (Km, 25 µM; Vmax, 0.54 nmole/mg/min). The ATPase activity is strongly dependent on Mg2+ or Mn2+, with a pH optimum of 6.5 – 8.0 and temperature range of 27oC - 40oC. Kinetic analysis of ATPase and GTPase activities indicated nucleotide- dependent cooperativity (Hill coefficient for ATP is 1.7 and for GTP, 2.1). Inhibition of ATPase activity, to almost similar extent, in the presence of 10-fold excess of ATPγS, ADP, AMP, GTP, and CTP, but not TTP, indicated that nucleotide binding is through nitrogenous base of the nucleotide. Inhibition of MtFtsE by orthovanadate classified the enzyme as a P-type ATPase. Partially purified MtFtsE in soluble fraction also showed ATPase activity. The ATPase-active form of MtFtsE is a dimer with the sole cysteine (C84) at the dimer interface. Homology modeling of MtFtsE, using MalK (the NBD component of an ABC transporter for maltose) as the template, supported this observation. Stabilization of the dimer through cys-cys disulphide bond increased ATPase activity by 3.7-fold, although C84 does not have any role in ATPase activity. 3. Identification and elucidation of interaction among cell division proteins FtsE, FtsX, FtsQ and FtsZ of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Septum synthesis in E. coli is mediated by a dozen of proteins, among which the bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ is the first molecule to localise to the mid-cell site, where it forms a scaffold for the localization of downstream cell division proteins namely, FtsA /ZipA < FtsE / FtsX < FtsK < FtsQ < FtsL < FtsB < FtsW < FtsI < FtsN and AmiC. If the above order of recruitment of proteins holds true for M. tuberculosis as well, the immediate proteins recruited to the mid-cell site after MtFtsZ in M. tuberculosis would be MtFtsE and MtFtsX, followed with MtFtsK and MtFtsQ. Thus it is possible that MtFtsE and MtFtsX could be interacting with MtFtsZ and MtFtsQ. Therefore attempts were made to delineate the interaction network among MtFtsE, MtFtsX, MtFtsQ and MtFtsZ of M. tuberculosis. Ni2+-NTA agarose pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation and bacterial two-hybrid assays using wild type and deletion mutants of the proteins showed that MtFtsE interacts with MtFtsQ and MtFtsX through its C-terminus. In addition, MtFtsX could interact with MtFtsZ and MtFtsQ. MtFtsX was found to homodimerise and interact with MtFtsQ in vivo. The ATPase-active of MtFtsE in vivo being a dimer, a hypothetical model for the translocation of MtFtsQ into the membrane at mid-cell site was proposed. According to this model, MtFtsQ might be inserted into the membrane at the mid-cell site by (MtFtsX)2 functioning as the membrane channel for the transport, which could be energized by the ATPase subunit (MtFtsE)2 of the (MtFtsE)2(MtFtsX)2 complex. MtFtsX might have a role in tethering the FtsZ-ring with the membrane at the mid-cell site. An altogether different possibility could be that the (FtsE)2(FtsX)2 complex might have a role in the stabilization or constriction of FtsZ-ring during the inward growth of septum.

La thèse, effectuée dans le cadre d'une bourse CIFRE, et prolongeant un des aspects du projet ANR Traouiero, aborde d'abord la production, l'extension et l'amélioration de corpus multilingues par traduction automatique (TA) et post-édition contributive (PE). Des améliorations fonctionnelles et techniques ont été apportées aux logiciels SECTra et iMAG, et on a progressé vers une définition générique de la structure d'un corpus multilingue, multi-annoté et multimédia, pouvant contenir des documents classiques aussi bien que des pseudo-documents et des méta-segments. Cette partie a été validée par la création de bons corpus bilingues français-chinois, l'un d'eux résultant de la toute première application à la traduction littéraire.Une seconde partie, initialement motivée par un besoin industriel, a consisté à construire des systèmes de TA de type Moses, spécialisés à des sous-langages, en français↔chinois, et à étudier la façon de les améliorer dans le cadre d'un usage en continu avec possibilité de PE. Dans le cadre d'un projet interne sur le site du LIG et d'un projet (TABE-FC) en coopération avec l'université de Xiamen, on a pu démontrer l'intérêt de l'apprentissage incrémental en TA statistique, sous certaines conditions, grâce à une expérience qui s'est étalée sur toute la thèse.La troisième partie est consacrée à des contributions et mises à disposition de supports informatiques et de ressources. Les principales se placent dans le cadre du projet COST MUMIA de l'EU et résultent de l'exploitation de la collection CLEF-2011 de 1,5 M de brevets partiellement multilingues. De grosses mémoires de traductions en ont été extraites (17,5 M segments), 3 systèmes de TA en ont été tirés, et un site Web de support à la RI multilingue sur les brevets a été construit. On décrit aussi la réalisation en cours de JianDan-eval, une plate-forme de construction, déploiement et évaluation de systèmes de TA. / The thesis, conducted as part of a CIFRE grant, and extending one of the aspects of the ANR project Traouiero, first addresses the production, extension and improvement of multilingual corpora by machine translation (MT) and contributory post-editing (PE). Functional and technical improvements have been made to the SECTra and iMAG software produced in previous PhD theses (P.C. Huynh, H.T. Nguyen), and progress has ben made toward a generic definition of the structure of a multilingual, annotated and multi-media corpus that may contain usual documents as well as pseudo-documents (such as Web pages) and meta-segments. This part has been validated by the creation of good French-Chinese bilingual corpora, one of them resulting from the first application to literary translation (a Jules Verne novel).A second part, initially motivated by an industrial need, has consisted in building MT systems of Moses type, specialized to sub-languages, for french↔chinese, and to study how to improve them in the context of a continuous use with the possibility of PE. As part of an internal project on the LIG website and of a project (TABE-FC) in cooperation with Xiamen University, it has been possible to demonstrate the value of incremental learning in statistical MT, under certain conditions, through an experiment that spread over the whole thesis.The third part of the thesis is devoted to contributing and making available computer tools and resources. The main ones are related to the COST project MUMIA of the EU and result from the exploitation of the CLEF-2011 collection of 1.5 million partially multilingual patents. Large translation memories have been extracted from it (17.5 million segments), 3 MT systems have been produced (de-fr, en-fr, fr-de), and a website of support for multilingual IR on patents has been constructed. One also describes the on-going implementation of JianDan-eval, a platform for building, deploying and evaluating MT systems.

Cette thèse traite de la commande hiérarchique de réseaux à courant continu multi-terminaux à haute tension (MT-HVDC) intégrant des sources d'énergie renouvelables à grande échelle. Le schéma de contrôle proposé est composé de quatre ‘couches’ : le contrôle local où se trouvent les convertisseurs de puissance, avec une échelle de temps de l’ordre de la milliseconde ; le contrôle primaire qui est décentralisé et appliqué à plusieurs terminaux avec une échelle du temps de l’ordre de la seconde ; un niveau de commande où la communication est prise en compte et où l’approche de Modèle du Commande Prédictive (MPC) assure la planification de la tension et de la puissance à leur état d'équilibre, pour l'ensemble du système; enfin, le contrôleur de niveau supérieur, qui est principalement basé sur les techniques d'optimisation, où les aspects économiques sont pris en compte (il s’agit du réglage dit tertiaire).Au niveau des convertisseurs, un accent particulier est mis sur les convertisseurs bidirectionnels DC/DC. Dans cette thèse, trois topologies différentes sont étudiées en profondeur: deux phases Dual Active Bridge (DAB), trois phases DAB, et l’utilisation de la technologie Modular Multilevel converter (MMC) comme convertisseur DC/DC. Pour chaque topologie, une commande non-linéaire spécifique est discutée. D’autre part une nouvelle fonction pour le convertisseur DC/DC est étudiée. Il s’agit de son utilisation comme disjoncteur à courant continu (DC-CB). En ce qui concerne le contrôle primaire, qui permet de maintenir le niveau de tension continue dans le réseau, nous avons étudié trois philosophies de contrôle: celle de maître/esclave, celui du contrôle « voltage margin control » et celle de la commande du statisme (droop control). Enfin, nous avons choisi d'utiliser le droop control, entre autres, parce que la communication entre les nœuds n’est pas nécessaire. Concernant la commande secondaire, son principal objectif est de planifier le transfert de puissance entre les nœuds du réseau, qui fournissent la tension et la puissance de référence aux contrôleurs locaux et primaires, même lorsque des perturbations apparaissent. Dans cette partie, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche pour résoudre les problèmes de flux de puissance (équations non-linéaires) basée sur le théorème du point fixe de l’application contractive. Ceci permet d'utiliser plus d'un slack bus, contrairement à l’approche classique basée sur la méthode de Newton-Raphson. Par ailleurs, le réglage secondaire joue un rôle très important dans les applications pratiques, en particulier lorsque les sources d'énergie renouvelables (variables dans le temps). Dans de tels cas, il est intéressant de considérer des dispositifs de stockage afin d'améliorer la stabilité de tout le système. Il est également possible d'envisager différents types de prévisions (météo, charge, ..) basées sur la gestion des réserves de stockage. Toutes ces caractéristiques ont suggéré l'utilisation d'une approche MPC. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs critères d'optimisation ont été considérés, en particulier la minimisation des pertes de transmission ou des congestions dans le réseau.La tâche principale de réglage tertiaire est de d'atteindre l'optimisation économique de l'ensemble du réseau. Dans cette thèse, nous avons pu maximiser le profit économique du système en agissant sur le marché réel, et en optimisant l'utilisation des périphériques de stockage. Dans le but de mettre en œuvre la philosophie de contrôle hiérarchique présentée dans cette thèse, nous avons construit un banc d'essai expérimental. Cette plate-forme dispose de quatre terminaux reliés entre eux par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau à courant continu, et connectés au réseau principal de courant alternatif. Ce réseau DC peut fonctionner à un maximum de 400 V, et avec une courant maximal de 15 A. / This thesis focuses on the hierarchical control for a multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) grid suitable for the integration of large scale renewable energy sources. The proposed control scheme is composed of 4 layers, from the low local control at the power converters in the time scale of units of ms; through distributed droop control (primary control) applied in several terminals in the scale of unit of seconds; and then to communication based Model Predictive Control (MPC) that assures the load flow and the steady state voltage/power plan for the whole system, manage large scale storage and include weather forecast (secondary control); finally reaching the higher level controller that is mostly based on optimization techniques, where economic aspects are considered in the same time as longer timespan weather forecast (tertiary control).Concerning the converters' level, special emphasis is placed on DC/DC bidirectional converters. In this thesis, three different topologies are studied in depth: two phases dual active bridge (DAB), the three phases DAB, and the use of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) technology as DC/DC converter. For each topology a specific non-linear control is presented and discussed. In addition, the DC/DC converter can provide other important services as its use as a direct current circuit breaker (DC-CB). Several operation strategies are studied for these topologies used as DC-CB.With respect to primary control, which is the responsible to maintain the DC voltage control of the grid, we have studied several control philosophies: master/slave, voltage margin control and droop control. Finally we have chosen to use droop control, among other reasons, because the communication between nodes is not required. Relative to the secondary control, its main goal is to schedule power transfer between the network nodes providing voltage and power references to local and primary controllers, providing steady state response to disturbances and managing power reserves. In this part we have proposed a new approach to solve the power flow problem (non-linear equations) based on the contraction mapping theorem, which gives the possibility to use more than one bus for the power balance (slack bus) instead of the classic approach based on the Newton-Raphson method. Secondary control plays a very important role in practical applications, in particular when including time varying power sources, as renewable ones. In such cases, it is interesting to consider storage devices in order to improve the stability and the efficiency of the whole system. Due to the sample time of secondary control is on the order of minutes, it is also possible to consider different kinds of forecast (weather, load,..) and to achieve additional control objectives, based on managing storage reserves. All these characteristics encourage the use of a model predictive control (MPC) approach to design this task. In this context, several possibilities of optimization objective were considered, like to minimize transmission losses or to avoid power network congestions.The main task of tertiary control is to manage the load flow of the whole HVDC grid in order to achieve economical optimization. This control level provides power references to the secondary controller. In this thesis we were able to maximize the economic profit of the system by acting on the spot market, and by optimizing the use of storage devices. In this level it is again used the MPC approach.With the aim of implementing the hierarchical control philosophy explained in this thesis, we have built an experimental test bench. This platform has 4 terminals interconnected via a DC grid, and connected to the main AC grid through VSC power converters. This DC grid can work at a maximum of 400 V, and with a maximum allowed current of 15 A.