所謂組織理論，簡單的說，就是一種觀察、解釋、預測、或控制組織現象的概念模式 。 本論文的研究目的，主要有兩個方面：一是透過對各種先系統組織理論的批判，來認 識系統研究法組織理論的起源與發展，並對各種系統模式下的組織理論作一系列的討 論。二是透過對系統組織理論內涵的瞭解，進一步申論其對組織分析的影響，並對各 項系統特質的真實性及其實用性，作一評論性的分析。本此目標，本論文在架構上共 分八章，依次論述。 第一章為「先系統研究法組織理論的精義」，乃是就幾個對於系統研究法之組織理論 的基本架構，具有啟迪作用之先系統研究法時期的組織理論，作一描述性的說明。 第二章為「先系統研究法組織理論的檢討」，乃是就前章的論述，檢討其在現代組織 環境中的適用性，並從而影射出系統研究法組織理論的時代需求性。 第三章為「系統研究法組織理論的模式」，主要是論述社會的系統模式、社會─技術 的系統模式，以及整合性之系統模式的基本內涵。 第四章為「系統模式下組織理論的剖析」，主要是根據第三章的論述，試從輸入─轉 換─輸出和反饋的角度，作一剖析性的探討。 第五、第六及第七章，依次為「系統研究法與組織規劃」、「系統研究法與組織領導 」，和「系統研究法與組織控制」。 第八章為「系統研究法組織理論的評價與展望」，乃是綜合所有的討論，除了縱論系 統研究法之組織理論的優異性及其限制性之外，並對組織理論的未來展望作一提示性 的透視。

本研究旨在呈現日本泡沫經濟崩潰之後，企業變革的方向，觀察日本式經營從過去至今的演化過程，並以「究竟何為日本式經營？」為中心，研究分析日本式經營的優勢及核心所在，瞭解日本企業如何藉此厚實自身能力資源，在劇烈變動的環境中，掌握未來企業的變革方向。如今世界正面臨全球化、IT網路化等，此種前所未有的結構上的變化，透過泡沫經濟崩潰，讓日本企業提早面臨環境改變，迫使其進行策略方向的轉變及組織變革。由於現在企業面臨的環境不確定性提高，此寶貴的經驗對於現在及往後的企業變革，將具有高度的參考價值。 本研究先根據既有的研究，以日本式經營的演進，將日本經濟分為三個階段，形成期：1955至1973年高度成長期、適應期：1974至1991年安定成長期到泡沫經濟崩潰、轉換期：1992年迄今 泡沫經濟崩潰之後的經濟停滯。從「企業實體」、「策略」、「系統」等 三個層面，歸納每個階段的日本式經營特徵、瞭解日本式經營從過去迄今，維持及改變的部分為何。並以現在--轉換期的日本企業實際的做法為例，整理分析從今以後日本式經營的變革方向。 若將過去學者的眾多研究歸納整理，日本式經營從1955年迄今始終存在著不變的特徵，「長期性」及「培育人才」。這是日本式經營的核心，也是企業的優勢。日本企業即使在轉換期的變革中，也是以此優勢為中心，繼續進行變革。並且也繼續實行將既有的優勢再建構及深化，將弱點持續改善，藉由企業社會責任的實踐及強化，以企業成長及地球環境共存為目標，穩健進行提高利潤、結構改革等，厚實因應外在環境變化的基石。 / The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the direction of business change after the collapse of Japan’s bubble economy by observing the evolution process of Japanese firms. With the question, “What is Japanese management?” as central focus, research was aimed at analyzing the core and advantages of Japanese firms to discover how, amid a strong changing environment, firms used their solid resources and abilities in mastering their direction of future change. Currently, the world is confronted with globalization and the combination of IT and Internet; this new structural change caused the collapse of the bubble economy, leading Japanese firms exposed to early environmental changes, compelling them to change their strategies and organizations. Nowadays, since firms face increased uncertainty, the Japanese experience has high referral values for current and future business changes. Based on the findings of existing studies, this study divides the evolution of Japanese firms into three stages: the formation period: from 1955 to 1973 as the period of high growth, the adaptation period: from 1974 to 1991 as the period from stable growth to collapse of bubble economy, and the transition period: from 1992 onwards as the period of economic stagnation following the bubble burst. The characteristics of Japanese firms in each stage are induced and the changes and non-changes throughout the history of Japanese firms are identified. Furthermore, by studying Japanese firm’s case during the transition period, the study hopes to discover insights that point to the direction of Japanese Management’s future change. If past researches are collected and analyzed, the everlasting Japanese firm characteristic from 1955 onwards is the “long-term” quality and the “investment in human capital” quality, both of which are the core and advantage of Japanese management. Even during the transition period, organizational changes were centered on these advantages. These advantages were reconstructed and deepened, whereas weaknesses were tweaked. Profit margins were increased and structures were changed via the implementation and strengthening of a company’s social responsibility as well as the goal of coexistence between firm continual growth and world environment.

L’objectif de ce travail est de questionner l’œuvre de l’écrivain français Georges Bataille (1897-1962) pour déterminer si elle permet ou non d’apporter de nouveaux points de vue ou de nouvelles voies de résolution des problèmes posés en sciences de gestion. Les textes sollicités sont d’abord les essais théoriques, mais aussi certaines œuvres de fiction. Ceux qui sont à l’origine de la notion de « dépense », centrale pour l’ensemble de l’œuvre, les articles correspondant aux diverses activités groupales dans les années 1930, les essais de La Somme Athéologique pendant la guerre et ceux de La Part maudite après-guerre sont examinés. On montre alors que les « notions » que ces textes mettent en jeu, qui témoignent d’une anthropologie déchirée (dépense productive / dépense improductive, homogène / hétérogène, souveraineté, communication, interdit / transgression, possible / impossible…), peuvent ouvrir des pistes de recherche dans de nombreux thèmes de sciences de gestion : le pouvoir, la culture d’entreprise, la criminalité dans les organisations, le changement organisationnel, le sens du travail, l’éthique, l’épistémologie, les rapports entre le management et les sociétés, la sexualité dans les organisations…Trois notions de Bataille (dépense, souveraineté, communication) sont ensuite sollicitées pour analyser en détail les problèmes posés par la « gestion » des risques psychosociaux. Huit cas d’organisations servent de support à l’analyse.Au final, la thèse conclut à la pertinence du recours à la pensée de Bataille pour conduire des recherches en management. / The goal of this thesis is to question the work of the French author Georges Bataille (1897-1962) to determine whether it can bring new points of view or new attempts at solving the issues raised by management sciences. The texts which were studied are primarily theoretical essays, but also some works of fiction. Those which are at the origin of the notion of “expense”, a central notion in the entire work, the articles which correspond to various group activities in the 30’s, the essays of La Somme Athéologique during the war, as well as those of La Part maudite, after the war, were also examined. We then show that the “notions” these texts illustrate, which reflect a torn anthropology (productive/unproductive expense, homogenous/heterogenous, sovereignty, communication, interdiction/transgression, possible/impossible…), can open fields of research in numerous topics associated with management sciences: power, corporate culture, crime within organisations, organisational changes, the meaning of work, ethics, epistemology, the relationship between management and societies, sexuality in organisations…Three of Bataille’s notions (expense, sovereignty, communication) are then called upon to analyse in detail the problems raised when managing psychosocial risks. Eight case studies of organisations back up the demonstration.Finally, the thesis concludes that it is pertinent to refer to Bataille’s thinking when conducting management research.

台灣國內市場小，出口是台灣產業重要發展方向，故全球市場是台灣發展經濟重要的舞台。然而，台灣企業無論是全球主流型企業或是全球利基型企業都鮮少做到在尖端基礎科學、科技領域擁有領先的核心技術，成為該產業的領導者。 在全球激烈的競爭下，台灣企業經營者思維停留在只要繼續獲得大量的訂單，即可以保住獲利，但是台灣企業無法根本性地壓低成本，維持產品價格競爭力，去面對全球性的競爭。 本研究試圖探討京瓷、日本航空、艾訊、研華科技、崇友實業與歐洲三間公司的阿米巴經營管理實施情境，進行台灣企業導入阿米巴經營管理的可行性分析，並參照京瓷打造阿米巴組織的方式與稻盛和夫導入阿米巴經營管理至日本航空的成功案例，從中剖析導入阿米巴經營管理的台灣企業應用上產生之問題並提出適合導入阿米巴經營管理制度的台灣企業特性。 研究發現台灣企業應用上產生問題的原因有兩點，第一點為台灣企業對於阿米巴經營管理運作方式的理解程度較不足，才會產生類阿米巴的運作方式以及將阿米巴組織變動的特性視為矩陣式組織的現象；第二點為台灣的國家文化導致台灣企業長久存在的經營現象，企業認為設立較多組織階層有助於主管指揮與控制員工行為，故阿米巴領導者容易由中高階主管擔任，企業對於財務資訊的揭露仍顯得保守，因此導入阿米巴經營管理容易產生無法讓員工了解公司經營現況。 依據上述問題，分析出適合導入阿米巴經營管理的企業特性——企業領導者能將利他與為了達成崇高目標不斷地努力工作直到成功之想法注入員工思維之台灣企業、內部能精準實施阿米巴經營管理會計制度之台灣企業、資訊系統的運作能導入市場機制的台灣企業及給予員工優於勞動市場薪酬之台灣企業。 然而，真正使阿米巴經營運作得以成功的先決條件還是在於企業本身是否重視員工價值以及企業是否給予能解決艱困挑戰的員工高額薪資，員工在物質條件與心靈精神受到滿足後，為了報答公司而努力工作，才能讓企業在尖端技術領域不斷地進行攻堅與突破、在營運流程中降低不必要的費用。 / Due to the small size of Taiwan’s domestic market, exports play an important role in Taiwan’s economy. However, with limited access to core technologies, Taiwanese enterprises that excel in developing business overseas as global mainstream or niche companies rarely become top players in their respective industries. Moreover, owners of these Taiwanese enterprises tend to rely on bulk orders from overseas clients to gain corporate profits and sustain global competitiveness, but are unlikely to maintain product or service competitiveness in the global market because of failure in fundamental cost reduction. This study investigates the practice of the Amoeba Management System (AMS) when applied to Axiomtek, Advantech, Golden Friends Corporation, and three European companies. By comparing the scenario of Kazuo Inamori’s AMS in Kyocera Corporation and how he applied it to Japan Airlines with the scenario of implementing the AMS in the said Taiwanese (i.e., Axiomtek, Advantech, and Golden Friends Corporation) and European companies while analyzing the problems arising from the implementation in these companies, the study finally identifies the characteristics of Taiwanese companies that are suitable for adopting the AMS. The study findings reveal that the implementation of AMS is effective in four types of Taiwanese enterprises: (1) enterprises whose owners motivate employees toward achieving corporate goals, (2) enterprises that adequately apply the AMS to their accounting management systems, (3) enterprises that apply a market-based approach to developing their enterprise resource planning systems, and (4) enterprises that provide employees with competitive salaries and benefits packages.

本研究はわが国の国公私立大学経営における理念の浸透をテーマとし、浸透のメカニズムおよび浸透策とその効果について、国公私立大学743校を対象としたアンケート調査と教職員個人を対象としたアンケート調査等により、体系的に初めて明らかにしたものである。研究の結果、特に私立大学においては理念の浸透が組織および職員個人に対してプラスの効果をもたらし、経営において重要な役割を果たしていることを確認した。 / This study focuses mainly on the effectiveness of pervasiveness of management philosophy in Japanese universities—both national and private universities. The mechanism is analyzed, in which the management philosophy pervades effectively, and the way how the mechanism would work is revealed through a systematic approach which is based upon the result of questionnaire survey directed at 743 Japanese universities as well as teaching and clerical staff who work for these universities. Throughout my considerations from various angles, it is confirmed that the pervasiveness of philosophy strengthens the staff's sense of belongingness and also that the pervasiveness itself plays an important role in school administration especially in the case of private universities. / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Research into unit management in prisons was necessitated by a need to change the way in which South Africa deals with prisoners. The lack of respect for human dignity, poor control in prisons before and after demilitarisation and the need to reduce crime in South Africa are some of the reasons why the study became important. Topics addressed include the role of architecture in corrections, direct supervision to enhance active custody, renewed emphasis on individuals by means of case management and decentralised delivery of development and treatment programmes. Apart from the aspects mentioned above, the philosophy of unit management is spelled out. Imprisonment in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, South Africa and the United States of America is discussed against the background of the unit management philosophy. During any process of incarceration, documentation forms an integral part of the process. In this study, the researcher discussed those documents that could play an important role in unit management. The importance of unit management in prisons cannot be overemphasised. The investigation contributes largely to scientific knowledge in that the importance of sentence planning for each individual within the Criminal Justice System is emphasised. Individual case plans, active involvement from both the inmate and the correctional official and the positive role of prison design are aspects that should form part of all new generation prison systems. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Research into unit management in prisons was necessitated by a need to change the way in which South Africa deals with prisoners. The lack of respect for human dignity, poor control in prisons before and after demilitarisation and the need to reduce crime in South Africa are some of the reasons why the study became important. Topics addressed include the role of architecture in corrections, direct supervision to enhance active custody, renewed emphasis on individuals by means of case management and decentralised delivery of development and treatment programmes. Apart from the aspects mentioned above, the philosophy of unit management is spelled out. Imprisonment in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, South Africa and the United States of America is discussed against the background of the unit management philosophy. During any process of incarceration, documentation forms an integral part of the process. In this study, the researcher discussed those documents that could play an important role in unit management. The importance of unit management in prisons cannot be overemphasised. The investigation contributes largely to scientific knowledge in that the importance of sentence planning for each individual within the Criminal Justice System is emphasised. Individual case plans, active involvement from both the inmate and the correctional official and the positive role of prison design are aspects that should form part of all new generation prison systems. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)