Integrated coastal and ocean management (ICM) requires new management systems where social learning (SL), the joint and collaborative learning trough interaction, is a key element. The occurrence of SL and the factors that affect it were investigated by documentary analysis, observation of ongoing processes and accessment of the perception of people involved with the participatory management of a marine protected area (MPA) in Brazil. The general hypothesis is that SL can qualify participation and improve ICM. To test it, this research characterized the management of the MPA, identifying SL processes and how they were fostered/hindered, with special attention to the role of research and educational institutions and the promotion of knowledge exchange. SL was evidenced by changes in knowledge, perception of the complexity of the system, social context and in the development of new understandings among the stakeholders involved in the processes, leading to strong social organization, social empowerment and institutional changes, promoting social capital. To improve ICM through SL, five strategies are proposed: promote diverse participation, not limited to official membership; promote simultaneous discussions in small groups; favor interaction processes over rapid solutions; explore common interests; explore different roles, especially with reference to research and educational organizations. / A gestão costeira integrada (GCI) demanda novos sistemas de gestão onde a aprendizagem social (AS), a aprendizagem conjunta e colaborativa que ocorre por meio de interação, é um elemento-chave. A ocorrência de AS e os fatores que a afetam foram investigados por meio de análise documental, observação de processos em andamento e levantamento da percepção dos indivíduos envolvidos com a gestão participativa de uma área marinha protegida (AMP) no Brasil. A hipótese central é que AS pode qualificar a participação e aprimorar a GCI. Esta pesquisa caracterizou a gestão da AMP e identificou processos de AS e como eles foram favorecidos/prejudicados, com atenção especial ao papel de instituições de ensino e pesquisa e à promoção de troca de conhecimento. A AS foi evidenciada por mudanças no conhecimento, percepção da complexidade do sistema, contexto social e construção de entendimentos coletivos, fortalecendo a organização social, empoderamento social e mudanças institucionais, promovendo o capital social. Para aprimorar a GCI por meio de AS são propostas cinco estratégias: promover diversidade de participação; promover a discussão simultânea de vários problemas; favorecer processos de interação à soluções rápidas; explorar interesses comuns; explorar diferentes papéis, especialmente considerando as organizações de ensino e pesquisa.

A Estação Ecológica (ESEC) Tupinambás, uma UC marinha de proteção integral, está localizada no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo (SP). Foi criada em 1987, sendo utilizada pela Marinha do Brasil para exercícios de tiro até recentemente no arquipélago dos Alcatrazes (São Sebastião, SP). Isto justifica a baixa quantidade de informações disponíveis sobre essa região. Através do levantamento de informações sobre a composição biológica, aspectos socioeconômicos e oceanográficos da área do arquipélago, da utilização de índices ecológicos (dominância, diversidade, riqueza e equabilidade) e multimétricos (Índice ABC e Índice de Integridade Biótica), e da elaboração da Carta de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo, verificou-se (1) a semelhança da composição ictiofaunística do arquipélago dos Alcatrazes em relação à Santos e São Sebastião, (2) se a região mantém a integridade biótica da ictiofauna mesmo localizando-se entre regiões impactadas, e (3) se o ponto mais sensível ecologicamente detectado pela carta SAO pode ser a área de maior suscetibilidade de ser atingida por um derramamento de óleo. Os dados analisados são provenientes de trabalhos pretéritos e coletas realizadas em setembro de 2011 e janeiro de 2014. A composição ictíica variou ao longo do tempo e períodos de coleta, respondendo à composição sedimentar e à variabilidade das propriedades hidrográficas. Foi constatada alta similaridade da ictiofauna do arquipélago com aquelas encontradas na plataforma continental de Santos e São Sebastião. Em relação à integridade biótica local, a partir da ictiofauna, as duas técnicas aplicadas refletiram o histórico no estado de conservação da ESEC, com a melhora dos índices ao longo do período estudado. A produção da carta SAO resultou em um produto único, que poderá auxiliar a gestão da UC e em planos de contenção, e em um compêndio das espécies encontradas na região, dentre as quais se encontram algumas endêmicas e muitas ameaçadas, segundo critérios nacionais e internacionais. Finalmente, espera-se que a alta biodiversidade do entorno do arquipélago, que representa uma vasta fonte de conhecimentos para o futuro, se encontre protegida pelo respeito à legislação e fiscalização da ESEC em que se encontra, pela Área Delta da Marinha do Brasil, e pela distância da costa e de fontes de contaminação. / The Tupinambás Ecological Station (TES), a Marine Protected Area (MPA) of integral protection, is located on the northern coast of São Paulo state (SP). It was established in 1987 and it has been used by the Brazilian Navy for shooting practice until recently in the Alcatrazes archipelago (São Sebastião, SP). That accounts for the low amount of the available data in this region. Using information on the biological composition, socioeconomic and oceanographic aspects variables, combined with ecological (dominance, diversity, richness and evenness) and multimetric (ABC method and Biotic Integrity Index) indexes and the preparation of the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Map, we (1) assessed the similarity of the ichthyofauna of the Alcatrazes archipelago regarding compared to Santos and São Sebastião, (2) verified whether the region retains the ichthyofauna biotic integrity despite being located between affected regions and (3) verified whether the most ecologically sensitive region detected by the ESI map is the area most likely to be hit by an oil spill. The analyzed data come from previous works and samplings carried out in September 2011 and January 2014. The ichthyofauna varied over time and sampling points. Its distribution also reflected the sedimentary composition and the variability of hydrographic properties. High similarity between the ichthyofauna of the archipelago and those found on the continental shelf off Santos and São Sebastião. Regarding the biotic integrity, the two techniques applied reflected the conservation history of the TES, with an improvement in the indexes during the study period. The production of the ESI map resulted in an unique product that can assist in the management of the MPA and containment plans, and a species compendium found in the region, among which many of them are endemic and endangered, according to national and international classifications. Finally, it is expected that the high biodiversity of the archipelago surroundings, which still represents a vast source of knowledge for the future, is protected by the Delta Area of the Brazilian Navy, by the law that ensure the TES and by the distance from the coast.

Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo da participação dos diversos atores componentes do Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo (APAMLC). Para isso foi caracterizada a participação politica, a atuação das instituições acadêmicas e utilização do conhecimento na gestão da APAMLC. A análise de conteúdo é utilizada como metodologia para levantamento de dados, a partir da análise das atas das reuniões do Conselho Gestor; entrevistas e observação direta das reuniões. A representatividade e a mediação foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para eficiência da atuação do Conselho Gestor na gestão participativa da APAMLC. A atuação das instituições acadêmicas foi maior no sentido de educar e comunicar, havendo demandas da gestão para o compartilhamento de dados, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e parcerias futuras para projetos de educação comunitária. Os conhecimentos tradicional e científico são complementares na gestão da APAMLC e o diálogo é a principal ferramenta para gestão compartilhada dos recursos marinhos. Parcerias de longa duração para elaboração de uma plataforma colaborativa de dados via web é o principal desafio que esta pesquisa identificou, para o aprimoramento da gestão participativa da APAMLC / This case study aims to evaluate the participation content of the various components actors of the Environmental Protection Area of Coastal Marine Center of the State of São Paulo Managing Board (APAMLC). For this, we featured the political participation, the role of academic institutions and use of knowledge in managing APAMLC. Content analysis is used as a methodology for data collection, based on the analysis of the minutes of the Management Board meetings, interviews and direct observation of the meetings. The representation and mediation were the factors that contributed most to the efficiency performance of the Managing Board in participatory management APAMLC. The role of academic institutions was higher towards educating and communicating, with claims management for data sharing, research development and future partnerships for community education projects. Traditional and scientific knowledge are complementary in the management of APAMLC and dialogue is the main tool for management of shared marine resources. A long-term partnership for developing a collaborative data platform via web is the main challenge that this research identified for the enhancement of participatory management APAMLC

Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo da participação dos diversos atores componentes do Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo (APAMLC). Para isso foi caracterizada a participação politica, a atuação das instituições acadêmicas e utilização do conhecimento na gestão da APAMLC. A análise de conteúdo é utilizada como metodologia para levantamento de dados, a partir da análise das atas das reuniões do Conselho Gestor; entrevistas e observação direta das reuniões. A representatividade e a mediação foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para eficiência da atuação do Conselho Gestor na gestão participativa da APAMLC. A atuação das instituições acadêmicas foi maior no sentido de educar e comunicar, havendo demandas da gestão para o compartilhamento de dados, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e parcerias futuras para projetos de educação comunitária. Os conhecimentos tradicional e científico são complementares na gestão da APAMLC e o diálogo é a principal ferramenta para gestão compartilhada dos recursos marinhos. Parcerias de longa duração para elaboração de uma plataforma colaborativa de dados via web é o principal desafio que esta pesquisa identificou, para o aprimoramento da gestão participativa da APAMLC / This case study aims to evaluate the participation content of the various components actors of the Environmental Protection Area of Coastal Marine Center of the State of São Paulo Managing Board (APAMLC). For this, we featured the political participation, the role of academic institutions and use of knowledge in managing APAMLC. Content analysis is used as a methodology for data collection, based on the analysis of the minutes of the Management Board meetings, interviews and direct observation of the meetings. The representation and mediation were the factors that contributed most to the efficiency performance of the Managing Board in participatory management APAMLC. The role of academic institutions was higher towards educating and communicating, with claims management for data sharing, research development and future partnerships for community education projects. Traditional and scientific knowledge are complementary in the management of APAMLC and dialogue is the main tool for management of shared marine resources. A long-term partnership for developing a collaborative data platform via web is the main challenge that this research identified for the enhancement of participatory management APAMLC

This study explores the factors that influence the management of a protected area situated on private land as well as the implications of these factors in the interaction between the NGO and the communities associated with this area. The protected area, Marine National Monument Cayos Cochinos, is an archipelago surrounded by reefs in the Honduran Caribbean. This area is home to a highly heterogeneous population of fisherfolk communities –most are members of the Garifuna ethnic group– and wealthy Honduran and foreign landowners. This case study also comprises three fisherfolk communities outside the protected area who fish in Cayos Cochinos. Local fishermen in Cayos Cochinos are settled in community-owned areas; however, these settlements started by the occupation of private lands. Wealthy landowners have either individual land titles or shares of a firm owning four of the islands. The protected area was established through the initiative of this firm to protect the natural resources. This area is nominally co-managed by a local nongovernmental organisation (NGO) and two government agencies; however in practice it is managed solely by the NGO. This study discusses the influence of the nature of the Honduran legislation regarding protected areas and of the co-management agreement on the management of Cayos Cochinos. This research also shows that the management priorities of this protected area are only partially based on the Honduran government’s laws and regulations and the guidelines specific for this area. Lack of government participation in the co-management of the area, financial constraints, influences on the NGO of stakeholders in higher positions of power with respect to it, personal preferences of the NGO managers and issues regarding the communities’ leadership, have all had an influence on the management priorities of the protected area since its constitution. The combined effect of these factors has influenced the management of the NGO towards prioritising the natural resource conservation. This area is managed under a ‘people-out’ conservation paradigm. The adoption of this paradigm has disadvantaged the fisherfolk communities inside and outside the protected area by restricting their access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods are highly dependent. However, the same situation has favoured the private landowners by limiting the access of the fisherfolk communities to the land owned by the former. The privileging of one community sector over another has created conflicts between the NGO and the fisherfolk communities. However, these conflicts have been fuelled by other factors such as the steady contesting of the land titles over the territories occupied by the latter, and by the support that external organisations have given to the latter at the expense of the original owners of the land. This research suggests that local NGOs in charge of the management of natural protected areas might have limited capacity to abide by national conservation and sustainable development priorities due to the likelihood to be influenced by external forces with different priorities.

This study explores the factors that influence the management of a protected area situated on private land as well as the implications of these factors in the interaction between the NGO and the communities associated with this area. The protected area, Marine National Monument Cayos Cochinos, is an archipelago surrounded by reefs in the Honduran Caribbean. This area is home to a highly heterogeneous population of fisherfolk communities –most are members of the Garifuna ethnic group– and wealthy Honduran and foreign landowners. This case study also comprises three fisherfolk communities outside the protected area who fish in Cayos Cochinos. Local fishermen in Cayos Cochinos are settled in community-owned areas; however, these settlements started by the occupation of private lands. Wealthy landowners have either individual land titles or shares of a firm owning four of the islands. The protected area was established through the initiative of this firm to protect the natural resources. This area is nominally co-managed by a local nongovernmental organisation (NGO) and two government agencies; however in practice it is managed solely by the NGO. This study discusses the influence of the nature of the Honduran legislation regarding protected areas and of the co-management agreement on the management of Cayos Cochinos. This research also shows that the management priorities of this protected area are only partially based on the Honduran government’s laws and regulations and the guidelines specific for this area. Lack of government participation in the co-management of the area, financial constraints, influences on the NGO of stakeholders in higher positions of power with respect to it, personal preferences of the NGO managers and issues regarding the communities’ leadership, have all had an influence on the management priorities of the protected area since its constitution. The combined effect of these factors has influenced the management of the NGO towards prioritising the natural resource conservation. This area is managed under a ‘people-out’ conservation paradigm. The adoption of this paradigm has disadvantaged the fisherfolk communities inside and outside the protected area by restricting their access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods are highly dependent. However, the same situation has favoured the private landowners by limiting the access of the fisherfolk communities to the land owned by the former. The privileging of one community sector over another has created conflicts between the NGO and the fisherfolk communities. However, these conflicts have been fuelled by other factors such as the steady contesting of the land titles over the territories occupied by the latter, and by the support that external organisations have given to the latter at the expense of the original owners of the land. This research suggests that local NGOs in charge of the management of natural protected areas might have limited capacity to abide by national conservation and sustainable development priorities due to the likelihood to be influenced by external forces with different priorities.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l’efficacité d’une Aire Marine Protégée (AMP) comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques en zone tropicale ouest africaine. L’étude concerne trois AMP. Il s’agit de l’AMP de Bamboung située en zone estuarienne (sous influence marine), à l'intérieur d'un delta et fermée à l’exploitation halieutique depuis 2004. La deuxième AMP est celle des îles d’Urok créée en 2005 et située dans la réserve de biosphère de l’archipel des Bijagos dans la partie littorale de la Guinée-Bissau. Elle est divisée en trois zones et la pêche y est autorisée avec une pression de pêche de plus en plus forte de la zone centrale vers la zone périphérique. La troisième AMP est le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin situé le long de la côte mauritanienne. Il a été créé en 1976 et les activités de pêche y sont pratiquées de façon réglementée. Beaucoup d’AMP ont été évaluées à travers le monde et les résultats obtenus sont dans la majeure partie des cas positifs. Dans les milieux tropicaux, les variabilités interannuelles et intra-annuelles des paramètres environnementaux influent sur l’organisation spatio-temporelle des peuplements de poissons. Par conséquent, la mise en place d’AMP dans une zone tropicale a suscité des interrogations quant à leur efficacité en rapport avec l’influence des paramètres de l’environnement. Selon l’AMP étudiée, une approche spatiale ou temporelle sera utilisée pour répondre aux questions posées. Les méthodes d’analyse utilisées sont de type comparatif. L’analyse des données biologiques est précédée par celle des paramètres physico-chimiques qui a mis en évidence des variabilités saisonnières dans chaque AMP. Ce résultat justifie le choix d’analyser les données biologiques par saison afin de minimiser au mieux l’influence des variations environnementales. En ce qui concerne l’AMP de Bamboung, les résultats de l’analyse suivant une approche globale ont clairement montré son rôle positif dans la restauration des ressources marines. L’approche saisonnière a mis en évidence ce rôle de restauration mais en saison froide et non en saison chaude et humide. En 9 années de protection, l'AMP de Bamboung a contribué au retour de gros poissons dans le bolon de Bamboung. Son rôle dans l’enrichissement de la zone proximale à travers le phénomène de «Spillover» n’a pas pu être mis en évidence. Une tendance à la baisse des indicateurs biologiques en fonction de la distance à l'AMP a été observée surtout en saison chaude et en saison humide. De même l’analyse des indicateurs liés à la reproduction ne montre pas que l’AMP de Bamboung améliore la reproduction des poissons. Concernant, l’AMP des îles d’Urok et le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin, les analyses n’ont pas donné de résultats clairs quant à leur rôle dans l’amélioration des rendements de pêche et de la reproduction des poissons. Cependant, pour l’AMP des îles d’Urok, les tendances observées semble montrer une forte concentration de biomasse dans la zone centrale, un rôle d’équilibre joué par la zone intermédiaire et un rôle de pourvoyeur de biomasse de poisson de la zone périphérique. Pour le PNBA, le secteur intérieur semble contribuer à l’enrichissement du secteur extérieur par un transfert de biomasse. La faible quantité de données récoltées dans les AMP pourrait être à l’origine des résultats négatifs. Ainsi, l’idée d'effectuer des suivis biologiques à court terme et d'analyser les indicateurs liés à la reproduction au niveau population ont été envisagés pour les trois AMP afin de trouver des résultats clairs quant à leur rôle dans la gestion des stocks halieutiques. / This thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks.

À l’interface terre/mer et nature/société, les littoraux sont des territoires complexes et très attractifs où se déploient divers usages et pratiques qui génèrent de nombreux conflits et dégradations. Il existe aujourd’hui un consensus global quant à la nécessité de préserver ces espaces et la biodiversité qu’ils abritent. Depuis plusieurs décennies, c’est la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral (GIML) qui est prônée à l’échelle internationale comme la solution pour répondre aux problématiques rencontrées sur les zones côtières. L’approche s’inscrit dans la démarche du développement durable et elle tente de réconcilier l’usage des ressources et la conservation de la biodiversité. Une profusion de projets a vu le jour un peu partout à travers le monde et beaucoup de moyens humains et financiers ont été mobilisés à cet effet. Mais elle rencontre des difficultés importantes aussi bien dans sa mise en pratique que dans son évaluation. Or ce dernier point est largement reconnu comme un outil indispensable dans la planification et la gestion des projets et des programmes. Cette thèse propose donc une méthode d’élaboration d’indicateurs pour le suivi et l’évaluation des politiques de GIML qui permet d’apprécier les écarts entre les ambitions de protection de l’environnement, de développement économique et de bien-être social qui sous-tendent l’approche et les actions réalisées sur le terrain. Pour ce faire, quatre études de cas dans la Caraïbe ont été choisies. Il s’agit du Parc marin de Saba, de la Soufrière Marine Management Area (Sainte-Lucie), du groupe Nature Seekers (Trinidad) et du contrat de baie de Fort-de-France (Martinique). Ces expériences sont toutes citées comme des réussites en termes de gestion intégrée du littoral et comme des exemples à suivre. Mais répondent-elles réellement aux objectifs de la démarche ? La grille d’analyse proposée permet d’avoir une autre lecture des résultats de ces processus et de tirer des enseignements plus généraux pour la mise en pratique de la GIML. / At the interface of land and sea, and at the interface of nature and society, coastal areas are complex and very attractive territories where diverse uses and practices generate many conflicts and degradations. There is now a global consensus on the need to preserve these areas and their biodiversity. For several decades, Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICOM) has been advocated internationally as the approach to address the problems encountered in coastal areas. The approach is a key paradigm for the sustainable development of coastal zones and it tries to reconcile the use of resources with the conservation of biodiversity. A large number of projects have been implemented around the world and many human and financial resources have been mobilized for this purpose. But ICOM implementation and evaluation remain much of a challenge. This last point is widely recognized as an indispensable tool in project and program planning and management. This thesis therefore proposes a methodology for the development of indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of GIML initiatives, which makes it possible to appreciate the gaps between ambitions for environmental protection, economic development and social welfare. Underpin the approach and the actions carried out on the ground. To do so, four case studies in the Caribbean were selected. These include the Saba Marine Park, the Soufrière Marine Management Area (Saint Lucia), the Nature Seekers Group (Trinidad) and the ‘Contrat de baie’ of Fort-de-France (Martinique). These experiences are all cited as success stories in terms of integrated coastal management and as examples to follow. But do they really respond to the objectives of the approach? The proposed analysis grid provides a further reading of the results of these processes and provides more general lessons for the implementation of GIML.

A Estação Ecológica (ESEC) Tupinambás, uma UC marinha de proteção integral, está localizada no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo (SP). Foi criada em 1987, sendo utilizada pela Marinha do Brasil para exercícios de tiro até recentemente no arquipélago dos Alcatrazes (São Sebastião, SP). Isto justifica a baixa quantidade de informações disponíveis sobre essa região. Através do levantamento de informações sobre a composição biológica, aspectos socioeconômicos e oceanográficos da área do arquipélago, da utilização de índices ecológicos (dominância, diversidade, riqueza e equabilidade) e multimétricos (Índice ABC e Índice de Integridade Biótica), e da elaboração da Carta de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo, verificou-se (1) a semelhança da composição ictiofaunística do arquipélago dos Alcatrazes em relação à Santos e São Sebastião, (2) se a região mantém a integridade biótica da ictiofauna mesmo localizando-se entre regiões impactadas, e (3) se o ponto mais sensível ecologicamente detectado pela carta SAO pode ser a área de maior suscetibilidade de ser atingida por um derramamento de óleo. Os dados analisados são provenientes de trabalhos pretéritos e coletas realizadas em setembro de 2011 e janeiro de 2014. A composição ictíica variou ao longo do tempo e períodos de coleta, respondendo à composição sedimentar e à variabilidade das propriedades hidrográficas. Foi constatada alta similaridade da ictiofauna do arquipélago com aquelas encontradas na plataforma continental de Santos e São Sebastião. Em relação à integridade biótica local, a partir da ictiofauna, as duas técnicas aplicadas refletiram o histórico no estado de conservação da ESEC, com a melhora dos índices ao longo do período estudado. A produção da carta SAO resultou em um produto único, que poderá auxiliar a gestão da UC e em planos de contenção, e em um compêndio das espécies encontradas na região, dentre as quais se encontram algumas endêmicas e muitas ameaçadas, segundo critérios nacionais e internacionais. Finalmente, espera-se que a alta biodiversidade do entorno do arquipélago, que representa uma vasta fonte de conhecimentos para o futuro, se encontre protegida pelo respeito à legislação e fiscalização da ESEC em que se encontra, pela Área Delta da Marinha do Brasil, e pela distância da costa e de fontes de contaminação. / The Tupinambás Ecological Station (TES), a Marine Protected Area (MPA) of integral protection, is located on the northern coast of São Paulo state (SP). It was established in 1987 and it has been used by the Brazilian Navy for shooting practice until recently in the Alcatrazes archipelago (São Sebastião, SP). That accounts for the low amount of the available data in this region. Using information on the biological composition, socioeconomic and oceanographic aspects variables, combined with ecological (dominance, diversity, richness and evenness) and multimetric (ABC method and Biotic Integrity Index) indexes and the preparation of the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Map, we (1) assessed the similarity of the ichthyofauna of the Alcatrazes archipelago regarding compared to Santos and São Sebastião, (2) verified whether the region retains the ichthyofauna biotic integrity despite being located between affected regions and (3) verified whether the most ecologically sensitive region detected by the ESI map is the area most likely to be hit by an oil spill. The analyzed data come from previous works and samplings carried out in September 2011 and January 2014. The ichthyofauna varied over time and sampling points. Its distribution also reflected the sedimentary composition and the variability of hydrographic properties. High similarity between the ichthyofauna of the archipelago and those found on the continental shelf off Santos and São Sebastião. Regarding the biotic integrity, the two techniques applied reflected the conservation history of the TES, with an improvement in the indexes during the study period. The production of the ESI map resulted in an unique product that can assist in the management of the MPA and containment plans, and a species compendium found in the region, among which many of them are endemic and endangered, according to national and international classifications. Finally, it is expected that the high biodiversity of the archipelago surroundings, which still represents a vast source of knowledge for the future, is protected by the Delta Area of the Brazilian Navy, by the law that ensure the TES and by the distance from the coast.

La surexploitation des prédateurs de haut niveau trophique (HTLP) peut déclencher des cascades trophiques qui souvent conduisent à une simplification des réseaux trophiques marins en réduisant leur résistance aux impacts humains. Les aires marines protégées (AMP) peuvent favoriser des augmentations d’abondance et biomasse des HTLP, mais la complète restauration des interactions trophiques, lorsque cela est possible, nécessite des délais importants. Cette thèse vise à proposer des outils intégrés de gestion pour évaluer le retour des HTLP et la restauration des interactions trophiques dans les AMP méditerranéennes, et à évaluer l’efficacité de ces outils pour estimer les impacts de la pêche sur les HTLP et le réseau trophique associé. Deux approches souvent éloignées ont été combinées : les suivis de terrain et la modélisation des réseaux trophiques. Pour échantillonner la communauté de poissons, nous avons proposé d'améliorer la technique traditionnelle de recensement visuel sous-marin en recourant à des transects de taille variable, adaptée à la mobilité des poissons. Cette méthode a alors permis d'augmenter la précision des estimations de densité et de biomasse des HTLP dans les trois AMP méditerranéennes suivies. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l'apport de la modélisation trophique avec les approches EwE et EcoTroph comme outil de gestion écosystémique pour les AMP méditerranéennes. Une structure standard de modèle a été proposée comme étant le meilleur compromis entre la complexité du modèle, la faisabilité de sa construction et la fiabilité de ses sorties. / The overexploitation of high trophic level predators (HTLP) may trigger trophic cascades, often leading to a simplification of marine food-webs and reducing their resilience to human impacts. Marine protected areas (MPAs) can foster increases of HTLP abundance and biomass, but long time frames are needed to observe a recovery, when possible, of lost trophic interactions. This PhD aimed to propose integrated management-tools to monitor HTLP recovery and the restoration of trophic interactions in Mediterranean MPAs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools at assessing fishing impacts upon HTLP and the associated food-web. Two often distant approaches were combined: field monitoring and food-web modelling. First, to survey the fish assemblage, we proposed to improve the traditional underwater visual census technique of one size-transects with variable size transects adapted to fish mobility. This improvement increased the accuracy of density and biomass estimates of HTLP at three Mediterranean MPAs. We then evaluated the potential of food-web modelling with the Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecotroph approach as a tool to inform ecosystem-based management in Mediterranean MPAs. We proposed a standard model structure as the best compromise between model complexity, feasibility of model construction in terms of data collection, and reliability of model outputs. Key functional groups for which local accurate biomass data should be collected in priority in order to get reliable model outputs were identified.