[pt] Estudos com nanopartículas magnéticas têm sido realizados no âmbito da medicina tanto para tratamento de tumores e câncer, quanto para fins de diagnósticos ou ainda para transporte de fármacos. Nanopartículas magnéticas podem ser administradas a alvos específicos e mantidas no local adequado por meio de um campo magnético aplicado. Com este propósito, as nanopartículas com um núcleo de material magnético são recobertas com material adequado para sua funcionalização. Neste trabalho sintetizamos nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e funcionalizamos sua superfície com uma bicamada que permitiu criar um compartimento adequado à solubilização de fármacos hidrofóbicos. Nesse compartimento foi solubilizada uma ftalocianina que se mostrou promissora como fotossensibilizante em terapia fotodinâmica. Fotossensibilizantes são moléculas que, ao interagir com a luz, formam espécies altamente reativas, como o oxigênio singlete, que destroem células e tecidos adjacentes. Este processo é utilizado em Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT). A geração de oxigênio singlete pela ftalocianina no compartimento hidrofóbico foi avaliada usando como sonda o 1,3-difenil isobenzofurano (DPBF), em formulações com os surfactantes não iônicos, Tween 80 e Pluronic 127. Com o objetivo de controlar a liberação de fármacos, construímos um circuito eletrônico para produzir um campo magnético AC que atua sobre as partículas magnéticas e produz um aumento local de temperatura. O aumento de temperatura modifica a difusão das moléculas localizadas na camada que recobre as nanopartículas, o que permite variar a taxa de liberação. Foi estudada a variação de temperatura produzida na presença do campo magnético AC. Foi estudado também o efeito da temperatura na produção de oxigênio singlete. / [en] Magnetic nanoparticles have been studied aiming at medical applications, such as treatment of tumors and cancer, for diagnostic purposes and drug delivery. Magnetic nanoparticles can be administered to specific targets and maintained in the proper location by means of an applied magnetic field. For this purpose, nanoparticles with a core of magnetic material are coated with suitable material for functionalization. In this work, we synthesized nanoparticles of iron oxide and functionalized their surface with a bilayer that served as an appropriate compartment for hydrophobic drugs. A promising phthalocyanine derived photosensitizer was solubilized in this compartment. Photosensitizers are molecules that interact with light to form highly reactive species such as singlet oxygen, which destroy cells and surrounding tissues. This process is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The generation of singlet oxygen by the phthalocyanine in the hydrophobic compartment was evaluated using the probe 1,3- diphenyl isobenzofuran (DPBF) in formulations with the nonionic surfactants Tween 80 and Pluronic F-127. Aiming to control the release of drugs, we build an electronic circuit to produce an AC magnetic field which acts on the magnetic particles to produce a local temperature increase. This increase in temperature modifies the diffusion of molecules at the surface layer of the nanoparticles, and allows to control the rate of release. Temperature variation produced in the presence of the AC magnetic field was studied. The effect of temperature on the singlet oxygen production was also studied.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-18T21:14:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO REVISÃO FINAL.pdf: 1776163 bytes, checksum: 9cc893b53fed44267523efd8f741e790 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Há problema na citação, a qual foi registrada assim: Oliveira, Relton Romeis de - Desenvolvimento, caracterização e estudo de liberação in vitro por magnetohipertermia de paclitaxel em nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas magnéticas - 2013 - 62 f. - Dissertação - Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (FF) - Universidade Federal de Goiás - Goiânia, 2013. Deve-se seguir a NBR 6023. Ex.: ALCÂNTARA, Guizelle Aparecida de. Caracterização farmacognostica e atividade antimicrobiana da folha e casca do caule da myrciarostratadc.(myrtaceae). 2012. 41 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2012. Ou seja, terá que alterar o que aparece nesse campo já registrado automático pelo programa, como: pontuação o sobrenome todo em maiúsculo, etc. on 2014-09-19T13:22:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T19:22:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REVISÃO FINAL.pdf: 1776163 bytes, checksum: 9cc893b53fed44267523efd8f741e790 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T19:33:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REVISÃO FINAL.pdf: 1776163 bytes, checksum: 9cc893b53fed44267523efd8f741e790 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T19:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REVISÃO FINAL.pdf: 1776163 bytes, checksum: 9cc893b53fed44267523efd8f741e790 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work describes the development and characterization of magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNMP) containing paclitaxel for magnetohyperthermia applications. Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts in an alkaline medium. SLNMP containing paclitaxel were prepared by emulsification – solvent diffusion. Characterization of the nanostructured system included morphology analysis, average diameter and size distribution, encapsulation efficiency for paclitaxel, stability and magnetic properties of magnetometry and magnetohyperthermia. Magnetic SLNMP containing paclitaxel exhibited an average diameter of 200nm with a polydispersity index of 0,189; which was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy. Stability studies conducted with lyophilized samples showed a decrease of approximately 15% in the amount of encapsulated paclitaxel in 30 days. Magnetometry data confirmed the superparamagnetic behavior of the nanocarriers and magnetohyperthermia effect was demonstrated by an increase of 25°C of the temperature of the nanocarrier. A three fold increase in the drug release rate was obtained when the temperature was raised from 25 to 43°C in the in vitro release assay. This indicated that temperature increase acts as a trigger mechanism for drug release, allowing the preparation of nanostructured controlled drug delivery systems controlled by magnetohyperthermia. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas magnéticas contendo paclitaxel para aplicação em magnetohipertermia. Nanopartículas magnéticas foram obtidas pelo método de coprecipitação de sais de Fe(II) e Fe(III) em meio alcalino. Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas magnéticas contendo paclitaxel foram preparadas pelo método de emulsificação-difusão de solvente. O sistema nanoestruturado foi caracterizado quanto à morfologia, diâmetro médio e distribuição de tamanho, eficiência de encapsulação do paclitaxel, estabilidade e propriedades magnéticas de magnetometria e magnetohipertermia. As nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas magnéticas contendo paclitaxel apresentaram diâmetro médio de aproximadamente 200nm com índice de polidispersão de 0,189 e 67% de eficiência de encapsulação do PTX. O estudo de estabilidade realizado em amostras liofilizadas mostrou redução de aproximadamente 15% do paclitaxel encapsulado no período de 30 dias. Pelo estudo de magnetometria os nanocarreadores apresentaram curva de magnetização condizente com material em regime perparamagnético e o efeito de magnetohipertermia foi verificado pelo aumento da temperatura de aproximadamente 25ºC do nanocarreador.A taxa de liberação do paclitaxel foi aumentada em 3 vezes quando a temperatura foi elevada de 25ºC para 43ºC no ensaio de liberação in vitro indicando que o aquecimento dos nanocarreadores pode representar um mecanismo desencadeador do processo de liberação do fármaco, possibilitando a obtenção de sistemas de liberação controlada por magnetohipertermia.

Les nanoparticules (NPs) d’oxyde de fer susceptibles de présenter un comportement superparamagnétique ont connu ces dernières années un intérêt considérable en vue de leur application en nanomédecine. Leurs propriétés magnétiques et biocompatibilités permettent notamment leur utilisation à des fins de diagnostic (IRM, imagerie optique et nucléaire…) et aussi de thérapie (hyperthermie, nano vectorisation…). L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’influence des paramètres de synthèse sur les propriétés finales des NPs d’oxyde de fer magnétique dopé au zinc. Cette étude avait plus particulièrement pour but l’optimisation des méthodes de synthèse qui sont la coprécipitation et la décomposition thermique. A ce sujet, la caractérisation des NPs par diverses techniques a permis notamment d’étudier les liens entre la taille, la forme, la composition chimique d’une part, et les propriétés magnétiques des NPs d’autre part. Dans un deuxième temps, la fonctionnalisation des NPs qui est une étape indispensable pour assurer leurs biocompatibilités a été réalisée, elle était suivie par des mesures d’hyperthermie magnétique. / The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are a class of nanomaterials with a high interest in the nanomedicine field. Their magnetic properties and biocompatibility recommend them as potential candidates for diagnostics purposes (MRI, optical or nuclear Imaging ...) and therapy (hyperthermia, nanovectorization...). The aim of this thesis was to study the influence of the synthesis parameters on the final properties of magnetic zinc doped iron oxide nanoparticles. Two synthesis methods were considered, the co-precipitation and the thermal decomposition. The characterization of the obtained nanoparticles by complementary techniques allowed us to propose a consistent relationship between the size, shape and chemical composition on the one hand, and the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles on the other hand. The functionalization of NPs, that is a crucial step for ensuring their biocompatibility and use in magnetic hyperthermia, was also realised and the hyperthermia properties were measured on some typical nanoparticles.

Submitted by Anna Carolina Telatin Tognolo null (carol.telatin@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-31T18:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa_final Anna Carolina Telatin Tognolo.pdf: 2257425 bytes, checksum: 23469d70943bc2e64ecd46da99e37dc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T14:39:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tognolo_act_me_araiq.pdf: 2257425 bytes, checksum: 23469d70943bc2e64ecd46da99e37dc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tognolo_act_me_araiq.pdf: 2257425 bytes, checksum: 23469d70943bc2e64ecd46da99e37dc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O câncer é uma das doenças mais desafiadoras e não solucionadas até hoje na medicina moderna. Apesar das terapias padrões como radioterapia, quimioterapia, cirurgia ou combinações desses tratamentos serem efetivos, esses procedimentos apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais. Portanto, há uma vasta investigação por tratamentos alternativos a fim de diminuir os efeitos colaterais dessas terapias. Nanopartículas magnéticas de óxido de ferro (NP) modificadas com polímeros termossensíveis, vêm sendo desenvolvidas como um sistema de liberação controlada de fármaco e hipertermia magnética. Na presença de um campo magnético alternado externo (AC), esses sistemas são aquecidos induzindo a transição do polímero e, consequentemente, liberando o fármaco. Sendo assim, a proposta deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um nanosistema terapêutico multifuncional. Nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro foram sintetizadas, funcionalizadas com o alcoxisilano 3-mercaptopropil – trimetoxisilano (MPTS) e modificadas com o copolímero termossensível Poli(N-isopropilacrilamida-co-dimetilacrilamida), P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm), para encapsulamento e liberação controlada do fármaco quimioterápico metotrexato e no tratamento por hipertermia magnética. A funcionalização com o MPTS foi confirmada por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR) e pela análise termogravimétrica (TGA). A copolimerização na superfície das nanopartículas foi confirmada pelas técnicas de FT-IR, medidas de potencial zeta, TGA e pela medida do diâmetro hidrodinâmico em função da temperatura. Determinou-se a baixa temperatura crítica de solução (LCST) do copolímero sintetizado, através da espectroscopia no UV-vis em função da temperatura. O valor de LCST determinado foi de 40,5 ºC e está dentro do esperado para aplicações biomédicas. Pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), observou-se que as nanopartículas magnéticas apresentaram forma esférica e estreita distribuição de tamanho mesmo após serem modificadas com o copolímero. Os resultados obtidos na magnetermia, mostraram que as amostras aquecem quando são submetidas a um campo magnético externo, atingindo temperaturas esperadas para a hipertermia. E por fim, o encapsulamento e a liberação do metotrexato foram realizados com êxito, sendo que a liberação do fármaco acima da LCST do copolímero, apresentou melhor resultado quando comparado com a liberação abaixo dessa temperatura. / Nowadays, cancer is one of the biggest challenges in medicine. Besides the standards treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery been affect, those procedures have several sides effects. In order to reduce the sides effects, there is extensive research for alternative treatments. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (NP) modified with thermosensitive polymers, has been developed as a simultaneous system, for drug delivery and for magnetic hyperthermia. In the presence of an alternating magnetic field (AC), this system will be heated, inducing a phase transition of the thermoresponsive polymer and them, consequently releasing the drug inside the tumor cells. Therefore, the proposed of this work is the development of a therapeutic multifunctional nanosystem. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized, functionalized with the alkoxysilane 3- mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTS) and modified with the thermoresponsive copolymer P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm), for the encapsulation and controlled release of the methotrexate (MTX) and for the magnetic hyperthermia. The surface modification of nanoparticles was monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). TEM images showed nanoparticles with average size of 10 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanosystem as a function of the temperature was measured by dynamic light scattering and the hydrodynamic diameter for the P(NIPAAm-coDMAAm) surface modified nanoparticles, changes near 40 °C. Under an alternative AC, the nanosystem showed a high performance for hyperthermia treatment. Drug loading and release rate of methotrexate at different temperatures showed ideal behaviour for its application as drug delivery system.

Après plusieurs décennies de consommation insouciante et inconsidérée des ressources d’origine fossile, l’humanité doit aujourd’hui faire face à une crise sans précédent concernant le réchauffement climatique global et la production et le stockage de l’énergie. Dans le double contexte de stockage des énergies renouvelables intermittentes et de valorisation du dioxyde de carbone, l’approche power-to-gas (conversion de l’énergie électrique en énergie chimique), et plus précisément la réaction de Sabatier (hydrogénation catalytique du dioxyde de carbone en méthane), apparait comme une stratégie attractive. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons en particulier à réaliser la réaction de Sabatier en utilisant des nano-catalyseurs chauffés par induction magnétique. L’utilisation de nanoparticules magnétiques pour convertir l’énergie électromagnétique en chaleur – hyperthermie magnétique – est une approche d’intérêt grandissant dans le domaine de la catalyse, même si le domaine biomédical concentre évidemment la grande majorité des applications (hyperthermie magnétique, drug delivery, etc.). L’intérêt biomédical des nanoparticules synthétisées est d’ailleurs étudié et discuté. Dans ce contexte hautement pluridisciplinaire, nous décrivons la synthèse de nanoparticules magnétiques à base de carbure de fer dédiées à la catalyse par induction magnétique et à l’hyperthermie magnétique médicale. Nous montrons que la puissance de chauffe des nanoparticules de carbure de fer sous excitation magnétique est grandement influencée par leur teneur en carbone et leur cristallinité. En particulier, il apparait que lorsque la phase cristalline de carbure de fer Fe2.2C est largement majoritaire au sein des nanoparticules (> 80%), ces dernières possèdent des débits d’absorptions spécifiques (Specific Absorption Rate SAR) remarquablement élevés. Ces propriétés singulières nous ont permis de réaliser la réaction de Sabatier dans un réacteur à flux continu et d’obtenir des résultats extrêmement prometteurs. Nous avons ainsi été en mesure de démontrer que l’association du concept de catalyse par induction magnétique à la réaction de méthanation du CO2 représente une approche à la fois innovante et attractive dans le double contexte de stockage des énergies intermittentes et de valorisation du CO2. Pour finir, les nanoparticules de carbure de fer ont été fonctionnalisées avec des ligands dérivés de la dopamine, les rendant ainsi dispersables et stables en milieux aqueux pendant plusieurs semaines. La toxicité et l’internalisation cellulaire des systèmes [nanoparticules-ligands] ont été étudiées, et se révèlent grandement dépendantes de la nature des ligands utilisés. / After several decades of oblivious fossil resources consumption, humanity is now facing major issues regarding global warming and energy production and storage. In the double context of intermittent renewable energy storage and CO2 recovery, the power-to-gas approach, and especially the Sabatier reaction (catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methane + water) is of special interest. The main goal of this thesis is to perform the Sabatier reaction using magnetically activated nano-catalysts. The use of magnetic nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into heat is indeed an approach of growing interest in catalysis, even if the field of biomedicine obviously concentrate most of the applications (magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery, etc.). In this respect, the interest of the synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical applications is studied and discussed. We describe herein a pathway to iron carbide nanoparticles allowing a fine tuning of their carbon content and magnetic properties. We show that the carbon content and the crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles greatly impact their magnetic heating efficiency. The Fe2.2C crystallographic phase especially appears to be the key to highly enhanced specific absorption rates (SARs). We took advantage of these exceptional heating properties to investigate the Sabatier reaction in a continuous flow reactor, the catalyst being activated through magnetic induction. The SAR of synthesized iron carbide nanoparticles appeared to be sufficient to reach the temperature required for the activation of the Sabatier reaction (typically > 250°C), and promising results were obtained in a continuous flow reactor. We were thus able to demonstrate that the concept of magnetically induced catalysis can be successfully applied to the CO2 methanation reaction and represents an approach of strategic interest in the double context of intermittent energy storage and CO2 valorization

Bien que de nombreux progrès aient été réalisés dans le traitement du cancer, de nouvelles approches sont nécessaires afin de minimiser les effets secondaires délétères et d’augmenter le taux de survie des patients. Aujourd’hui de nombreux espoirs reposent sur l’utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) d’oxyde de fer fonctionnalisées permettant de combiner, en un seul nano-objet, le diagnostic (agent de contraste en IRM) et la thérapie par hyperthermie magnétique (i.e. « theranostic »). Dans ce contexte, la stratégie développée est la synthèse de NPs à propriétés magnétiques optimisées par le contrôle de leurs taille, forme et composition, leur biofonctionnalisation et la validation de leurs propriétés théranostiques. Une démarche d’ingénierie des NPs a été mise en place allant de la synthèse du précurseur de fer et de l’étude fine de sa décomposition en passant par l’étude in situ de la formation des NPs jusqu'à leur fonctionnalisation et la détermination de leurs propriétés theranostiques. / Despite numerous advances in cancer treatment, new approaches are necessary in order to minimize the deleterious side effects and to increase patient’s survivals rate. Nowadays, many hopes rely on functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) that combine, in a single nano-objects, diagnosis (MRI contrast agent) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (i.e. “theranostic”). In this context, the strategy is to develop the synthesis of optimized magnetic properties NPs through the control of their size, shape, composition, biofunctionalization and the validation of their theranostic properties. A process of NPs engineering has been developed starting at the iron precursor synthesis and the fine study of its decomposition passing through the in situ formation of the NPs to their functionalization and the determination of their theranostic properties.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-04-27T17:01:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luis Cesar Branquinho - 2014.pdf: 6091709 bytes, checksum: 2c59441af9866c02cd7a2cc3cc667b3e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T11:40:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luis Cesar Branquinho - 2014.pdf: 6091709 bytes, checksum: 2c59441af9866c02cd7a2cc3cc667b3e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T11:40:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luis Cesar Branquinho - 2014.pdf: 6091709 bytes, checksum: 2c59441af9866c02cd7a2cc3cc667b3e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Magnetic nanoparticles can generate heat when submitted to alternating magnetic fields of adequate amplitude and frequency. This phenomenon is named magnetic hyperthermia and has several therapeutic applications, as for example, in the treatment of cancer. In general, the theoretical models used to describe this neglect the effect of interparticle interaction. In this thesis we investigate the effect of magnetic dipolar interaction in the magnetothermal efficiency (named specific loss power – SLP) of bicompatible magnetic nanoparticles. Firstly, we develop a chain of magnetic particles model, where we prove that the interaction leads to a contribution to the uniaxial anisotropy. This term in the free energy density allowed us to extract from the electron magnetic resonance technique (EMR) information about the mean chain size in the colloid. Further, this additional magnetic nanoparticle anisotropy term was used to develop an analytical theoretical model that takes into account the effect of the dipolar interaction between nanoparticles to SLP, considering the case where the magnetization responds linearly to the field (Linear Response Theory). Our calculations indicate that depending on the particle parameters, specially the anisotropy, the effect can be to enhance or decrease the heat generation. Moreover, we showed that increasing the chain size (number of particles in the chain) the optimal particle size for hyperthermia can decrease up to 30% in comparison with non-interacting particles. This result has several clinical implications, which allowed us to suggest some strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy. In order to investigate experimentally the effect, two magnetic fluids, one containing spherical nanoparticles based on manganese ferrite (MnF-citrate) in the superparamagnetic regime, and another commercial one (BNF-starch) magnetite-based with a shape of a parallellepiped and blocked, were selected and deeply characterized. We found a decrease of SLP increasing the chain size for the MnF sample, while for BNF-starch no effect was found at the same experimental conditions. The decrease of SLP in the MnF sample, within the particle concentration range, was explained considering in the model not only the effect in the anisotropy but also by an increase in the damping factor parameter, a term correlated to spin-phonon interaction. Data obtained using EMR and Monte Carlo simulations corroborate our hypothesis. The absence of concentration effect for the BNF sample was attributed to the higher anisotropy value and to the probable influence of brownian relaxation. In addition, the same chain model was used to investigate the behavior of blocked nanoparticles of Stoner-Wohlfarth type. In this case, we demonstrate that the chain formation increases the magnetic hyperthermia, as found in magnetosomes. Finally, we showed that a fluctuation of the dipolar interaction field between particles in the chain, which does not destroy the symmetry of this term, shows a Vogel-Fulcher behaviour in the weak coupling regime. / Nanopartículas magnéticas são capazes de gerar calor quando submetidas a campo magnético alternado de amplitude e frequência adequadas. Este fenômeno é conhecido como magnetohipertermia e possui aplicações terapêuticas como, por exemplo, no tratamento de câncer. Em geral, os modelos teóricos que descrevem o fenômeno não levam em conta efeitos associados à interação partícula-partícula. Nesta tese investigamos o efeito da interação dipolar magnética na eficiência magnetotérmica (SLP) de nanopartículas magnéticas biocompatíveis. Primeiramente desenvolvemos um modelo de cadeia de nanopartículas magnéticas, aonde provamos que a interação entre partículas que formam uma cadeia linear equivalem a uma contribuição uniaxial a anisotropia. Essa contribuição à densidade de energia permitiu que obtivéssemos por meio da técnica de ressonância magnética eletrônica (RME) informações acerca do tamanho médio de aglomerado na suspensão coloidal. Posteriormente utilizamos esse termo adicional da anisotropia efetiva da nanopartícula para propor um modelo teórico analítico que leve em consideração o efeito de tal interação na eficiência de aquecimento de nanopartículas magnéticas em um fluido para o caso em que a magnetização das nanopartículas responde linearmente ao campo (Teoria da Resposta Linear). Nossos cálculos indicaram que, dependendo de parâmetros da nanopartícula, em particular da anisotropia, este efeito pode aumentar ou diminuir a geração de calor. Além disso, mostramos que o aumento do número de partículas formando cadeias lineares reduz o diâmetro ótimo para hipertermia em até 30% em relação ao valor esperado para partículas isoladas. Este resultado possui fortes implicações clínicas, e permitiu que sugeríssemos algumas estratégias para aumentar a eficiência terapêutica. No intuito de investigar experimentalmente este efeito, dois fluidos magnéticos, um contendo nanopartículas esféricas de ferrita de Mn (MnF-citrato) no regime superparamagnético e outra comercial (BNF-starch) à base de magnetita com forma de nanoparalelepípedos e contendo partículas bloqueadas, foram selecionados e amplamente caracterizados. Observamos uma diminuição no SLP com o aumento de partículas na cadeia para a amostra MnF-citrato, para todos os valores de campo, enquanto que para a amostra BNF-starch não percebemos alteração do SLP. O decréscimo do SLP da amostra MnF, na faixa de concentração investigada, foi explicado incluindo não apenas o efeito na anisotropia efetiva, mas também o aumento no valor do fator de amortecimento. Dados de RME e simulação de Monte Carlo corroboraram tal hipótese. A ausência de efeito para amostra BNF-starch foi atribuída à alta anisotropia e provável influência de relaxação browniana. Adicionalmente, o modelo de cadeia foi usado para explicar o comportamento de nanopartículas bloqueadas do tipo Stoner-Wohlfarth. Neste caso demonstramos que a formação de cadeias aumenta a hipertermia magnética, como verificado em magnetossomos. Finalmente, mostramos que uma flutuação no campo dipolar interpartículas na cadeia, que não destrua a simetria desta contribuição, fornece um comportamento do tipo Vogel-Fulcher no regime fracamente interagente.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T17:22:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Harley Fernandes Rodrigues - 2017.pdf: 14917308 bytes, checksum: 98bd396b4a6b5e7839b6b8ff0fd12102 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T10:44:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Harley Fernandes Rodrigues - 2017.pdf: 14917308 bytes, checksum: 98bd396b4a6b5e7839b6b8ff0fd12102 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T10:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Harley Fernandes Rodrigues - 2017.pdf: 14917308 bytes, checksum: 98bd396b4a6b5e7839b6b8ff0fd12102 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In this thesis a methodology of real-time monitoring of magnetic hyperthermia (HM) in vivo was developed in the murine tumor model Sarcoma 180 using infrared thermography technique. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPM) consisted of Mn ferrites capable of generating heat at low magnetic field amplitude at the 300 kHz frequency within the safety limit determined by Atkinson. It has been shown that the apparent surface temperature value measured with the infrared camera underestimates the real skin temperature value of the mice if the camera objective does not form an angle 0 ° with the normal direction to the animal's skin in the region of interest on the tumor, with the error reaching more than 7.0 ° C (for 60 °). A new theoretical model to estimate the error in the temperature of curved surfaces was developed and proved valid even in the case where the surface temperature diverges significantly from the environment. Preclinical treatment results indicated a complete remission condition in animal that was submitted to 150 min of hyperthermia and other cases with partial remission, suggesting that biological response analyzes need to be done in a long time (> 60 days). Measurements of the intratumoral temperature monitored by three fiber-optic thermometers during the therapeutic procedure of HM with NPM indicated an inhomogeneous heat delivery within the tumor. Additionally, a new methodology for calculating the thermal dose (CEM43) evaluated at the surface, considering each pixel of the thermographic image as a thermometer in the tumor region, indicated that the value T10(t) of the temperature detected in vivo at the surface of the skin over subcutaneous tumors can report, with an error of the order of 5%, the mean intratumoral temperature value during the therapeutic procedure of HM. / Nesta tese foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de monitoramento em tempo real da hipertermia magnética (HM) in vivo no modelo tumoral murino Sarcoma 180 utilizando a técnica de termografia por infravermelho. As nanopartículas magnéticas (NPM) consistiam de ferritas de Mn capazes de gerar calor em baixa amplitude de campo magnético, na frequência de 300 kHz, dentro do limite de segurança determinado por Atkinson. Foi demonstrado que o valor da temperatura superficial aparente medido com a câmera de infravermelho subestima o valor da temperatura real da pele dos camundongos se a objetiva da câmera não formar um ângulo 0° com a direção normal à pele do animal na região de interesse sobre o tumor, podendo o erro chegar a mais do que 7,0 °C (para 60°). Um novo modelo teórico para estimar o erro na temperatura de superfícies curvas foi desenvolvido e se mostrou válido inclusive para o caso em que a temperatura superficial diverge significativamente da ambiente. Resultados pré-clínicos do tratamento indicaram uma situação de remissão completa em animal que passou por 150 min de hipertermia e outros casos com remissão parcial, sugerindo que análises de resposta biológica precisam ser feitas em longo tempo (> 60 dias). Medidas da temperatura intratumoral monitorada por três termômetros de fibra-óptica durante o procedimento terapêutico de HM com NPM indicaram uma entrega de calor não homogênea dentro do tumor. Adicionalmente, uma nova metodologia para o cálculo da dose térmica (CEM43) avaliada na superfície, considerando cada pixel da imagem termográfica como um termômetro na região do tumor, indicou que o valor de T10(t) da temperatura detectada in vivo na superfície da pele sobre tumores subcutâneos pode informar, com um erro da ordem de 5%, o valor da temperatura média intratumoral durante o procedimento terapêutico de HM.

Cette thèse présente le développement de nanoparticules hybrides avec un coeur inorganique et une couronne organique pour des applications médicales. Des nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer ont été obtenues par synthèse polyol, en contrôlant leurs cristallinités, leurs morphologies (monocoeur ou multicoeur) et leurs tailles (de 4 à 37 nm). Leurs propriétés ont été évaluées et comparées pour de possibles applications théranostiques : en thérapie pour le traitement du cancer par hyperthermie magnétique, pour le diagnostic en tant qu’agents de contraste pour l’IRM. Les surfaces des nanoparticules ont été modifiées par greffage de polymères/polypeptides pour apporter de la stabilité en milieux biologiques et de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Le poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) a été greffé pour ses propriétés de furtivité, le poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) et des polypeptides dérivés de l’élastine (ELPs) pour leurs propriétés thermosensibles, et la sonde fluorescente DY700 pour permettre le suivi des nanoparticules in vitro et in vivo. Les propriétés magnétiques et thermosensibles de ces nanoparticules coeur-couronne ont été étudiées avec un instrument unique combinant l’hyperthermie magnétique et un système de diffusion dynamique de la lumière. Ainsi, les variations de température, de diamètre et d’intensité diffusée ont pu être mesurées simultanément. Les propriétés de nanoparticules monocoeur et multicoeur greffées avec du PEG, et des nanoparticules monocoeur greffées avec un ELP contenant un peptide pénétrant ont d’abord été évaluées in vitro. Leurs internalisations dans des cellules de tumeur cérébrale humaine (glioblastome) ont permis d’étudier leurs cytotoxicités après traitement par hyperthermie magnétique, et ont montré une baisse de viabilité cellulaire jusqu’à 90 %. In vivo, l’injection intraveineuse de ces nanoparticules dans des souris a abouti à une accumulation dans les tumeurs. L’injection intratumorale suivie du traitement par hyperthermie magnétique a conduit à des élévations de température locales d’environ 10 °C, avec un effet significatif sur l’activité des tumeurs. / This thesis reports the development of hybrid nanoparticles made of an inorganic iron oxide core and an organic shell for medical applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were produced by the polyol pathway, leading to a good control over their crystallinity and morphology (monocore or multicore). IONPs with diameters in the range of 4 to 37 nm were produced. Their properties as MRI contrast agents were assessed and compared, for possible theranostic applications. They can be used for treating cancer by magnetic hyperthermia, and as contrast agents for MR imaging. The surface of the IONPs was modified to bring stability in biological conditions, as well as new functionalities. Poly(ethylene glycol) was grafted for its stealth property, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) for their thermosensitive capabilities, and a DY700 fluorescent probe was grafted for tracking nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. The magnetic and thermosensitive properties of the nanoparticles were studied using a unique set-up combining magnetic hyperthermia with dynamic-light scattering. This set-up allowed measuring the elevations of temperature of the samples as well as variations in diameter and backscattered intensity. Monocore and multicore IONPs grafted with PEG, and monore IONPs grafted with a diblock ELP were tested in vitro. Their interactions with glioblastoma cells were studied, from the internalization pathway inside the cells to their cytotoxic effect (up to 90 %) under magnetic hyperthermia. In vivo, nanoparticles intravenously injected in mice accumulated in the tumors. Intratumoral administration followed by magnetic hyperthermia treatment led to elevations of temperature of up to 10 °C, with a significant effect on the tumor activity.

Ce manuscrit de thèse présente la synthèse de nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer superparamagnétiques couramment appelées SPIONs servant d’agents de contraste pour l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et la génération de chaleur pour la thérapie cellulaire par hyperthermie induite par champ magnétique radiofréquence (HMRF). Le contrôle des tailles et de la distribution en tailles des SPIONs et donc de leurs propriétés magnétiques a été obtenu en utilisant un copolymère arborescent G1 (substrat de polystyrène branché en peigne noté G0, greffé avec des groupements pendants poly(2-vinyle pyridine) ) comme milieu « gabarit », tandis que la stabilité colloïdale et la biocompatibilité des SPIONs ont été apportées par un procédé de poly-complexation ionique grâce à un copolymère double-hydrophile acide polyacrylique-bloc-poly(acrylate de 2-hydroxyéthyle) PAA-b-PHEA. / This Ph.D. dissertation describes the synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) designed to serve as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and for heat generation in cellular radiofrequency magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH) treatment. Control over the size and size distribution of the iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), and thus over their magnetic properties, was achieved using a G1 arborescent copolymer (comb-branched (G0) polystyrene substrate grafted with poly(2-vinylpyridine) side chains, or G0PS-g-P2VP) as a template. Good colloidal stability and biocompatibility of the SPIONs were achieved via the formation of polyion complex (PIC) micelles with a poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PAA-b-PHEA) double-hydrophilic block copolymer.