Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O spread bancário no Brasil tem mostrado resiliência quanto ao seu nível reconhecidamente elevado mesmo após as mudanças econômicas estruturais ocorridas a partir da implementação do Plano Real e a mais recente queda da taxa de juros básica da economia SELIC - promovida, em grande parte, pelo cenário de crise internacional e pelo aumento expressivo do mercado de crédito nacional. Adicionalmente a isso, a mudança no perfil da dívida pública também sofreu alteração recentemente, visando reduzir a importância de títulos públicos atrelados a SELIC e, com isso, aumentar a eficácia da política monetária praticada pelo Banco Central. Ademais, títulos públicos com essa natureza desincentivam a ampliação de um mercado de crédito desenvolvido, dado que são títulos de baixo risco e com rentabilidade suficiente para inibir as instituições financeiras à incorrer em novos empréstimos, com maior risco operacional. Este trabalho pretende investigar a relação entre as Letras Financeiras do Tesouro Nacional LFTs e a taxa de spread bancário ex-ante no período recente da economia brasileira. / The banking spread in Brazil has shown resilience as its recognized high level even after the structural economic changes that occurred since the implementation of the Real Plan and the latest drop in the basic interest rate of the economy - SELIC - promoted largely by international crisis scenario and the significant increase in the domestic credit market. In addition to this, the change in public debt profile has also undergone changes recently to reduce the importance of the SELIC indexed bonds and thereby increase the effectiveness of monetary policy practiced by the Central Bank. Furthermore, bonds with nature that discourage the expansion of a developed credit market, as are securities with low risk and profitability sufficient to inhibit financial institutions to incur new loans, with higher operational risk. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the Letras Financeiras do Tesouro - LFT - and the rate of ex-ante bank spread in recent years of the Brazilian economy.

Esta dissertação aborda a constituição do camelódromo de Porto Alegre e de suas práticas de comércio popular, em sua relação com as tecnologias de (i)legibilidade produzidas na sua relação com o Estado. Este trabalho parte de uma etnografia realizada entre os anos de 2013 e 2014, que se focou tanto nas práticas e sentidos elaborados pelos comerciantes do camelódromo, quanto nas visões dos atores representantes dos órgãos de controle e vigilância estatal. A partir da perspectiva teórica de Veena Das & Deborah Poole, destaco que o Estado e suas margens interagem de forma coprodutiva. Inspirada nesta abordagem, percebendo o camelódromo como uma “margem”, objetivo demonstrar como o Estado e a margem em questão estabelecem uma relação de produção mútua a partir de suas práticas. Utilizo-me dos conceitos de (i)legibilidade e pluralismo jurídico para compreender os limites e as mobilidades de tal interação. A partir da análise dos dados coletados, pode-se depreender que o Estado é reforçado, ao mesmo passo que redefinido, pelas atividades informais do camelódromo. Por sua vez, tal fortalecimento também acontece, na relação com o Estado no comércio popular em questão, onde as tecnologias de controle estatais estimulam redes de solidariedade a se organizarem e produzirem práticas diversas, que relacionam códigos legais e condutas locais. / This dissertation approaches the constitution of Porto Alegre’s “camelódromo” and its popular trade’s practices, in relation with (i)legibility technologies produced in its nexus with the State. This study consists in an ethnography carried out between 2013 and 2014, which focused on practices and meanings produced by camelódromo’s vendors, as in the visions of the actors that represents the organs of state control and surveillance. From the theoretical perspective of Veena Das & Deborah Poole, I emphasize that the State and its margins interact in a coproductive way. Inspired by this approach, perceiving camelódromo as a margin, my purpose is to demonstrate how the State and the margin in question establish a mutual relation of production from their practices. I use, in this work, the concepts of (i)legibility and legal pluralism to understand the limits and mobilities of such interaction. From the analysis of the collected data, it is possible to deduce that the State is reinforced and redefined by camelódromo’s informal activities. In turn, this strengthening also happens between the relation of the State and popular trade in question, where State’s control technologies stimulate solidarity networks to organize and produce themselves various practices that relates legal codes and local behavior.

abstract: The early-16th-century manuscript commonly known as the Geese Book (New York, Morgan Library, M. 905) contains the entire Mass liturgy sung by the boys choir of the parish church of St. Lorenz in Nuremberg, Germany prior to the Reformation. This thesis addresses the location and function of the sometimes enigmatic marginalia and the decorated or historiated initials in this large two-volume gradual. The paper begins with an analytical case study of a scene within the margins in which a wild woman, wielding a club, confronts a female dragon who has taken a child. Subsequently the size, subject matter, and physical positioning of the illuminations and decorations within the book and on its pages are examined with respect to the gradual's liturgical contents. It is hoped that through such methods, new conversations may begin as to the roles that marginalia and decoration may play within the multiple organizational schemes within a musical text of this kind. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Art History 2013

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência sob o enfoque das diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar. Inicialmente são relatadas suas principais características como a questão do arms length principle, seu histórico e aplicação, para em seguida falar-se acerca da disciplina no âmbito da OCDE e no direito comparado. Na sequência é abordada a legislação brasileira sobre o tema, a posição da jurisprudência, seu confronto com a valoração aduaneira, bem como sua relação com os acordos para se evitar a dupla tributação. Após configurado este cenário de introdução do estudo e seus principais contornos, são efetivamente analisadas as diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar, notadamente em relação à recepção do arms length, a adoção de margens fixas e a questão da superioridade hierarquica dos tratados para se evitar a dupla tributação e a lei interna, no caso a lei dos preços de transferência / This study examines the Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime from the standpoint of the different views that the issue may have. Initially the main characteristics are reported, for example, the arm\'s length principle, its history and application, thereafter it advocates the discipline within the OECD and comparative law. Following is addressed the Brazilian Transfer Pricing legislation, the position of jurisprudence facing with the customs valuation, and their relation with the double tax treaty. Once set up this introduction study scenario and its main outlines, are effectively analyzed the different views that the subject may have, especially with respect to the receipt of the arm\'s length principle, the adoption of fixed margins and the issue of hierarchical superiority of double tax treaties and domestic law, in case, transfer pricings law.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é prever a evolução de margens divergentes desde o início da extensão litosférica, levando-se em consideração a interação entre processos superficiais e tectônicos. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico que acopla isostasia flexural, efeitos térmicos, estiramento litosférico e processos superficiais. A isostasia flexural é simulada através de uma placa elástica fina sobre um fluido invíscido, representando o comportamento flexural da litosfera flutuando sobre a astenosfera. Durante a simulação, a estrutura térmica da litosfera evolui como um resultado da advecção e difusão do calor no interior da Terra. Considera-se que o estiramento da litosfera é acomodado por falhas planas na crosta superior e deformação dúctil na crosta inferior e manto. O modelo de processos superficiais descreve como a paisagem é erodida e como os sedimentos são transportados e depositados nas bacias sedimentares. Através desse modelo numérico, é mostrado que o estiramento litosférico tem uma profunda influência na evolução da migração de escarpas em margens divergentes. Os resultados sugerem que escarpas limitadas por falhas criadas em flancos de rifts por descarregamento mecânico e resposta flexural têm pouca chance de \"sobreviver\" através de recuo erosivo se a crosta inferior sob o flanco do rift foi substancialmente estirada. Nessa configuração, o divisor de drenagem que persiste através do tempo é criado em direção ao continente em uma posição que depende da rigidez flexural da crosta superior. Esse cenário ocorre quando a topografia pré-rift mergulha para o continente, caso contrário a evolução da escarpa é guiada pelo divisor de águas interior pré-existente. Esses conceitos são aplicados no estudo das margens do sudeste da Australia e do sudeste do Brasil, onde o cenário de retração de escarpas através de recuo erosivo mostrou-se improvável. O mesmo modelo numérico foi utilizado para estudar como a passagem de uma anomalia térmica sob a litosfera pode afetar a evolução pós-rift de bacias sedimentares em margens divergentes. Os resultados numéricos mostram que a velocidade da litosfera em relação à anomalia térmica e a rigidez flexural da litosfera oceânica e continental afetam a evolução de bacias sedimentares devido ao soerguimento da superfície relacionado com a expansão térmica da litosfera. Como exemplo, é estudada a possível influência de uma anomalia térmica (Pluma de Trindade?) na evolução das bacias de Campos e Espírito Santo, na margem sudeste brasileira. / The purpose of this work is to predict the evolution of divergent margins since the onset of lithospheric extension, taking into account the interaction between surface and tectonic processes. For this, a numerical model was developed to study the coupling of flexural isostasy, thermal effects, stretching of the lithosphere and surface processes. The flexural isostasy is simulated through a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid fluid, representing the flexural behavior of the lithosphere floating on the asthenosphere. During the simulation, the thermal structure of the lithosphere evolves as a result of advection and diffusion of heat in the Earths interior. The stretching of the lithosphere is assumed to be accommodated by planar faults in the upper crust and ductile flow in the lower crust and mantle. The surface processes model describes how the landscape is eroded and how the sediments are transported and deposited in the sedimentary basins. The results from this numerical model show that the amount of lithospheric stretching has a profound influence on the evolution of escarpment migration in divergent margins. These results suggest that fault-bounded escarpments created at rift flanks by mechanical unloading and flexural rebound have little potential to survive as retreating escarpments if the lower crust under the rift flank is substantially stretched. In this configuration, a drainage divide that persists through time is created landward in a position that depends on the flexural rigidity of the upper crust. This scenario occurs when the pre-rift topography dips landward, otherwise the evolution of the escarpment is guided by the pre-existing inland drainage divide. These concepts are applied to study the margins of Southeastern Australia and Southeastern Brazil, where the retreating escarpment scenario showed to be unlikely. The same numerical model is used to study how the passage of a thermal anomaly under the lithosphere can affect the post-rift evolution of sedimentary basins in divergent margins. The numerical results show that the velocity of the lithosphere relative to the thermal anomaly and the flexural rigidity of the continental and oceanic lithospheres affect the evolution of sedimentary basins due to surface uplift related to thermal expansion of the lithosphere. As an example, the model is applied to assess the possible influence of a thermal anomaly (Trindade Plume?) on the evolution of the Campos and Esp rito Santo Basins, in Southeastern Brazilian margin.

Kantzoner har en lång tradition i odlingslandskapet och används i dag som en miljöåtgärd som finansieras med ersättningar för att minska näringsläckage från åkrarna och bevara biologisk mångfald. Behovet av denna typ av åtgärder är en konsekvens av människans utnyttjande av naturen, där denna formats för att anpassa mänskliga behov med begränsad hänsyn för hur naturen påverkas av detta. Metoder för hållbar utveckling efterfrågas och med detta i åtanke tillägnas fokus i denna litteraturstudie kantzonernas potential att bidra med värden för både miljö och människa. Studien riktar sig mot möjligheten att skapa naturliga habitat där de mänskliga insatserna bidrar med positiva värden för naturen, samtidigt som hon kan ta del av de värden som produceras i kantzonen. Resultatet visar på att det finns en god möjlighet att producera biomassa samtidigt som produktionen i sig gynnar inbindningen av kol, minskar näringsläckage och ökar den biologiska mångfalden. Potentialen för kolinbindning beräknas vara 31% högre i gräsmarker jämfört med åkermark vilket genererar en möjlig kolinlagring på 95 ton/hektar. Kantzonerna kan även minska näringsläckagen då de uppmätts kunna bromsa 60-80% av det fosfor och 40-80% av det kvävet som passerar kantzonen. Vad gäller den biologiska mångfalden så kan kantzoner erbjuda habitat som kan härbärgera fler arter samt fler individer inom arterna.

Les marges passives volcaniques, qui représentent plus des trois-quarts des marges passives sur Terre, sont les témoins privilégiés des processus d'extension lithosphérique menant à l'ouverture de nouveaux bassins océaniques. Nous explorons les relations structurales et temporelles qui existent entre le développement des grandes structures qui accommodent l'extension et l'amincissement, et la production magmatique qui lui est associée pendant le développement d'une marge volcanique naissante, accessible à l'observation directe : le point triple Afar en Éthiopie. Nous produisons une nouvelle lecture de la province Afar en tant qu'analogue en devenir des marges volcaniques. L'approche combine (1) une étude de terrain et de datation du volcanisme pour caractériser le timing de la déformation crustale et le style structural du rift pendant les phases les plus précoces, (2) la détermination géochimique de l'évolution des régimes de fusion mantellique au cours de l'extension, (3) la construction d'un modèle régional qui traite de l'évolution des marges volcaniques en lien avec leur segmentation. Nous mettons en évidence un style structural de " magmatic wide rift " en Afar, associé au jeu de grands détachements. Des phases tectoniques ponctuelles alternent avec des périodes de magmatisme plus prolongées. La segmentation précoce syn-rift contrôle le style structural, la mise en place du magma et l'asymétrie des marges. Le break-up correspond à l'amincissement et le remplacement de la croûte initiale par du matériel mafique pour former la première croûte océanique. / Volcanic passive margins, that represent more than the three quarters of continental margins worldwide, are privileged witnesses of the lithospheric extension processes that form new oceanic basins. We explore the structural and temporal relationships that exist between the development of the major thinning and stretching structures and the magmatic production associated to them. To do so, we will focus our work on the Afar triple junction, Ethiopia, a nascent volcanic passive margin. The rationale of this work is threefold. First, we present fieldwork analysis with lavas geochronology to determine the timing and style of the rift formation, since the early syn-rift period to present days. Second, we determine how the melting regime evolved in response to the deformation of the crust, through a geochemical study of the pre- to syn-rift lavas. Third, we present a synthetic regional that describes the evolution of the volcanic margins in relationship with their segmentation. Central Afar deformed as a magmatic wide rift, associated with major detachment faults. Punctual tectonic phases alternate with protracted magmatic periods. Early syn-rift segmentation controls the structural style, magma emplacement and asymmetry of the margins. The break-up is reached when the initial crust is thinned and replaced by mafic material to form the first oceanic crust.

In southern Africa, as elsewhere, the tendency of Iron Age (CE 200-1900) researchers has been to focus on the more prominent places on the landscape, especially those believed by pioneering archaeologists to have been centres of big states. Consequently, most research foci were accorded to Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, Danamombe and many other places considered as centres (mizinda) of expansive territorial states. However, landscapes away from, and in-between these states and their centres are traditionally viewed as ‘peripheries' where resources that made them prosperous were extracted. The inhabitants of such ‘peripheries' are presented as if they possessed little or no agency. One such area is Mberengwa, a gold-rich area situated between the edges of Mapela, Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Danamombe, and Khami. This thesis explores the archaeology of Chumnungwa, a drystone-walled muzinda located in Mberengwa. Because of abundant gold, and a landscape optimal for cattle production and crop agriculture, Chumnungwa is often marginalised as a docile ‘periphery' of the more powerful and territorial states that surrounded it. Stratigraphic excavations were performed in different parts of the site to recover artefactual and chronological evidence. Indications are that the inhabitants of Chumnungwa exploited locally acquired resources such as gold, iron, and soapstone, but mixed these with resources from distant areas. Cumulatively, this evidence, when assessed in relation to chronology, suggests that Chumnungwa flourished more or less at the same time as Mapela, and the later phases of Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe, Khami, and Danamombe. As a powerful actor in Mberengwa, Chumnungwa also networked and was therefore entangled not only with local, but also with regional, and inter-regional politicoeconomic processes. This suggests it is only a historical invention that can marginalise some landscapes as ‘peripheral', especially in the absence of research, but once attention is directed to them, multiple layers of agency and entanglement emerge.

Newspaper advertising and retail pricing practices for turkeys were ascertained and gross retail margins established for three Utah markets, 1955 to 1966, and for 12 other selected U. S. markets, 1965 and 1966. Turkey was extensively used as an advertised special item, particularly in holiday seasons. Food retailing organizations advertised turkey at low prices and margins at Thanksgiving and Christmas when consumer demand for turkey is traditionally strong. Prior to these holidays, food retailing organizations in a market simultaneously advertised turkey at identical prices and with little product differentiation thus limiting the effectiveness of turkey as an advertised item to gain competitive advantage for a food retailer.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology, 1979. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 121-122. / by Hsien Wang Ou. / Ph.D.