The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the use of a course management system in a University learning environment and the factors that affect students' attitude and performance in such environments and to study the relationship between these factors. The course management system that was used in the research studies in this thesis was WebCT. Three in-field studies were carried out to achieve the aim of this research thesis. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the studies. Data from participants were collected via questionnaires, interviews, and numerical data from the WebCT tracking system. First the relationship between the students' attitude towards using WebCT and their module leaders' attitude towards using it was studied. Then, the relationship between students' cognitive styles and their satisfaction, their achievement, and their way of using WebCT was investigated. Finally, a model of the critical factors affecting students‟ attitudes to WebCT, use of WebCT and achievement was developed and tested. The model is divided into three main dimensions. The three dimensions are 1) The learner dimension: students' interaction with their classmates, students' capability of using the internet, students' capability of using WebCT. 2) The instructor dimension: Instructor's technical competence, instructor's way of presenting materials on WebCT, interaction between students and their instructor. 3) The technology dimension: usefulness, ease of use, flexibility, quality. The results suggested that students have a positive attitude towards using a course management system (WebCT) on their courses. Also, the results indicated that students' use of WebCT is a positive indicator of their academic achievement (in terms of performance on specific modules). It was also found that instructor attitude and way of using WebCT affects students' attitude and performance when using WebCT. The Technology dimension was found to be a positive indicator of students' attitude and use of WebCT. The Instructor dimension was also found to be a positive indicator of students' attitude and achievement in WebCT. Moreover, the Learner dimension was found to be a positive indicator of students' attitude, use of WebCT and achievement.

Organizations have had difficulty managing the performance of their knowledge work teams. Many of these troubles have been linked to antiquated or inadequate performance management systems along with a scarcity of empirical research on this important human resource initiative. These problems are magnified when managing the performance of research and development teams because greater ambiguity and uncertainty exists in these environments, while projects are unique and continually evolving. In addition, performance management in R&D has only recently been accepted as important while individuals in these settings are often resistant to teams. This study represented the first step in the process of understanding relationships between performance management practices and perceptions of performance in R&D work teams. Participants were 132 R&D team leaders representing 20 organizations that agreed to complete a survey via the Internet. The survey instrument was designed to examine the relationships between performance measurement, feedback, and reward processes utilized by teams in relation to measures of customer satisfaction, psychological and team effectiveness, and resource utilization and development. The most important level of performance measurement occurred at the business unit level followed next by the individual level while team level measurement was unrelated to team performance. A simple measurement system with three to seven performance measures focused on objective results, outcomes, and customer satisfaction appeared ideal. Team participation in the performance management process, most notably the process of setting performance measures, goals, and objectives was also important. The use of multiple raters, frequent performance appraisals, and frequent feedback were identified as meaningful. Specific types of rewards were unrelated to performance although some evidence suggested that business unit rewards were superior to team and individual rewards. It was speculated that R&D teams function more like working groups rather than real teams. The focus in R&D seems to be on business unit projects, products, or designs where the aggregate of individual and team contributions determine larger project outcomes.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis builds upon work previously done in the development of the Computer Aided Prototyping System (CAPS) and the Prototype System Description Language (PSDL), and presents a conceptual design for the Software Base Management System (SBMS) component of CAPS. The SBMS is the most critical component of CAPS as it will coordinate the retrieval and integration of Ada software modules. A robust SBMS that enables a software system designer to successfully retrieve reusable Ada components will expedite the prototype development process and enhance designer productivity. Implementation of the conceptual design will be the basis for further work in this area. (Ada is a registered trademark of the United States Government, Ada Joint Program Office.) / http://archive.org/details/conceptualdesign00gali / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Thesis (MTech (Graphic Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Rapid advances in information technology and the Internet continue to create higher education learning solutions for the networked-world learner. Given the potential of these resources, opportunities and initiatives must be seized to promote the enhancement of student learning in higher education. The promise of faster communication networks and changes in students’ expectations have rendered urgent the understanding of technology and online learning for use in studio-based teaching and learning spaces in the networked global village of the 21st century. Paradoxically, however, the use of e-learning solutions in design-related education remains limited. In studio-based courses such as graphic and architectural design, for example, the facilitation of learning through electronic media at South African universities ranges from the minimal to the non-existent. A hands-on approach to studio-based teaching and learning is preferred, supported by the argument that it is hard to facilitate experiential learning through semi-synchronous online tools. The danger of this unsubstantiated model of thinking is that it is likely to lead to under-usage of Learning Management System (LMS) tools by educators in studio-based teaching and learning spaces. The problem is that no research has been done on this area in South Africa that is capable of providing conclusive evidence on which corrective measures can be based. Hence, the aim of this study is to understand the reasons for the limited adoption and use of LMSs in studio-based teaching and learning in South African higher education design-related disciplines. Within the interpretive epistemological paradigm, a qualitative research approach was adopted to source and analyse interview data from design students and lecturers at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). An Activity Theory (AT) analytical framework was employed. The findings suggest that reservations regarding the use of LMSs are more a function of prevailing perceptions than they are substantive. Unfounded negative assumptions about the functionality, relevance (usefulness), accessibility and ease of use of the systems emerged as the leading constructions of and explanations for the challenges faced. The study provides not only clarity on LMS usage patterns in studio-based educational spaces, but also useful comparative data on how an activity theory-grounded in ActAD framework can enhance the analysis of LMS activities in studio-based teaching and learning within the curricula for subjects like graphic design and architecture.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en handlingsplan för uppföljning av åtgärder i händelse av olycksfall, tillbud och observationer i avvikelsehanteringssystem (TIA-systemet)på en enhet på Scania i Södertälje. Frågeställningarnaär(1) Vad ska följas upp, (2) När kan uppföljning ske och (3) Hur kan uppföljning ske. Teorier om SMART:a mål, kartläggning av krav och målsättning, MoSCoW, product breakdown structure, ISO 9001, systematisk arbetsmiljö och hörnstensmodellen har legat till grund för studien. Metoden utgörs av aktionsforskning,fallstudie med kvalitativa data och abduktion. Datainsamlingen har bestått av intervjuer och enkät. Verktyg för datasortering är GAP-modellen, SWOT-analys, histogram och träddiagram. Resultatet visar på att inget standardiserat arbetssätt finns för en långsiktig uppföljning där mätning av effekter och mål endast sker ibland.Samtidigt finns en meningsskillnad angåendehuruvida uppföljning sker över huvud taget. Vid de fall uppföljning sker används en databas för att spara information ibland. Slutsatsen är att (1) det som ska följas upp är mål för åtgärder där det finns en bestämd metod för mätning och uppföljningsrutin. Information ska dokumenteras i databas och ledningen ska prioritera att uppföljning sker. (2) uppföljning ska ske efter behov, inga kända bestämmelser finns om när uppföljning borde ske.När uppföljning ska ske bestäms i åtgärdsplaneringen. (3) Uppföljning ska ske enligt handlingsplan (bilaga 4), det vill säga bestäm mål och indikationer, bestäm när och hur indikatorer ska följas upp samt dokumentera uppföljning i en databas. / The purpose of the thesis project is to create an action plan for monitoring measures in a deviation management systems (the TIA-system). The research questions are (1) What should be followed up, (2) When should a follow-up take place and (3) How can a follow-up occur. Smart goals, mapping of requirements and objectives, MoSCoW, product breakdown structure, ISO 9001, systematic work environment and the cornerstone model are theories the thesis is built upon. Action research and qualitative study have designed the method whereby data collection has consisted of interviews and questionnaires. Data sorting tools are the GAP model, SWOT analysis, histogram and tree chart. The result founds that there is no standardized way of working with a long-term follow-up, where measurement of effects and goals only occurs occasionally. Furthermore, there is an obscurity about whether follow-ups are carried out at all. In cases where a follow-up occurs, a database is occasionally used to save information. The conclusion is that (1) a follow-up should include goals for measures where there is a definite method for measurement and follow-up routine. Information must be documented in the database and the management must prioritize that a follow-up takes place at all time. (2) a follow-up should be carried out depending on the measures, there is not any known theories about when follow-ups should take place. Although, the timeline for when a follow-up should be done must be determined in the action plan. (3) A follow-up shall take place according to the action plan (Appendix 4), that is, determine goals and indications, determine when and how indicators should be followed up and document information from a follow- up in a database.

O desenvolvimento da tecnologia de telecomunicação móvel ensejou a implantação massiva de ERBs (Estações rádio base) para o atendimento da crescente demanda ocorrida na última década. As ERBs, por sua vez, constituem fontes emissoras de radiação não ionizante. Os estudos científicos concluídos nos últimos anos indicam que a exposição à radiação não ionizante, principalmente em longo prazo, pode produzir consequências negativas para a saúde humana, por essa razão, mister se faz a aplicação do Princípio da Precaução que vem evocar cautela diante do risco. Das principais normas existentes no planeta, nem todas adotaram o princípio da precaução ao fixar seus limites; em decorrência, a maioria das normas que determinam limites máximos de exposição teve como base apenas os efeitos biológicos danosos da exposição à radiação não ionizante já conhecidos pela comunidade científica e relacionados à exposição aguda. Dessa maneira, diante do risco resultante da exposição, surge outra questão de grande importância o gerenciamento dessas ERBs. Haveria, na cidade de São Paulo, um sistema de gerenciamento das ERBs que garanta o cumprimento dos limites e padrões definidos na legislação local? Nesse cenário, este estudo pretende: (i) elaborar um levantamento junto aos três órgãos públicos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento das ERBs na cidade de São Paulo, sobre o atual estágio dos sistemas de gerenciamento praticado por cada entidade pública legalmente competente para o respectivo exercício; (ii) desenvolver uma análise das características básicas dos sistemas de gerenciamento das ERBs no município de São Paulo, estudando a evolução ocorrida entre os anos de 2006 e 2011; e, (iii) avaliar as possibilidades de melhoria na proposta atual de gerenciamento das ERBs, no município de São Paulo. Esta pesquisa parte dos dados levantados no ano de 2006, na cidade de São Paulo, que na ocasião indicaram a existência de um sistema de gerenciamento das ERBs incipiente e frágil por parte dos órgãos públicos competentes (Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Secretaria Municipal do Verde e Meio Ambiente e ANATEL). A partir deste cenário, elabora-se uma análise das características básicas dos sistemas de gerenciamento das ERBs no município de São Paulo, estudando a evolução ocorrida entre os anos de 2006 e 2011. Dessa avaliação, são identificadas falhas e possibilidades de melhoria nos sistemas de gerenciamento das ERBs praticados no município de São Paulo na atualidade. A metodologia adotada constitui-se de pesquisa de campo, por meio de entrevista estruturada, aplicada aos representantes dos órgãos públicos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento das ERBs no município de São Paulo. Finalmente, é desenvolvida a interpretação dos dados, global e individualmente, de forma que os resultados obtidos possibilitaram as considerações e propostas formuladas no capítulo conclusivo desta pesquisa. / The development of mobile telecommunication technology gave rise to the massive deployment of RBSs (Radio base stations) to attend the growing demand occurred in the last decade. The RBSs in turn, are emitting sources of non-ionizing radiation. Scientific studies concluded in the recent years indicate that exposure to non-ionizing radiation, especially in the long term, can produce negative consequences for human health, therefore, it becomes important to apply the Precautionary Principle that evokes caution in risk situation. Of the main rules in the world, not all adopted the precautionary principle in setting its limits; as a result, most of the rules that determine maximum exposure limits were based only on the harmful biological effects of exposure to ionizing radiation already known by the scientific community and related to acute exposure exclusively. Thus, with the risk resulting from exposure, there is another major issue - the management of these RBSs. Would it exist, in São Paulo city, a management system of RBSs to ensure compliance with the limits and standards defined by local law? In this scenario, this study aims to: (i) develop a survey along the three entities responsible for managing the RBSs in São Paulo, on the current stage of respective management systems practiced by each public entity legally responsible for the exercise thereof; (ii) develop an analysis of the basic features of the RBSs management systems in São Paulo, studying the evolution that occurred between the years 2006 and 2011; and, (iii) assess the possibilities for improvement in the current proposal for the RBSs management in São Paulo. This survey starts from the data collected in 2006, in São Paulo, which at the time indicated the existence of an incipient and fragile RBSs management system, by the public agencies (Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Secretaria Municipal do Verde e Meio Ambiente e Anatel). From this scenario, it is drawn up an analysis of the basic features of the RBSs management systems in São Paulo, studying the evolution that occurred between the years 2006 and 2011. From this evaluation, are identified gaps and opportunities for improving the RBSs management systems practiced in São Paulo at present. The methodology consisted of field survey through structured questionnaires, applied to representatives of public agencies responsible for RBSs management in São Paulo. Finally, it is developed the interpretation of the data, overall and individually, so that the results enabled the considerations and proposals made in the concluding chapter of this research.

As vias pavimentadas se deterioram com o passar do tempo, por ação das cargas do tráfego e das intempéries. Por isso necessitam de intervenções (atividades de Manutenção e Reabilitação - M&R). No Brasil é mais comum que sejam realizadas apenas operações tapa-buracos e recapeamentos. São soluções sem eficiência técnica ou econômica. Uma alternativa mais racional e já em uso em países desenvolvidos é um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos Urbanos - SGPU. Os objetivos desta tese são apresentar uma propostas para avaliação da condição de vias urbanas com base na identificação dos defeitos da superfície do revestimento, um modelo de previsão de desempenho de vias urbanas com base em séries históricas obtidas no Município de São Carlos e uma análise econômica com a simulação de diferentes cenários para diferentes opções de M&R. Ainda como objetivos desta tese estão a apresentação das vantagens de utilizar um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, em uso no SGPU do Distrito Federal. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se inferir que a avaliação de campo pode ser mais eficiente se forem considerados menos defeitos e os critérios de severidade e extensão forem fixados, com menos critérios subjetivos do avaliador. Considerando-se as estratégias de M&R adotadas pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos e, ainda, de acordo com as avaliações de campo, pôde-se verificar que os pavimentos necessitam de Reforço Estrutural após 6 anos da sua construção. Os custos de manutenção, ao longo do tempo, são influenciados pela escolha da M&R a ser aplicada na preservação das vias e, também, pela época em que são realizadas, sendo as manutenções preventivas menos onerosas. Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, particularmente na cidade de San Antonio, Texas, são realizadas manutenções preventivas e, nas corretivas, há rigoroso controle de qualidade, o que não se verifica nas cidades brasileiras. Um SGPU possui critérios de análise de dados que, aliados ao Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, garantem clareza na apresentação dos resultados, tanto em mapas temáticos quanto em gráficos e planilhas. Os relatórios no padrão SGPU possibilitam solicitar recursos federais e internacionais para manutenção viária, como o Programa Asfalto Novo do DF, que obteve, no ano de 2013, R$565 milhões para a pavimentação urbana. Em simulação de diferentes cenários de M&R, pôde-se concluir que a opção por tapa-buracos e recapeamentos é mais de duas vezes mais onerosa e mantém o pavimento em condição inferior ao que é possível com base nas técnicas de SGPU. Portanto, um SGPU proporciona benefícios socioeconômicos para toda a sociedade, com vantagens no médio e longo prazo e, ainda, mantém as vias em melhor condição. / The paved roads deteriorate over time, due to traffic loads and bad weather. Therefore, they need interventions (Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities - M & R). In Brazil, it is more common to carry out only hole-hole operations and resurfacing. They are solutions without technical or economic efficiency. A more rational alternative already in use in developed countries is an Urban Pavement Management System - UPMS. In this thesis proposals are presented for the evaluation of urban road conditions based on defects of the surface of the coating, a performance prediction model and an economic analysis with the simulation of different scenarios for different M & R options. Data were analyzed from the Municipality of São Carlos, in the State of São Paulo and the Distrito Federal - DF. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the field evaluation can be more efficient if less defects are considered and the criteria of severity and extension are fixed, with less subjectivity on the part of the evaluator. Considering the M & R strategies adopted by the municipal government of São Carlos and also, according to the field evaluations, it was possible to verify that the pavements have a useful life of 6 years. The maintenance costs, over time, are strongly influenced by the choice of M & R to be applied in the preservation of roads and also by the time in which they are carried out. In the United States, for example, preventive maintenance is carried out and, in the correctives, there is strict quality control, which is not the case in Brazilian cities. An UPMS has data analysis criteria that, together with the Geographic Information System - GIS, guarantee clarity in the presentation of results, both in thematic maps and in charts and spreadsheets. The reports in the UPMS standard make it possible to request federal and international resources for road maintenance, such as the DF Asphalt New Program, which obtained R$ 565 million for urban paving. In the simulation of different M & R scenarios, it was concluded that the option to cover holes and resurfacing is more than twice as expensive and keeps the pavement in a lower condition than is possible based on SGPU techniques. Therefore, an SGPU confers socio-economic benefits for the whole society, with advantages in the medium and long term, and also keeps the roads in better condition.

Objetivo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral avaliar benefícios da implantação de sistemas de gestão ambiental ISO 14001 e Atuação Responsável®, em amostras de empresas do setor químico no Brasil, até o ano de 2002. A pesquisa buscou avaliar tanto resultados de sustentabilidade com base em indicadores, quanto práticas gerenciais das empresas, em especial práticas relacionadas a gerenciamento de produtos, conscientização de funcionários, exigências a fornecedores, entre outras. Métodos. Dados secundários fornecidos pela ABIQUIM e dados obtidos de fontes bibliográficas foram usados para análise estatística do desempenho ambiental de empresas signatárias do Atuação Responsável no ano de 2002, utilizando testes não-paramétricos. O principal indicador utilizado foi a eco-eficiência econômica. Dados primários foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com representantes de indústrias químicas no estado de São Paulo, e por consulta por meio de correio eletrônico. Foram utilizados métodos quantitativos para análise de dados qualitativos para estudo das respostas às questões das entrevistas. Resultados. Quando comparado o desempenho ambiental de empresas com e sem ISO 14001, dentre aquelas que subscrevem o Atuação Responsável®, a geração de resíduos perigosos resultou cerca de 55 por cento menor no grupo com ISO 14001, e o consumo de gás natural cerca de 50 vezes menor nesse mesmo grupo. Quando comparado o desempenho ambiental de empresas que subscrevem o programa Atuação Responsável®, classificadas por grupos de produtos, foram identificadas poucas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Não foi possível incluir na comparação a eco-eficiência de empresas não signatárias do programa Atuação Responsável®, com ou sem ISO 14001, por insuficiência de dados, bem como dados estatísticos para 1999. As entrevistas mostraram que entre os principais benefícios obtidos pela implantação dos sistemas de gestão, quando as práticas são comparadas empresas com e sem sistemas de gestão, estão a maior freqüência e variedade de atividades de conscientização ambiental para funcionários, e maiores exigências feitas a certos tipos de fornecedores, entre outras. Conclusões. Em poucos casos foi possível identificar diferenças de desempenho ambiental. As informações para estudos comparativos de eco-eficiência são pouco disponíveis, e o uso de indicadores de eco-eficiência ainda é restrito na maioria das indústrias químicas, mesmo em empresas com sistema de gestão ambiental consolidado. Os compromissos das empresas de comunicação com partes interessadas nem sempre são mantidos. Poucas diferenças de resultados de eco-eficiência puderam ser comprovadas, para implementação de ISO 14001 nas empresas que são signatárias do Atuação Responsável® / Objective. This work has as general objective toe evaluate the benefits from the implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems and from Responsible Care in Brazilian chemical industry sector samples, till the year 2002. The research aimed at evaluating both indicator-based sustainability results and somo of their management practices, related to product stewardship, workers awareness, requirements for suppliers, and others. Methods. Secondary data provided by ABIQUIM and data from bibligraphic fonts have been used to perform the statistical analysis of Responsible Care® subscribers environmental performance, in year 2002. The main used indicator has been economic eco-efficiency. Primary data have been got by means of interviews with chemical industries representatives, in the state of são Paulo, and by means of e-mail. Quantitative methods for the analysis of qualitative data have been used to study the answers to the interviews\' questions. Results. When comparing ISO 14001 certified and non-certified companies, among those that subscribe Responsible Care®, hazardous waste generation was about 55 per cent lower in the ISO 14001 group, and the natural gas consumption about 50 times lower in this same group. Statistically significant differences have been identified in the performance related to waste management generation, around 55 per cent lower in the group of ISO 14001 certified industries, and in the natural gas consumption, 50 times lower in the same group. When comparing the Responsible Care® subscribers environmental performance, classified by product group, only a few indicators resulted statistically different. It was not possible to include non-Responsible Care® subscribers in the comparison, and also those related to the statistical information for the year 1999, because data was not enough. The interviews showed that, when the practices by the companies that operate environmental management systems are compared with companies without these systems, among the main benefits it has been found an improved amount and variety of awareness activities for employees, and more requirements for certain suppliers. Conclusions. The information for comparative studies of eco-efficiency is still not much available, and the use of eco-efficiency indicators is weak in the most chemical industries, even in those that have consolidated environmental management systems. The compromises the companies have related to the communication with stakeholders are not always maintained. Only a few differences in eco-efficiency results have been confirmed, from the implementation of ISO 14001 in Responsible Care® subscribers companies

O número de atividades disponibilizadas pelos sistemas gerenciadores de workflows científicos é grande, o que exige dos cientistas conhecerem muitas delas para aproveitar a capacidade de reutilização desses sistemas. Para minimizar este problema, a literatura apresenta algumas técnicas para recomendar atividades durante a construção de workflows científicos. Este projeto especificou e desenvolveu um sistema de recomendação de atividades híbrido, considerando informação sobre frequência, entrada e saídas das atividades, e anotações ontológicas para recomendar. Além disso, neste projeto é apresentada uma modelagem da recomendação de atividades como um problema de classificação e regressão, usando para isso cinco classificadores; cinco regressores; um classificador SVM composto, o qual usa o resultado dos outros classificadores e regressores para recomendar; e um ensemble de classificadores Rotation Forest. A técnica proposta foi comparada com as outras técnicas da literatura e com os classificadores e regressores, por meio da validação cruzada em 10 subconjuntos, apresentando como resultado uma recomendação mais precisa, com medida MRR ao menos 70% maior do que as obtidas pelas outras técnicas / The number of activities provided by scientific workflow management systems is large, which requires scientists to know many of them to take advantage of the reusability of these systems. To minimize this problem, the literature presents some techniques to recommend activities during the scientific workflow construction. This project specified and developed a hybrid activity recommendation system considering information on frequency, input and outputs of activities and ontological annotations. Additionally, this project presents a modeling of activities recommendation as a classification problem, tested using 5 classifiers; 5 regressors; a SVM classifier, which uses the results of other classifiers and regressors to recommend; and Rotation Forest , an ensemble of classifiers. The proposed technique was compared to other related techniques and to classifiers and regressors, using 10-fold-cross-validation, achieving a MRR at least 70% greater than those obtained by other techniques

Modern traffic management systems often rely on static technologies, such as sensors and CCTV-cameras, in the gathering of data regarding the current traffic situation. Recent reports have shown that this method can result in a lack of coverage in Stockholm, Sweden. In addressing this issue, an alternative strategy to installing more sensors and CCTV-cameras could be to utilize crowdsourced traffic data from other sources, such as Waze. In order to examine the usage and potential utility of crowdsourced data in traffic management, the Swedish Transport Administration’s center in Stockholm, Trafik Stockholm, developed a web application which visualizes traffic data from both official sources and Waze. While the application was successful in doing so, it revealed the problem of integrating the traffic data from these two sources, as a significant portion of the data was redundant, and the reliability occasionally was questionable. This study aims at determining how issues regarding redundancy and reliability can be resolved in the integration of crowdsourced and official traffic data. Conducted using a design science research strategy, the study investigates these issues by designing and developing an artifact that implements integration methods to match alerts from the data sources based on temporal and spatial proximity constraints. The artifact was evaluated through test sessions in which real-time traffic data from all over Sweden was processed, and through acceptance testing with the stakeholders of the application. Analysis of the results from the evaluations shows that the artifact is effective in reducing the redundancy in the crowdsourced data and that it can provide a more solid ground for reliability assessment. Furthermore, the artifact met its expectations and requirements, demonstrating a proof-of-concept and a proof-of-acceptance. Based on these results, the study concludes that by analyzing temporal and spatial factors in crowdsourced data, redundancy issues in the integration of crowdsourced and official traffic can be resolved to a large extent. Furthermore, it is concluded that reliability issues in the same context can be resolved to a high degree by managing redundancy factors in combination with general traffic management factors. While the study is focused on traffic management, the issues of redundancy and reliability are not restricted to crowdsourced data in this context specifically. Thus, the results of the study are potentially of interest to researchers investigating other areas of application for crowdsourcing as well.