It is difficult for policymakers to predict the behavior of people in response to a water rationing policy. The public may not necessarily behave as expected or in accordance with market rules or policy mandates. In this research, I will ask whether people were responsive to a summer 2011 City of Saskatoon legal restrictions to reduce their outdoor water consumption due to reduced capacity at the water treatment plant resulting from excessive solids in the river water. I will try to explore the policy response - which can be expressed as a reduction of outdoor water consumption in 2011 in response to the water mandate - while holding constant other factors, including environmental variables (temperature and rainfall), socio-economic factors (income and education level), lot size, and an annual downward trend in water consumption that appeared in many North American cities during the past two decades. Monthly water consumption data for the period from 2004 to 2012 for the City of Saskatoon were analyzed to detect if there is a policy response from the water mandate during June and July 2011. Regression analysis with water consumption as the dependent variable and lot size, temperature, rainfall, education index, income, consumption trend, and policy as independent variables was conducted to test whether there is a policy response in the Saskatoon water records, holding other factors relevant to water consumption constant. Results showed there was a statistically significant reduction in Saskatoon water consumption during June and July 2011 as a result of the water rationing mandate, with considerable variations through different neighborhoods. In addition, there is a positive relationship between water consumption and lot size and a reduction in water consumption over the research period from 2004 to 2012. The policy response varied widely across neighborhoods, and there was relationship between policy and annual income per capita, and household size; households with more income per capita are less responsive to the policy while bigger household sizes showed more policy responsiveness. Key words: City of Saskatoon, water rationing, water policy, water mandate, outdoor water use.

Le législateur a introduit, à la fin des années 1980, une institution permettant à tout individu majeur et apte de confier, advenant son inaptitude, son bien-être, la gestion de ses biens et, de façon générale, sa protection à une personne en qui il a confiance. Cette institution s’appelle le mandat donné en prévision de l’inaptitude du mandant. Toutefois, les besoins du mandant ne peuvent être déterminés avec précision avant la survenance de son inaptitude. Cette situation a amené une certaine doctrine, en vue d’assurer la sauvegarde de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, à invoquer en matière de mandat de protection les principes gouvernant les régimes de protection. Malheureusement, en l’absence de disposition expresse à cet effet, il semble que cette voie ne puisse être adoptée. En conséquence, le présent mémoire tente de démontrer que les principes énoncés à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et les fondements du régime contractuel prévu au Code civil du Québec permettent d’assurer la protection du mandant dans le respect de ses intérêts et de ses attentes légitimes. Cette approche concilie également le respect de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, de ses volontés et de son besoin de protection et assure l’efficacité de l’institution. / In the late 1980s, the legislator introduced an institution allowing an individual of full age and able to exercise his civil rights to entrust, in the event of his inability, his well-being, the administration of his patrimony and, in general, his protection to a trusty person. This institution is called the mandate given in anticipation of the mandator’s incapacity. However, the onset of the mandator’s inability is a precondition to an accurate evaluation of his needs. This situation has led a certain doctrine, in order to safeguard the residual autonomy of the mandator, to invoke the principles governing the protective supervision of a person of full age. Unfortunately, without a specific provision to that effect, it appears that this pathway cannot be adopted. Accordingly, this text attempts to demonstrate that the principles brought up by the Charter of human rights and freedoms and the general provisions governing contractual agreements under the Civil Code of Québec allows to ensure the protection of the mandator in respect of his interests and his legitimate expectations. This approach also reconciles the respect of the mandator’s residual autonomy, his wishes and his need of protection and ensures the effectiveness of the institution.

The 21 inscribed ceramic sherds (or ostraca) known as the "Lachish Letters", which were discovered during the British Mandate Period excavations of Tell ed-Duweir (Lachish), underwent eighty years of scholarship that improved our understanding of at least some of these inscriptions. The archive is terse and fragmentary, and the least well-preserved and faded ostraca from this collection have been seriously overlooked, ironically when the "Lachish Letters" have more or less been regarded as a homogenous group of documents written during the final decades of the Judahite kingdom. Some of the ostraca were discovered in different stratigraphic contexts and pertaining to different settings, if not timeframes. The principal aim of this study is to produce an updated edition of these ostraca by objectively and systematically reassessing and understanding these artefacts, the inscriptions they bear, and their respective stratigraphic layers and archaeological contexts. This is carried out by integrating past studies and modern-day developments on the ostraca (and the site itself) from different perspectives: archaeology, palaeography, philology, the Hebrew Bible, and Classical Hebrew studies. This interdisciplinary approach enables a revision of outstanding controversial issues and a dismissal of outdated proposals on the readings, interpretation, and import of these ostraca in their contemporary world. Despite the illegibility of some inscriptions, this study pays attention to all 21 ostraca via physical examination under the lens, to confirm or deny any dubious readings as far as the naked eye can tell us. A crucial criterion is the integration of photographic data and written documentation gathered from unpublished and archived material of the Mandate Period that were accessible to the author at the time of writing. The study concludes that this surviving group of ostraca is far from homogeneous, and there still exist lacunae in their historico-archaeological contexts and interpretations. Our understanding of the source and function of the ostraca (especially the few legible messages and lists of names) remains riddled with controversies, which derive from the fragmentary nature of the corpus and the limitations in the documentation and preservation of these artefacts.

Le traité de Versailles semble marquer une rupture géopolitique profonde sur la scène internationale. Il place la France dans une position hégémonique (provisoire) en Europe et met le Proche-Orient au cœur des mutations et des innovations de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’effondrement de l’Empire Ottoman avec lequel la France entretenait des liens privilégiés depuis longtemps, la redistribution du pouvoir et des frontières qui en résulte, l’émergence de la SDN, porteuse de la doctrine de la sécurité collective et d’une réflexion sur de nouveaux cadres de domination visant des objectifs et des ambitions renouvelés, sont autant de facteurs qui reconfigurent les relations entre la France et les pays du Levant. En 1919, la France se voit confier par la SDN le mandat de conduire la Syrie à l’autonomie, en l’accompagnant dans son développement économique, social, politique et culturel. Les relations entre la France et la Syrie sont désormais réglées par la Charte du mandat qui encadre et par les usages plus ou moins décalés qu’en font les acteurs en fonction de la conjoncture et des tensions dans la société et entre les nations et du caractère antagoniste ou conciliable des ambitions de chacun… / The Treaty of Versailles appears to mark a profound geopolitical disruption on the international scene. It puts France in a hegemonic position (provisional) in Europe and the Middle East makes the heart mutations and innovations of the period between the wars. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire which France maintained close ties for a long time, the redistribution of power and boundaries that result, the emergence of the League, carrier of the doctrine of collective security and reflection on new domination frameworks objectives and renewed ambitions, are all factors that reconfigure the relationship between France and the Levant.In 1919, France was entrusted by the League of Nations mandate to lead Syria to autonomy, accompanying it in its economic, social, political and cultural. Relations between France and Syria are now set by the Charter of office that oversees and by the way, more or less offset than the actors do depending on the situation and the tensions in society and among nations and character antagonist or reconcile the ambitions of each ...

This article aims to determine the nature of the mandate without representation in the purchase of goods and their tax effects, so the author starts analyzing the corresponding figure of sending with and without representation, in order to understand its inner workings and confront within the tax Income. In that sense, the author believes that the president transfer of ownership is not onerous, each having different implications course within the income tax. / El presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar la naturaleza del mandato sin representación en la compra de bienes y sus efectos tributarios. Así, se parte del análisis del mandato con y sin representación, entendiendo su mecánica interna y confrontándola en relación al Impuesto a la Renta.En ese sentido, el autor considera que para el mandatario la transferencia de propiedad no resulta onerosa, teniendo cada supuesto implicancias distintas dentro del Impuesto a la Renta.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma discussão sobre o poder de polícia materializado na prática policial cotidiana dos policiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para desenvolver o tema poder de polícia foi imprescindível abordar os elementos que o constituem, que são: a discricionariedade da atividade de polícia, os termos do mandato de polícia, as formas de controle da ação policial e os aspectos da autonomia e subordinação da força policial. / This study intends to present a discussion about police power based on the daily police work developed by the police officers of the Military Police of the state of Rio de Janeiro. In order to accomplish this proposal it was fundamental to focus in its constitutional elements, which are: police discretion, the terms of the mandate of the police, control of police work and aspects of both autonomy and subordination of the police force.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T14:10:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 semiranesoliveiratheodoro.pdf: 1205810 bytes, checksum: f74bd1927c882e6ea8d639ea9d135a18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-16T14:25:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 semiranesoliveiratheodoro.pdf: 1205810 bytes, checksum: f74bd1927c882e6ea8d639ea9d135a18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T14:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 semiranesoliveiratheodoro.pdf: 1205810 bytes, checksum: f74bd1927c882e6ea8d639ea9d135a18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / A partir da década de 1990, a legislação educacional nacional preconiza a gestão democrática das escolas. Desde então,em Belo Horizonte, capital do estado de Minas Gerais, a eleição para Diretores escolares é uma realidade, como um importante elo dessa vertente. Ao assumirem o cargo, os Diretores eleitos respondem pela gestão escolar nas dimensões pedagógica, administrativa, orçamentária e financeira. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a identificação e a análise dos principais desafios encontrados pelos Diretores, em primeira experiência de gestão, no seu primeiro ano de mandato, na regional Venda Nova (VN); a partir do seguinte questionamento: quais são os principais desafios encontrados pelos diretores no primeiro ano de mandato?Este estudo foi desenvolvido ao longo do ano de 2015 por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco dos seis diretores identificados e com um Gestor da Secretaria de Educação (SMED). Efetuou-se a análise documental dos registros de visita das equipes de monitoramento, das TAGs ― reclamações recebidas através do Sistema de Ouvidoria e Gestão Pública ―pela regional citada e da terceira parte dos relatórios da primeira avaliação de gestão realizada na SMED. Além disso, considerou-se as reclamações de denúncias recebidas oralmente e registradas pela Gerência Regional de Educação Venda Nova (GERED-VN). Para o embasamento das análises e discussões, buscamos Lück (2009; 2010), Boccia (2011), Boccia, Dabul e Lacerda (2013), Machado (2013; 2014) e Paro (2015), dentre outros estudiosos da área. Pretendeu-se, ainda, averiguar de que forma os órgãos regionais e centrais podem auxiliar os novos Diretores. Na finalização deste estudo, propôs-se um Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE), que sintetiza as sugestões dos entrevistados no sentido de subsidiar a formação e o acompanhamento desses sujeitos, desde a sua eleição e ao longo do primeiro ano de atuação no cargo. / From the 1990's, national education legislation recommends the democratic management at schools. Since then, in Belo Horizonte, capital of the Brazilian state of Minas gerais, the election of school principals is a reality as an important link in this chain. Upon taking on the position, the elected principals answer for the school management in the financial, budgeting, administrative and pedagogical dimensions. The present qualitative research, a case study, proposes the identification and analysis of the main challenges found by directors, in first management experience, in their first year, in the Venda Nova Regional (VN) of the city, from the following question: which are the main challenges met by principals in their first year of mandate? This study was developed throughout 2015 by means of semi structured with five of the six identified directors and with a manager from the Educational Secretariat ( Secretaria Municipal de Educação – SMED). A document analysis from the monitoring team reports and from the TAGs ( claims received through the Ombudsman System and Public Management – in the cited regional and from the first part of the reports from the management evaluation took on by SMED. Moreover, we took in consideration the claims received orally and registered by the Regional Management of Venda Nova (GERED-VN). Supporting the analysis and discussions, we used the authors Lück (2009; 2010), Boccia (2011), Dabul and Lacerda (2013), machado (2013; 2014) and Paro (2015), among other researches from the area. We also intended to check in what way the regional and central organs can help the new principals. At the end of this study, we propose an Educational Action plan (PAE) which synthesizes the suggestions of the interviewed people looking for susidies for the training and following up of these subjects, since election and through he first year acting in the position.

[pt] Baseando-se em teorias da Sociolingüística Interacional e Análise da Conversa, mais especificamente, da Fala-em-interação em contexto institucional, analisa-se o papel do mediador no gerenciamento de conflitos entre consumidor e empresas reclamadas em um Juizado Especial Cível de Relações de Consumo. Utiliza-se, como dados, gravações de fala-em-interação em audiências de conciliação desse juizado. A resolução de conflitos em ambiente institucional difere da disputa informal por contar com um mandato institucional particular que direciona uma organização interacional, na qual os direitos de participação são restritos, diferentemente da conversa cotidiana. Expectativas de normas, status de participação diferenciados e seqüência de procedimentos caracterizam a audiência de conciliação e possibilitam a sua divisão em dois momentos principais: a narrativa e a negociação. Analisando o papel do mediador nesses dois momentos, observa-se que ele co- constrói a história do consumidor, por meio de perguntas e de formulações. Assim, durante o relato do conflito, o mediador se alinha, na maior parte das vezes, com o consumidor. Durante a negociação, o mediador pode mudar o seu alinhamento com a finalidade de cumprir a sua tarefa institucional de negociar e conseguir conciliar os adversários. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que os alinhamentos do mediador são direcionados para a sua tarefa institucional. / [en] Based on Interactional Sociolinguistics and Conversation Analysis theories, this work investigates the mediator role in conflict management between costumers and product and services suppliers in conciliation hearings in a brazilian Small Claim Court (Juizado Especial de Relações de Consumo). The date consist of tape recordings of talk-in-interaction in work place. Conflict resolution in institutional settings is distinct from informal dispute because its procedures define especific roles for each interaction participant. A particular institutional mandate determine a interactional organization where the participants rigths suffer restrictions that are absent in ordinary conversation. Norms expectations, distinct participation status and sequence of procedures are features of conciliation hearings that make possible to identify two moments in the hearings: narrative and negociation. Analysing the mediator role in the narrative moment, it was observed his co-contruction of the consumer narrative by questions and formulations. Thus, the mediator align himself most of the time with the consumer side during the conflict narrative. In the negotiation moment, he may change his alignment in order to do a institutional task of making agreement between disputants. Finally, there is an argument that mediator alignments are oriented by his institutional work.

La transparence des personnes morales en droit administratif se présente comme un argument visant à faire prévaloir la réalité de la situation d’une personne morale sur sa forme. L’argument de transparence entraîne une modification du rapport d’altérité entre deux personnes morales dont l’une est entièrement contrôlée par l’autre : alors qu’elles sont distinctes l’une de l’autre, le juge assimile l’organisme dépourvu d’autonomie à un service de la personne publique. La transparence n’est toutefois pas dotée d’un régime juridique stable et cohérent. L’opération de qualification est accessoire à sa mise en oeuvre, de sorte que les rapports juridiques entre les personnes morales varient. La personne morale n’est regardée comme « transparente » qu’à l’occasion d’un litige pour la résolution d’un problème juridique précis ; elle peut à nouveau être regardée comme distincte de la personne publique lors d’un nouveau procès. Avec cette technique, le juge administratif met en échec les effets de contournement des règles du droit administratif sans créer de règles ou d’exceptions jurisprudentielles nouvelles. Aux côtés du mandat administratif, l’argument de transparence permet de compléter l’arsenal de protection de la compétence du juge administratif et du respect des règles propres à l’administration, dont les effets et la portée peuvent être mesurés et adaptés aux situations. Il permet également aux requérants d’envisager une stratégie juridique susceptible de faire sauter l’obstacle de la personnalité morale de l’organisme que maîtrise totalement l’administration. / Piercing the veil of corporate entities in French administrative law appears as an argument which aims at letting the reality of the situation of a corporate entity prevail over its form. This argument of transparency modifies the relation of alterity between two corporate entities in which one is completely controlled by the other: while they are distinct from each other, the judge assimilates the organization devoid of autonomy to a service belonging to the public entity. However, transparency is not provided with a stable and coherent legal regime. The operation of qualification is incidental to its implementation, so that judiciary relations between corporate entities vary. The corporate entity is only regarded as “transparent” in the course of a litigation concerning the resolving of a precise judiciary problem; it can be considered as distinct again from the public entity at a new trial. With this process, the administrative judge defeats the bypassing of the rules of administrative law without creating any new rule or jurisprudential exception. Together with administrative mandates, the argument of transparency allows to complete the arsenal of protection of the administrative judge’s authority and to enforce administrative rules, whose effects and reach can be measured and adapted to situations. It also allows petitioners to consider a legal strategy that may overcome the obstacle posed by the corporate entity of the organization which is completely controlled by the administration

Magister Legum - LLM