Entender a influência que o Sistema de Controle Gerencial (SCG) exerce nos funcionários é de suma importância para que uma empresa consiga alcançar seus objetivos. Entretanto, o foco das pesquisas sobre os efeitos dos SCG nos indivíduos tem tido forte incidência no comportamento disfuncional (Birnberg, Turopolec, & Young, 1983; Chenhall, 2006; Hartmann, 2000). Portanto, é urgente a necessidade de um novo olhar sobre o SCG, enfatizando o quanto o SCG pode aprimorar o potencial dos indivíduos, fazendo com que eles se empenhem para que a organização alcance seus objetivos. Assim, esta tese investiga os relacionamentos entre o Sistema de Controle Gerencial, o Capital Psicológico e satisfação no trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional. Fundamentado no framework das alavancas de controle de Simons (1995), este estudo tem por hipótese uma associação positiva entre o SCG e o Capital Psicológico, que é definido como um estado psicológico positivo de um indivíduo, que enfatiza o desenvolvimento de forças individuais, caracterizado por: autoeficácia, esperança, otimismo e resiliência. Ademais, investigou-se a hipótese de que há uma associação positiva entre o Capital Psicológico e a satisfação no trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional. Para alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa, realizou-se um survey single entity em uma empresa brasileira de grande porte do setor alimentício. Foram utilizadas duas técnicas de coleta de dados, questionário e entrevistas, a fim de obter uma análise ampla do fenômeno a ser estudado. As entrevistas foram realizadas com doze diretores e gerentes da empresa, com o objetivo de buscar uma compreensão mais profunda sobre o sistema de controle gerencial, a fim de agregar informações adicionais sobre os achados quantitativos. O questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra de 132 respondentes de uma população de 404, abrangendo gerentes e coordenadores de diversas áreas da organização. Os dados coletados pelo survey foram submetidos a técnicas estatística de análise descritiva e análise de equações estruturais (PLS-SEM). Os resultados indicaram que há uma forte associação entre o SCG e o Capital Psicológico, que, por sua vez, está relacionado com a satisfação no trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional. Esse resultado é relevante, ao demonstrar empiricamente o quanto o Sistema de Controle Gerencial pode aprimorar o potencial dos indivíduos, uma vez que o Capital Psicológico produz motivação e perseverança em direção à realização de metas, promovendo atitudes e comportamentos desejáveis e ajudando a aplacar resultados atitudinais e comportamentais indesejáveis (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Luthans et al., 2015), contribuindo para que a organização adquira vantagem competitiva. / The understanding of the influence that the Management Control System (MCS) exerts on the employees is of paramount importance for the company to achieve its objectives. However, the focus of research on the effects of MCS on individuals has had a strong incidence on dysfunctional behavior (Birnberg, Turopolec, & Young, 1983; Chenhall, 2006; Hartmann, 2000). Therefore, there is a need for a new look at MCS, emphasizing how MCS can enhance individuals\' potential by making them strive for the organization to achieve its intended goals. Thus, this thesis investigates the relationships between the Management Control System, the Psychological Capital and job satisfaction and the organizational commitment. Based on the Levers of Control framework of Simons (1995), this study hypothesizes a positive association between MCS and Psychological Capital, which is defined as a positive psychological state of an individual that emphasizes the development of individual forces, characterized by self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience. In addition, was investigated the hypothesis that there is a positive association between Psychological Capital and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. To achieve the research objectives, a survey single entity was conducted in a large Brazilian company in the food sector. Two techniques of data collection, questionnaire and interviews, were used in order to obtain a broad analysis of the phenomena to be studied. The interviews were conducted with twelve directors and managers of the company, with the objective of seeking a deeper understanding of the company\'s management control system in order to aggregate additional information about the quantitative findings. The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 132 respondents from a population of 404, comprising managers and coordinators from various areas of the organization. The data collected by the survey were submitted to statistical techniques of descriptive analysis and analysis of structural equations (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that there is a strong association between MCS and Psychological Capital, which, in turn, is related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This result is relevant, by empirically demonstrating how the Management Control System can improve individuals\' potential, since Psychological Capital produces motivation and perseverance towards achieving goals by promoting desirable attitudes and behaviors and helping to placate undesirable attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Luthans et al., 2015), contributing to the organization gaining competitive advantage.

Denna uppsats behandlar ämnet budgetslack samt olika faktorers påverkan inom tre skildaverksamheter. Budgetslack är vanligt förekommande inom de flesta verksamheter och sessom ett problem som minskar verksamheters konkurrenskraft. Det råder dock delademeningar om vilka faktorer som ökar respektive minskar existensen av slack samtförekommande studier som motsäger varandra. Vi ansåg därför att det vore intressant attstudera ämnet närmare och valde att fördjupa oss i hur faktorerna budgetstyrning,företagsmiljö, agerande i eget intresse, informationsasymmetri, deltagandegrad ibudgetförhandlingen samt budgetmålens inverkan samverkar. Utifrån vår empiriska dataupprättade vi en egen modell som visar hur dessa faktorer påverkade förekomsten av slackinom de tre olika verksamheterna.Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå hur olika faktorers påverkan på budgetslack skiljer sigåt mellan olika verksamheter. Vidare syftar studien till att presentera existerande attitydersamt förekomsten av budgetslack.Resultatet av vår studie visade att olika faktorers påverkan på budgetslack skiljer sig åtberoende på vilken typ av verksamhet det gäller. Vi identifierade slack av något slag inomåtminstone två verksamheter men inte några förebyggande åtgärder. Detta kan i det ena falletbero på att slack inte ansågs existera och i det andra på att det inte var något somprioriterades. Utöver de påverkande faktorer som nämndes i teorin har vi även identifierat enhög kostnadskontroll som en åtgärdande faktor av slack. Vidare har vi i denna studie sett attslack inte nödvändigtvis måste vara något dåligt då det bland annat bidrar till en högarbetstillfredsställelse och ansvarskänsla hos personalen vilket i sin tur minskar förekomstenav det så kallade ”dåliga” slacket. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre estilo de liderança, definição de uso do sistema de controle gerencial (SCG) e inovação tecnológica. Fundamentado nas lideranças transformacional e transacional (Bass, 2008) e no modelo de alavancas de controle de Simons (1995a), este estudo explora o estilo de liderança como um antecedente da definição de uso do sistema de controle gerencial e o papel de seus diferentes tipos de uso (sistemas de crenças, interativo, diagnóstico e de restrições) na inovação tecnológica. A partir de um levantamento realizado com questionário eletrônico, os achados obtidos geram contribuições relevantes para a pesquisa em controle gerencial, ainda que não possam ser atribuídos de maneira generalizada, mas sim em relação a uma amostra de 164 empresas, a maioria de grande porte. Com emprego da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, foram encontradas evidências de que a liderança transformacional é um antecedente do uso interativo do SCG e do sistema de crenças. Este achado demonstra que o líder transformacional confere significado ao sistema de crenças e seu comportamento cria condições para que as informações geradas pelo SCG sejam revistas, questionadas e discutidas entre os membros da organização, favorecendo a identificação de estratégias emergentes. Os achados também indicam que os sistemas de crenças, interativo e de restrições influenciam positivamente a inovação tecnológica. Significa que três, dos quatro tipos de usos previstos por Simons (1990, 1991, 1995a), afetam a inovação, ou seja, as empresas que buscam inovar em seus produtos e processos devem investir: (i) na comunicação de valores e objetivos relacionados à inovação, (ii) em discussões que envolvam diferentes áreas e membros do negócio, considerando inclusive a possibilidade de interagir com agentes externos à empresa, e ainda, (iii) no estabelecimento de limites que especifiquem um campo de ação para os colaboradores, fornecendo foco e gerando condições para que as ações pretendidas sejam desenvolvidas. Os achados também confirmam que o setor econômico influencia a inovação tecnológica. Não foram obtidas evidências empíricas que suportem a hipótese de que a liderança transacional seja um antecedente da definição de uso dos sistemas diagnóstico e de restrições. Esperava-se que a liderança transacional tivesse influência, de alguma forma, sobre tais sistemas pelo fato de suas propostas serem condizentes com uma perspectiva de gestão mais rígida. Contudo, para a amostra analisada, isso não foi confirmado. A hipótese de que a definição de uso do sistema de controle diagnóstico influencia positivamente a inovação tecnológica também não foi confirmada, sugerindo que a inovação não está plenamente integrada ao SCG das organizações pesquisadas. Este achado indica que as empresas precisam melhorar seus modelos de gestão para que possam formalizar metas e objetivos específicos sobre inovação e identificar desvios em relação à estratégia pretendida. Em síntese, esta pesquisa expande o conhecimento sobre controle gerencial indicando as formas que as organizações fazem uso do SCG para promover a inovação e obter renovação estratégica. / This research investigates the relationship between leadership style, definition of management control system (MCS) use and technological innovation. Based on transformational and transactional leadership (Bass, 2008) and on the Simons\' (1995) levers of control model, this study explores leadership style as an antecedent of the definition of management control system use and the role of its different use types (beliefs, interactive, diagnostic and boundary systems) on technological innovation . From an electronic questionnaire survey, the findings obtained generate relevant contributions in management control research, even though they may not be assigned a generalized way, but in relation to a sample of 164 organizations, mostly large. With use of the technique of structural equation modeling, evidence that transformational leadership is an antecedent of the interactive use of the MCS and beliefs system were found. This finding demonstrates that the transformational leader gives meaning to the belief system and his behavior creates conditions so that the information generated by the MCS are reviewed, questioned and discussed among members of the organization, facilitating the identification of emergent strategies. The findings also indicate that the belief systems, interactive and boundary positively influence technological innovation. It means that three of the four types of uses provided by Simons (1990, 1991, 1995a) affect innovation, in other words, organizations seeking to innovate in its products and processes should invest : (i) in the communication of values and goals related to innovation, (ii) in discussions involving different areas and members of the business, including considering the possibility of interacting with external agents, and also (iii) in the establishment of boundaries that specify a field of action for employees, providing focus and creating conditions for the intended actions to be developed. The findings also confirm that the economic sector influences technological innovation. No empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the transactional leadership as an antecedent of the definition of use of diagnostic and boundaries systems were obtained. It was expected that transactional leadership had influence in some way, on such systems because their proposals are consistent with the prospect of tighter management. However, for the sample analyzed, it was not confirmed. The hypothesis that the definition of diagnostic control system use positively influences technological innovation was also not confirmed, suggesting that innovation is not fully integrated into the MCS of the surveyed organizations. This finding indicates that companies need to improve their management models to enable them to formalize specific goals and objectives on innovation and identify deviations from the intended strategy. In summary, this study expands the knowledge in management control indicating the ways in which organizations use their MCS to promote innovation and obtain strategic renewal.

Bakgrund: Osäkerhet och risker förekommer ofta i samband med byggprojekt och kan skapa problem för flertalet inblandade parter. Det kan exempelvis innebära en orderförändring i form av flyttad leveranstid. Då det är viktigt att uppfylla kundens behov i form av korrekt leveranstid, kan förseningen innebära att leverantören till byggprojektet måste senarelägga leveransen av sina produkter för att tillfredsställa dessa behov. Detta riktar fokus mot organisationens interna agerande och flexibilitet hos anställda för att hantera riskerna som uppstår. Tillämpning av ekonomisk styrning kan här vara till hjälp för att få anställda att agera i organisationens intresse. Genom att i studien även applicera riskhanteringsteori på företag som levererar till projekt kan osäkerhet uppmärksammans och beskrivas samt svårigheter belysas som skapas mellan berörd personal. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva och delvis kartlägga osäkerhet, med avseende på leveranstidpunkt, och hanteringen av denna gällande kundspecifika leveranser hos leverantörsföretag med speciellt fokus på interaktionen mellan olika avdelningar.  Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metodologisk ansats och vill med hjälp av en komparativ flerfallstudie se hur två olika företag hanterar osäkerheten som uppstår vid kundspecifika leveranser. Intervjuer genomfördes på avdelningar som berörs av tidsrelaterade orderförändringar. Slutsats: Studien kommer fram till att företag som levererar till projekt utsätts för förutsägbar osäkerhet och kan hantera detta på olika sätt beroende på om stort internt fokus ligger på att följa regler eller att uppnå kundnöjdhet. Regleruppfyllelse innebär ett förutbestämt svar på hur osäkerhet ska hanteras, medan kundfokus innebär att resultatstyrning främjas likaså att anställda känner sig motiverade i arbetet. På så sätt interagerar riskhantering och styrningsmetoder tillsammans. Nyckelord: osäkerhet, risk, hantering, ekonomisk styrning, tidsrelaterade orderförändringar, leverans / Background: Uncertainty and risk are often present during construction projects, which can create problems for several parties involved in the process. This could amount to an order change in terms of delivery time. When it is of importance to satisfy the needs of the client concerning correct delivery time, the delay in a construction project can mean that the supplier of the project has to delay its products to achieve customer satisfaction. This draws attention towards the organizations internal behavior and flexibility among its employees to manage the risks that occurs. To make employees act in a way that is in the organizations best interest, management control systems can be used. By applying risk management on companies that deliver to a construction project, uncertainty can be acknowledged and described as well as highlight the difficulties this can create for employees. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe and partly chart uncertainty in regard of delivery time, and the management of it concerning customer specific deliveries with special attention to the interaction between different departments. Methodology: By using a qualitative method the study wants to, with the help of a multiple case study, compare how two companies manage uncertainty that occurs during customer specific deliveries. This was carried out by interviewing departments concerned with time related order changes at both companies. Conclusion: The study concludes that companies delivering to projects are exposed to predictable uncertainty and can handle this by either focus on following established rules or customer satisfaction. Following rules means that there is a predetermined answer on how to handle the uncertainty within the company. Customer satisfaction, on the other hand, means that results control and making the employees feel motivated is in focus. This means that risk management and management control systems are working together to manage uncertainty. Keywords: uncertainty, risk management, management control system, time related order changes, delivery

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Styrsystem är ett brett och komplext begrepp som kan innehålla många olika komponenter, till exempel budgetering. Bankverksamheterna är hårt reglerade utifrån de lagar och regler som gäller i det aktuella landet som de är verksamma inom. Därför är det viktigt att ha tydliga riktlinjer och styra de anställda så att de inte bryter mot några lagar och/eller regler. Dock finns det en viss problematik kring en hårt reglerad verksamhet. Till exempel kan både regler och strikta budgetar leda till att de anställdas motivation påverkas negativt då de är hårt hållna och inte kan arbeta på det sätt de vill på grund av strikta riktlinjer. En annan del kring problematiken med en icke vinstdrivande organisation är hur medarbetarna kan motiveras utan monetär bonus/utdelning, då dessa kan ses som volontärarbetare i denna typ av organisation. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera hur en icke vinstdrivande bank arbetar med sitt interna styrsystem för att bibehålla medarbetarnas motivation till att genomföra arbetsuppgifterna, trots hårda påtryckningar utifrån i form av bland annat lagar och regler. Denna studie avser även att beskriva hur en medarbetare kan belönas utan monetära ersättningar och se om denna har någon inverkan på medarbetarens motivation. Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes i denna studie då djupgående intervjuer genomfördes och därmed kunde respondenternas uppfattningar redogöras. En fallstudiestrategi valdes för att studien skulle kunna fånga upp respondenternas uppfattningar då fallstudier används för att forskaren ska kunna skaffa sig en djupare insikt i hur det ser ut i till exempel en organisation. Intervjufrågorna formulerades efter de teorier och begrepp som finns i den teoretiska referensramen och alla respondenter utom en intervjuades på sin ordinarie arbetsplats. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och sorterades efter de teoretiska begrepp som används i studien. Slutsats: Trots hårda yttre regleringar och strikta riktlinjer kan styrsystemet utformas på ett sätt som har en positiv inverkan på medarbetarnas motivation. Att arbeta efter budget kan ha en negativ inverkan på motivationen men föreliggande studie visar att detta kan ha en positiv inverkan på motivationen beroende på hur organisationen utformar sitt interna styrsystem utifrån de tre styrningsperspektiven, resultat-, handlings- och social styrning. Även i en icke vinstdrivande organisation kan medarbetarna belönas på andra sätt än genom monetära ersättningar, vilket har en positiv inverkan på medarbetarnas förväntningar och motivation enligt denna studie. Belöningarna måste vara intressanta för medarbetaren, annars är det troligt att medarbetaren inte uppfattar detta som en belöning. / Background and problems: Management control system is a wide and complex concept that can consist of many different components, for example budgeting. The banks are tightly regulated according to the laws and regulations of the country they are operating within. Therefor is it important to have clear guidelines and to control their employees so they don’t break the law and/or the rules. However, there are some concerns related to a tightly regulated business. For example can both strict rules and budgets affect the employee’s motivation in a negative way since they are supervised and can’t perform their tasks in the way they want because of the strict guidelines. Another part of the problem concerning a non-profit organisation is how the employees can be motivated without monetary compensations, as they can be seen as voluntary workers in this kind of organisation. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse how a non-profit bank uses its internal control system to maintain the motivation of the employees to perform the job assignments despite strong pressure from the outside, inter alia, due to laws and regulations. This study also intends to describe how an employee can be rewarded without monetary compensation and see if this has any effect on the employee’s motivation. Method: A qualitative approach was used in this study as in-depth interviews were performed and therefore could the respondents’ perceptions be defined. A case study strategy was chosen for this paper to be able to capture the respondents' perceptions, as case studies is used when the scholar should be able to gain a deeper understanding of how it appears in an organisation for example. The interview questions were formulated by the theories and concepts in the theoretical framework and all respondents except one were interviewed at their ordinary workplace. The interviews was recorded, transliterated and was sorted out by the theoretical concepts that was used in the study. Conclusions: Despite tight regulation from the outside and strict guidelines can the internal control system be formulated in a way that has a positive effect on the employee’s motivation. To work after a budget could have a negative effect on the motivation but this paper shows that this can have a positive effect on the motivation depending on how the organisation formulates their internal control system according to the three control perspectives, result-, action- and social control. Even in a non-profit organisation can the employees be rewarded in other ways than monetary compensations, which have a positive effect on the employee’s expectations and motivation according to this study. The rewards must be interesting to the employee, in other way it is most likely that the employee doesn’t perceive this as a reward.

Bakgrund: Kaplan och Nortons modell Balanced Scorecard (BSC) introducerades i början av 1990-talet och är ett populärt resultatmätningssystem och strategiskt managementsystem inom ekonomi- och verksamhetsstyrning. BSC exemplifierar det Røvik (2008) kallar ett organisationsrecept och Abrahamson (1996) ett organisationsmode som spridits på en marknad för ekonomistyrningsmodeller. För att underlätta spridning av BSC samt minska motståndet på lokala marknader kan komponenter inkluderas, till exempel som Ax och Bjørnenak (2005) exemplifierar i Sverige avseende BSC och medarbetarperspektivet, ett budgetlöst företagande och det intellektuella kapitalet. Utöver modellens grundare, forskare, konsulter och massme-dia utgör studenter en aktörsroll som både är mottagare av BSC under utbildningen och spridningsagenter i samband med uppsatsarbeten och sedermera i yrkesutövningen. Det är kategorin studenter som är huvudfokus i denna uppsats om BSC popularitet och livscykel. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för om och på vilket sätt BSC kan uppfattas som ett populärt organisationsrecept. Detta genom att kartlägga förekomst och beskriva vad som studerats och hur det har presenterats i uppsatser relaterade till BSC tidsperioden 1997 till 2013, med tyngdpunkt på åren 2000-2012. Jämförelsen mellan den empiriska och teoretiska referensramen ska leda till att belysa BSC livscykel. Metod: En dokumentstudie har genomförts där det empiriska materialet är avgränsat till uppsatser vilka producerats vid svenska universitet och högskolor och publicerats i endera eller bägge dataarkiven DiVA och Uppsök vilka finns tillgängliga via Internet. Uppsatser som där-utöver kan återfinnas i lokala arkiv via lärosätenas bibliotek och hemsidor ingår inte i studien. Resultat, Slutsatser: Resultaten i denna undersökning som omfattar information om cirka 500 uppsatser visar att antalet uppsatser som relaterats till BSC ökat till år 2006 för att därefter uppvisa en avtagande trend. Det är dock en skillnad mellan studier inriktade mot offentlig eller privat verksamhet, där det de senaste tre åren finns indikationer på ett stigande intresse för BSC inom privat verksamhet. Det går att spåra avtryck av BSC innehåll och utveckling i uppsatserna, till exempel studier om budget och BSC och studerade organisationer som omnämns i den svenska BSC litteraturen. Ett tydligt avtryck är studerande som spridningsagenter för BSC och en länk mellan akademi och praktik på en marknad för ekonomistyrningsmodeller. Baserat på en beräkning med mycket förenklade antaganden har studerande gemensamt ägnat nästan två sekel till att genomföra undersökningar som är mer eller mindre inriktade mot BSC. / Background: Kaplan and Norton’s Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was introduced in the beginning of the 1990s and is a popular performance management system and strategic management system. BSC is also an example of a management idea (Røvik 2008) and management fashion (Abrahamson 1996) disseminated in a management fashion market. To facilitate the dissemination process and to minimize the resistance on local markets several components may be included. In Sweden for example described components are a human perspective, intellectual capital and abandoning of budget (Ax & Bjørnenak 2005). Kaplan and Norton - the founders of the concept together with researchers, consultants and mass media are members of a management-fashion-setting community. Students are also an actor in a management fashion market and they are recipients of BSC in training and in professional occupations. Therefore the student category is the main focus in this study. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding whether and in what way BSC may be perceived as a popular management idea. This by first identifying the presence of BSC and then describe what has been studied and how it has been presented in essays during the period 1997 to 2013, with emphasis on the period 2000 to 2012. The comparison between the empirical and theoretical frame of reference will illustrate BSC life cycle. Method: A document study has been performed and the empirical sample is delimited to essays produced at universities in Sweden and published in one or both of the data archives named DiVA and Uppsök. The archives are available on Internet. Essays which additionally may be found at university libraries and their websites are not included in the study. Results, Conclusions: The empirical sample comprises information of about 500 essays and there are a growing number of studies about BSC until the year 2006. Thereafter a tendency for a decline in popularity exists. There is a difference between studies about public and private organizations where there are indications for a growing interest of BSC in private organizations during the last three years of the time period 2000 to 2012. One can find imprints of BSC components and development in the essays. For example BSC and budget and Swedish organizations that are exemplified in the Swedish BSC literature. A strong impression is that students as an actor on a management fashion market, with simplified assumptions have collectively spent almost two centuries to investigate topics which are more or less dedicated to BSC.

Notre recherche est focalisée sur le rôle du contrôleur de gestion dans les compagnies d’assurance d’un pays appartenant à une région de perturbations économiques et politiques continues tel que le Liban.Ainsi, notre thèse vise à saisir les conditions dans lesquelles les sociétés d’assurance libanaises choisissent leurs pratiques de contrôle de gestion, et plus précisément à déterminer les différents facteurs de contingence qui peuvent influer sur la fonction contrôle de gestion des compagnies d’assurance au Liban. L’emploi de deux méthodologies a permis d’obtenir un éclairage approfondi des pratiques de contrôle de gestion dans les sociétés d’assurance au Liban. L’étude exploratoire menée auprès de sept compagnies d’assurance a mis en exergue l’existence de deux types de fonction contrôle de gestion, qui se distinguent par leur autonomie relative vis-à-vis de la direction générale de l’entreprise.Plus particulièrement, le rôle du contrôleur de gestion dépend de sa position dans la structure, et sa marge d’autorité varie selon son rattachement hiérarchique.Une typologie plus large est réalisée ensuite par une étude quantitative approfondie à l’aide d’un questionnaire, menée auprès de seize compagnies d’assurance libanaises. L’étude quantitative a apporté un éclairage plus précis en mettant en exergue l’existence de trois types du système de contrôle de gestion dans les sociétés d’assurance libanaises : le système de contrôle de gestion organisationnel, le système de contrôle de gestion partagé, et le système d’information général. L’adoption d’un de ces trois types diffère selon des facteurs de contingence comme la taille, l’internationalisation de la société, la nature de l’actionnariat…, mais aussi la conception de la fonction de contrôle de gestion par la gouvernance de l’organisation / Our research focuses on the role of the management controller in insurance companies in a country belonging to a region of continuous economic and political disturbances such as Lebanon.Thus, our thesis aims to capture the conditions under which Lebanese insurance companies choose their management control practice, and more specifically to determine the different contingency factors that can influence the management control function of insurance companies in Lebanon.The use of two methodologies has provided an insight into management control practices in insurance companies in Lebanon.The exploratory study conducted within seven insurance companies highlighted the existence of two types of management control functions, which are distinguished by their relative autonomy vis-à-vis of the company general management.More particularly, the role of the management controller depends on his position within the structure, and his authority margin varies according to his hierarchical connection.A broader typology is then carried out by a thorough quantitative study using a survey conducted among sixteen Lebanese insurance companies.The quantitative study shed more light on the existence of three types of management control systems in Lebanese insurance companies: the organizational management control system, the shared management control system, and the general information system. The adoption of one of these three types differs according to several contingency factors such as the company’s size, the internationalization of the company, the nature of the shareholding ..., and also according to the conception of the management control function designated by the governance of the organization

Bakgrund – Projekt är ett allt vanligare fenomen inom de flesta organisationer. Förekomsten av projekt har ökat under de senaste decennierna och de flesta organisationer bedriver idag någon form av projektbaserad verksamhet. Definitionen av ett projekt är att de ofta har ett specifikt syfte och begränsningar gällande tid och resurser. Projekts ökade popularitet märks även inom forskningen men det finns luckor rörande kunskap av hur styrsystem inom projekt förändras över projektets livcykel. Syfte - Syftet med studien är att bidra till ökad förståelse av på vilket sätt styrsystem inom projekt förändras över tid och hur det går att förklara med hjälp av projektens kontext. Metod – Studien är en kvalitativ flerfallstudie av projekt inom tre olika företag av varierande karaktär. Den generade datan bygger på semi-strukturerade intervjuer av projektledare på Region Östergötland, Saab och Scania. Studien utgår från en induktiv ansats. Slutsatser – Resultatet visar att styrning inom projekt i allra högsta grad är dynamisk och förändras under projektets livscykel. Resultatet visar även på att det finns liknande drag över hur styrsystem inom projekt förändras under ett projekts livscykel men att projektets miljö och syfte avgör hur styrningen utvecklas. Förändringarna av styrsystemet ser även olika ut beroende på om förändringen sker som svar på en oförutsedd händelse eller som en naturlig del av projektprocessen. / Introduction: Projects are an increasingly common phenomenon in most organizations. The presence of projects has increased in recent decades, and most organizations currently carry out some form of project-based activities. The definition of a project is that they often have a specific purpose and limitations regarding time and resources. Projects' increased popularity is also felt in research, but there are gaps about knowledge of how management systems within projects change over the life cycle of the project. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to a better understanding of how management systems within projects change over time and how it can be explained by the context of the projects. Method: The study is a qualitative multi-case study of projects within three different companies of varying character. The genetic data is based on semi-structured interviews by project managers in Region Östergötland, Saab and Scania. The study is based on an inductive approach. Conclusion: The result shows that management control systems in projects is highly dynamic and changes during the life cycle of the project. The result also shows that there are similar features of how management control systems within projects change during the life cycle of a project, but that the project's environment and goal determine what direction the change takes. Changes to the control system also look different depending on whether the change occurs in response to an unforeseen event or as a natural part of the project process.

Enligt teorin kan ett väl implementerat styrsystem anses vara en självklarhet för företag som verkar på dagens allt mer konkurrensutsatta marknad. Vidare har det samtidigt visat sig att styrsystem i många mindre företag sällan är till större nytta och att dessa företag således inte har ett formellt implementerat styrsystem. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur mindre företag på grund av deras förutsättningar, använder mekanistisk och organisk styrning. Vidare syftar även studien att klargöra i vilken utsträckning som styrsystemet stämmer överens med deras förutsättningar. Den teoretiska referensramen består av två huvudsakliga teorier, contingency theory samt mekanistisk och organisk styrning. Genom att göra en fallstudie på ett mindre plåtföretag i tillverkningsindustrin, syftar denna studie att få en djupare förståelse för ett företags styrning och hur styrningen påverkas av företagets förutsättningar. De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att ett mindre företags förhållanden kan anses påverka företages styrning samt att situationsvariablerna speglar vilket styrsystem de använder. Fortsättningsvis kan däremot andra faktorer än de som undersökts i denna studie haft en påverkan på styrningen. Tilläggningsvis kan även de situationsvariabler som undersökts haft olika stor påverkan på styrningen. Ytterligare slutsatser är att mindre företag sällan är medvetna om att de format deras styrning efter deras förhållanden och att deras styrsystem snarare vuxit fram i takt med att deras förutsättningar har förändrats. / According to the theory, a well-implemented control system can be regarded as mandatory for companies that operate in today's increasingly competitive market. At the same time, it has also been found that smaller companies rarely benefit from management control systems (MCS), thus these companies do not have a formally implemented MCS. The purpose of this study is to investigate how smaller companies, due to their prerequisites, use mechanistic and organic MCS. Furthermore, the study aims to clarify the extent to which the MCS is in line with the contingencies. The theoretical framework consists of two main theories, contingency theory and mechanistic and organic MCS. By doing a case study on a small industrial company with support of interviews, this study aims at gaining a deeper understanding of a company's MCS and how it is affected by the contingencies of the company. The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that the circumstances of a smaller company can be regarded as influencing companies' MCS. Additionally, the contingencies are also considered to reflect the MCS they use, although these contingencies might not be exhaustive and there might be other factors that can affect the MCS. Further conclusions are that smaller companies rarely consciously form their MCS according to their circumstances and it is more likely that they grow in line with the changes of the conditions.

Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre estilo de liderança, definição de uso do sistema de controle gerencial (SCG) e inovação tecnológica. Fundamentado nas lideranças transformacional e transacional (Bass, 2008) e no modelo de alavancas de controle de Simons (1995a), este estudo explora o estilo de liderança como um antecedente da definição de uso do sistema de controle gerencial e o papel de seus diferentes tipos de uso (sistemas de crenças, interativo, diagnóstico e de restrições) na inovação tecnológica. A partir de um levantamento realizado com questionário eletrônico, os achados obtidos geram contribuições relevantes para a pesquisa em controle gerencial, ainda que não possam ser atribuídos de maneira generalizada, mas sim em relação a uma amostra de 164 empresas, a maioria de grande porte. Com emprego da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, foram encontradas evidências de que a liderança transformacional é um antecedente do uso interativo do SCG e do sistema de crenças. Este achado demonstra que o líder transformacional confere significado ao sistema de crenças e seu comportamento cria condições para que as informações geradas pelo SCG sejam revistas, questionadas e discutidas entre os membros da organização, favorecendo a identificação de estratégias emergentes. Os achados também indicam que os sistemas de crenças, interativo e de restrições influenciam positivamente a inovação tecnológica. Significa que três, dos quatro tipos de usos previstos por Simons (1990, 1991, 1995a), afetam a inovação, ou seja, as empresas que buscam inovar em seus produtos e processos devem investir: (i) na comunicação de valores e objetivos relacionados à inovação, (ii) em discussões que envolvam diferentes áreas e membros do negócio, considerando inclusive a possibilidade de interagir com agentes externos à empresa, e ainda, (iii) no estabelecimento de limites que especifiquem um campo de ação para os colaboradores, fornecendo foco e gerando condições para que as ações pretendidas sejam desenvolvidas. Os achados também confirmam que o setor econômico influencia a inovação tecnológica. Não foram obtidas evidências empíricas que suportem a hipótese de que a liderança transacional seja um antecedente da definição de uso dos sistemas diagnóstico e de restrições. Esperava-se que a liderança transacional tivesse influência, de alguma forma, sobre tais sistemas pelo fato de suas propostas serem condizentes com uma perspectiva de gestão mais rígida. Contudo, para a amostra analisada, isso não foi confirmado. A hipótese de que a definição de uso do sistema de controle diagnóstico influencia positivamente a inovação tecnológica também não foi confirmada, sugerindo que a inovação não está plenamente integrada ao SCG das organizações pesquisadas. Este achado indica que as empresas precisam melhorar seus modelos de gestão para que possam formalizar metas e objetivos específicos sobre inovação e identificar desvios em relação à estratégia pretendida. Em síntese, esta pesquisa expande o conhecimento sobre controle gerencial indicando as formas que as organizações fazem uso do SCG para promover a inovação e obter renovação estratégica. / This research investigates the relationship between leadership style, definition of management control system (MCS) use and technological innovation. Based on transformational and transactional leadership (Bass, 2008) and on the Simons\' (1995) levers of control model, this study explores leadership style as an antecedent of the definition of management control system use and the role of its different use types (beliefs, interactive, diagnostic and boundary systems) on technological innovation . From an electronic questionnaire survey, the findings obtained generate relevant contributions in management control research, even though they may not be assigned a generalized way, but in relation to a sample of 164 organizations, mostly large. With use of the technique of structural equation modeling, evidence that transformational leadership is an antecedent of the interactive use of the MCS and beliefs system were found. This finding demonstrates that the transformational leader gives meaning to the belief system and his behavior creates conditions so that the information generated by the MCS are reviewed, questioned and discussed among members of the organization, facilitating the identification of emergent strategies. The findings also indicate that the belief systems, interactive and boundary positively influence technological innovation. It means that three of the four types of uses provided by Simons (1990, 1991, 1995a) affect innovation, in other words, organizations seeking to innovate in its products and processes should invest : (i) in the communication of values and goals related to innovation, (ii) in discussions involving different areas and members of the business, including considering the possibility of interacting with external agents, and also (iii) in the establishment of boundaries that specify a field of action for employees, providing focus and creating conditions for the intended actions to be developed. The findings also confirm that the economic sector influences technological innovation. No empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the transactional leadership as an antecedent of the definition of use of diagnostic and boundaries systems were obtained. It was expected that transactional leadership had influence in some way, on such systems because their proposals are consistent with the prospect of tighter management. However, for the sample analyzed, it was not confirmed. The hypothesis that the definition of diagnostic control system use positively influences technological innovation was also not confirmed, suggesting that innovation is not fully integrated into the MCS of the surveyed organizations. This finding indicates that companies need to improve their management models to enable them to formalize specific goals and objectives on innovation and identify deviations from the intended strategy. In summary, this study expands the knowledge in management control indicating the ways in which organizations use their MCS to promote innovation and obtain strategic renewal.