Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is one of the most violent forms of physical child abuse. In 2007, the State of Ohio enacted a health education mandate known as Claire's law. Claire's law requires all birthing hospitals to provide SBS education to mothers prior to their discharge. This law is the result of public demand and advocacy initiatives; however, it was not clear how the mandate was developed or whether or not the mandate and subsequent educational programs have had an impact on efforts to prevent SBS. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the state of Ohio's processes involved in creating legislation to mandate SBS education. Data were collected through document reviews and interviews with SBS workgroup members (n = 5). The precede-proceed program planning model provided the conceptual framework to examine the participatory process involved in the development of the mandate from its beginning. The findings of the study showed that SBS workgroup members believed mandated education would affect SBS incidence and would ensure that mothers receive SBS education in Ohio hospitals during their birth experience. The findings also demonstrated a lack of a formal program planning methodology and no public inclusion in the development of the mandate or its required health education component. The state of Ohio has an additional means to ensure widespread education on SBS through the creation of this mandate. Statutory requirements provide opportunities for health professionals to educate the public on the effects of shaking a baby, resulting in a key implication for social change. Legislation focused on health education should be multifaceted and include varying layers of intervention.

<p>Vad handlar regeringsuppdrag <em>Frivillig återvandring </em>om? Detta var frågan vi ställde oss under uppsatsens gång. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer var förhoppningen att förstå regeringsuppdraget och dess syfte i det svenska samhället. Genom begrepp så som segregation, stigmatisering, rationalitet, solidaritet och genom de relationella och punktuella perspektiven har vi fått en förståelse inför invandrarens problematik till anpassning i det svenska samhället då denne kan uppleva problematik då invandraren har svårt att få det stöd denne behöver till att ta ett beslut i frågor om att stanna eller återvandra. Vi har även valt att behandla Foucaults begrepp om den disciplinerande makten då staten och samhället försvårar beslutet invandraren står inför. På detta sätt påvisades det att invandraren med återvandringsfunderingar lever i en komplext situation då dels samhället försvårar och att dennes tankar inte är legitima, och att regeringsuppdraget finns till som ett stöd inför detta beslutstagandet oavsett vad beslutet sedan blir, att stanna eller återvända.</p> / <p>What is the government mandate <em>Voluntary repatriation</em> about? That was the question we asked ourselves during the report's time. Using a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews was the hope to understand the Government mission and its purpose in Swedish society. Through concepts such as segregation, stigmatization, rationality, solidarity and the relational and punctuate perspectives we have gained an appreciation for the immigrant's problem of adaptation in Swedish society, in which we can experience problems when immigrants have difficulty getting the support he needs to take a decision on issues that remain or repatriate. We have also chosen to deal with Foucault's concept of the disciplining power of the State and society complicates the decision immigrant faces. In this way, it was shown that the immigrant repatriation concerns with living in a complex situation where both societies makes it difficult and that his thoughts are not legitimate, and that the government mandate is added as a pre-taking that decision regardless of what decision then becomes, to stay or return.</p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank&rsquo / s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.</p> </font></font></p>

Be it the Algerian National Liberation Front, the African National Congress in South Africa or the continued struggle of the Palestinian people, the principle of self-determination is largely central to all projects of national liberation. This paper addresses what is arguably a deficient conception of self-determination by highlighting two factors that contributed to this deficiency. The first is the re-enforcement of dependency in self-determination projects by international institutions, primarily through the Mandate System. The second is a merit-based system of conditionality for the granting of independence, accompanied by a tendency to deformalize the law, relegating self-determination to an empty principle, the substance of which is decided by the negotiations’ context. The case of Palestine is used to demonstrate how those factors are adopted as central means in resolving the Palestinian self-determination problem, which in-turn leads to a deficient conception that does not account for the core content of the right.

Be it the Algerian National Liberation Front, the African National Congress in South Africa or the continued struggle of the Palestinian people, the principle of self-determination is largely central to all projects of national liberation. This paper addresses what is arguably a deficient conception of self-determination by highlighting two factors that contributed to this deficiency. The first is the re-enforcement of dependency in self-determination projects by international institutions, primarily through the Mandate System. The second is a merit-based system of conditionality for the granting of independence, accompanied by a tendency to deformalize the law, relegating self-determination to an empty principle, the substance of which is decided by the negotiations’ context. The case of Palestine is used to demonstrate how those factors are adopted as central means in resolving the Palestinian self-determination problem, which in-turn leads to a deficient conception that does not account for the core content of the right.

Vad handlar regeringsuppdrag Frivillig återvandring om? Detta var frågan vi ställde oss under uppsatsens gång. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer var förhoppningen att förstå regeringsuppdraget och dess syfte i det svenska samhället. Genom begrepp så som segregation, stigmatisering, rationalitet, solidaritet och genom de relationella och punktuella perspektiven har vi fått en förståelse inför invandrarens problematik till anpassning i det svenska samhället då denne kan uppleva problematik då invandraren har svårt att få det stöd denne behöver till att ta ett beslut i frågor om att stanna eller återvandra. Vi har även valt att behandla Foucaults begrepp om den disciplinerande makten då staten och samhället försvårar beslutet invandraren står inför. På detta sätt påvisades det att invandraren med återvandringsfunderingar lever i en komplext situation då dels samhället försvårar och att dennes tankar inte är legitima, och att regeringsuppdraget finns till som ett stöd inför detta beslutstagandet oavsett vad beslutet sedan blir, att stanna eller återvända. / What is the government mandate Voluntary repatriation about? That was the question we asked ourselves during the report's time. Using a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews was the hope to understand the Government mission and its purpose in Swedish society. Through concepts such as segregation, stigmatization, rationality, solidarity and the relational and punctuate perspectives we have gained an appreciation for the immigrant's problem of adaptation in Swedish society, in which we can experience problems when immigrants have difficulty getting the support he needs to take a decision on issues that remain or repatriate. We have also chosen to deal with Foucault's concept of the disciplining power of the State and society complicates the decision immigrant faces. In this way, it was shown that the immigrant repatriation concerns with living in a complex situation where both societies makes it difficult and that his thoughts are not legitimate, and that the government mandate is added as a pre-taking that decision regardless of what decision then becomes, to stay or return.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank&rsquo / s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.</p> </font></font></p>

Esta dissertação analisa a representação direta voluntária a partir de três âmbitos: (i) histórico, (ii) estrutural e (iii) econômico. O perfil histórico é abordado a partir de uma breve construção historiográfica do desenvolvimento da representação desde o período clássico romano, passando pela Idade Média e suas transmutações, com concessões ao brocardo romano alteri stipulari nemo potest, até a construção proposta pela pandectística germânica na figura de Laband. A construção labandiana, lapidada por Hupka, é analisada, posteriormente, sob a perspectiva civilista atual, retomando algumas propostas do modelo idealizado por Laband-Hupka e algumas críticas a este modelo, trazendo como ponto central a questão da abstração da representação em relação ao contrato de mandato e outras figuras gestórias. A figura representativa é, então, colocada sob análise econômica, sob a lupa da Análise Econômica do Direito. A análise ultrapassa a questão de economia de custos que a representação oferece, e que é de meridiana clareza, para analisar, sob a perspectiva da Teoria de Agência e da Teoria de Custos de Transação, os custos gerados por esta figura na negociação e conclusão de contratos / This dissertation analyzes the direct and voluntary representation from three different scopes: (i) historical, (ii) structural, and (iii) economical. The historic profile is broached from a brief historiographical construction of the development of representation from tha classical Roman period, through the Middle Ages and its transmutations, with concessions made to the Roman maxim alteri stipulari nemo potest, until the construction proposed by German Pandect author, Laband. The Laband construction, improved by Hupka, is analyzed, subsequently, under the present civil perspective, retaking some of the proposals of the model idealized by Laband-Hupka and some criticism to this model, bringing as central point of discussion the abstraction of representations towards the contract of mandate and other management relationships. The representative figure is, then, put under economical analysis, under the magnifying glass of Law and Economics. The analysis exceeds the matter of economy of costs that is offered by representation, and which is rather explicit, to analyze, under the perspective of the Agency Theorie and the Costs of Transaction Theorie, the costs generated by this figure in transaction and closing of contracts

Mécanisme de remplacement par excellence, le mandat apparaît comme une technique universellement utilisée. S'il avait déjà pu faire la preuve de son utilité par le passé, le mandat a bénéficié d'une faveur renouvelée ces dernières années, en particulier dans le cadre des relations familiales. Depuis 2001, en effet, des réformes majeures se sont succédé dans de nombreux domaines du droit des personnes et de la famille. Or, ce mouvement de réforme encourage le recours au contrat de mandat pour servir de cadre juridique à une intervention spécifique en vue de gérer les intérêts de la famille. La place ainsi faite au mandat s'inscrit dans une tendance législative de grande ampleur qui tente d'adapter le droit familial à l'évolution de la société. Or, à bien observer le mandat dans la famille, on constate qu'un phénomène d'interaction se produit. D'un côté, si l'on recense les différentes applications du mandat, on s'aperçoit qu'elles ont pour point commun de permettre d'anticiper ou de résoudre les difficultés de gestion du patrimoine de la famille, ou même de la personne de ses membres, pouvant survenir au cours de la vie ou après la mort. Le mandat réalise en quelque sorte la mise en forme juridique des solidarités familiales qui s'expriment à ces occasions. Mais, allant au-delà, il contrarie par sa présence l'ordonnancement habituel des rapports familiaux. D'un autre côté, le contexte dans lequel il intervient - la famille - a des incidences sur le contrat de mandat. Parce qu'il naît alors dans des circonstances tout à fait particulières, il n'est plus strictement régi par les règles qui le gouvernent communément. C'est pourquoi, bien que les mandats familiaux demeurent soumis au droit commun du mandat, ils présentent des particularités notables relativement à leur conclusion, leur exécution, ainsi qu'à leur dénouement. Par conséquent, la présence du lien de famille module le régime ordinaire des droits et obligations résultant du mandat. / The power of attorney profited from a renewed favour these last years, in particular within the family relations. Since 2001, indeed, of the major reforms followed one another in many fields of the right of the people and the family. This movement of reform encourages the recourse to the power of attorney to be used as legal framework for specific interventions in order to manage the interests of the family. Place thus made for the power of attorney falls under a legislative trend which tries to adapt the family right to the evolution of the society. However, with observing the power of attorney in the family setting, one notes that a phenomenon of interaction occurs. On a side, the various applications of the power of attorney have as a common point to make it possible to anticipate or solve the difficulties of management of the estate of the family, or even of the person of it members, that can occur during the life or after death. The power of attorney shapes family solidarities which are expressed on these occasions. But, going beyond, it thwarts by its presence the usual scheduling of the family reports. On another side, the context in which it taxes place - the family - affects the power of attorney. Because it is born then in completely particular circumstances, it is not strictly governed by the rules which control it commonly. This is why, although they remain governed by the common right, in the family setting, the powers of attorney present notable characteristics as for their conclusion, their execution, and their outcome. As a consequence, the presence of the family link modulates the ordinary rights and obligations resulting from the power of attorney.

Magister Legum - LLM / As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank’s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.