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A digital board typically contains a heterogeneous mixture of chips: microprocessors, memory, control and I/O logic. Different testing techniques are needed for each of these components. To test the whole board, these techniques must be integrated into an overall testing strategy for the board. In this thesis, we have applied a behavioral testing scheme to test the board. Each component chip is tested by observing the behavior of the system in response to the test code, i.e. the component under test is not isolated from the rest of the circuit during test. This obviates the need for the extra hardware used for isolating the chips that is required for structural testing. But this is done at the cost of reduced fault location, although fault detection is still adequate. We have applied the start small approach to behavioral testing. We start by testing a small core of functions. Then, only those functions already tested are used to test the remaining behavior. The grand goal is testing the whole board. This is divided into goals for testing each of the individual chips, which is further subdivided into sub-goals for each of the sub-functions of the board or sub-goals for testing for the most common faults in a component. Each component is tested one by one. Once a component passes, it is put in a passed items set and then can be used in testing the remaining components. Using the start small approach helps isolate the faults to the chip level and thus results in better fault location than the simple behavioral testing scheme in which there is no concept of passed items set and its usage. As an example, this testing approach is applied to a microcontroller based temperature sensor board. This code is run on the VHDL model of the system, and then also on the actual system. For modeling the system in VHDL, Synopsys Smart model library components are used. Faults are injected in the system and then the performance of the strategy is evaluated. This strategy is found to be very effective in detecting internal faults of the chip and locating the faults to the chip level. The interconnection faults are difficult to locate although they are detected in most of the cases. Different scenarios for incorporating this scheme in legacy systems are also discussed. / Master of Science

When the most powerful man in the march to freedom fails to break segregation codes in 1963 Birmingham, Alabama, the last person anyone would expect to make Dr. King’s dream a reality is a 10-year-old girl known as the "Civil Rights Queen."

Syftet med denna uppsats var att besvara följande frågeställning: 1) Hur gestaltas den polska självständighetsmarschen och dess deltagare? Går det genom öppen kodning att hitta återkommande frames? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 2) Hur förhåller sig gestaltningen till tidigare journalistisk forskning om hur demonstrationer gestaltas? Kännetecknas gestaltningar av de frames som i hög utsträckning används? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 3) Hur återspeglar framställningar av självständighetsmarschen hur journalister i de olika undersökta länderna förhåller sig till objektivitetsideal enligt en liberal modell? Frågeställningen besvarades genom en tvådelad kvantitativ objektivitetsanalys samt en tvådelad kvalitativ gestaltningsanalys. Resultatet av den första delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade att objektivitetsideal förknippade med hur informationskällor används var relativt lika; objektivitetsideal återspeglas inom detta område på ett relativt likartat sätt länder emellan. Resultatet av den andra delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade relativt stora skillnader mellan hur inrikes (polska) medier samt utrikesmedier beskriver marschen. Tydligast i detta sammanhang var att 46% av de utländska nyhetstexterna kallade marschen helt högerextrem, medan endast 7% av de polska nyhetstexterna kallade den i helhet som högerextrem. Liknande siffror kunde ses om man bytte ut begreppet ”högerextrem” mot ”nationalistisk”. I gestaltningsanalysens första del, kunde fem olika mindre ramar som beskrev marschens deltagare (”stöttade av regeringen”, ”representanter av allmän opinion”, ”vandaler/huliganer”, ”extremister” och ”harmlösa”) identifieras, och dessa bildade tillsammans en övergripande gestaltningsram. Den övergripande ramen gick att tillämpa på de flesta texter som analyserades. Resultatet av den andra delen visade att Dardis (2006) kartlagda marginaliseringsfigurer (som forskning visat frekvent använts i tidigare journalistisk forskning om demonstrationer) användes i liten utsträckning. Gestaltningsanalysen visade, tillskillnad från objektivitetsanalysen, relativt lika beskrivningar i samtliga länders medier, även om det gick att se nationella skillnader.När det gäller objektivitetsideal så indikerar resultatet generellt att journalister i Polen inom detta sammanhang förhåller sig annorlunda till västerländska objektivitetsideal, alternativt att journalister förhåller sig annorlunda till objektivitetsideal när det gäller utrikes- jämfört med inrikesrapportering.

This paper describes various approaches to hardware testing semiconductor memory. We describe the priciple of basic memory types, the way which each of them stores information and their comunication protocol. Following part deals with common failures which may occur in the memory.  The section also describes the implementation of memory model and tester designed in VHDL language. It is possible to inject some errors into memory, which are later detected by the tester. The final section shows the response of tester to various error types according to used error detection method. The paper is especially focused on failure detection by variants of march test.

This study explores Layamon's engenderment of cultural unification for the explicit purposes of an Anglo-Welsh cultural resistance to the Norman overlords in the March of Wales. In essence, I examine some of the most important cultural signifiers in medieval English and Welsh culture and the methods by which the poet adapts and grafts them together to form a culturally amalgamated text—neither explicitly English nor Welsh but yet simultaneously both - and the political implications of this amalgamation. Though Laymon's methodology emanates from multiple aspects of the text, I have concentrated here on what I feel are the most explicit manifestations of this theme: Merlin, his prophecies, and the Law of the March. / Master of Arts