De senaste två decennierna har forskare i Sverige och andra länder riktat allt större intresse mot offentliga marknader. Sådana organisatoriska arrangemang skapas runtom i svenska kommuner. Den här studien är en longitudinell studie av en process där en offentlig marknad för grundskoleutbildning skapas och utvecklas i en svensk kommun. Tidigare forskning har visat att offentliga marknader kan betraktas som marknader i enlighet med exempelvis mikroekonomisk teori, samtidigt som de besitter egenskaper som skiljer dem från ”traditionella” marknader. I studien tillämpas teorier om organisatorisk förändring tillsammans med teorier om marknadsstrukturer. Studien visar hur den marknadsskapande processen kännetecknas av ett samspel mellan voluntarism och determinism där medveten planering och kontroll tydligt kommer till uttryck men där även tilltron till marknaden som ett självreglerande arrangemang är stark. Studiens teoretiska relevans diskuteras tillsammans med praktiska implikationer för offentliga marknadsskapare. / During the last two decades there has been an increasing interest in quasi-markets in Sweden and internationally. Quasi-markets are emerging as new organizational arrangements in many Swedish municipalities. This thesis is a longitudinal study of a process of creation and formation of a quasi-market for compulsory school education in a Swedish municipality. Previous research has suggested that quasimarkets can be regarded as markets according to microeconomic theory but they also possess a number of features that distinguish them from “traditional” markets. In this study, theories of organizational change are combined with theories of market structure. The study shows how the process of quasi-market creation features an interplay of voluntarism of determinism where purposeful planning and control coexist with a strong belief in market self-regulation. The theoretical relevance of the study is discussed along with practical implications for those participating in market creation.

Since the economic reform was initiated in 1978, the Chinese banking sector has undergone significant changes, particularly during the period under our investigation. This is primarily induced by the WTO entry in 2001, which brought in to full openness the financial market in China. The ultimate objective of the recent banking reform is to promote competition and efficiency as a way of improving the overall competitiveness and banking performance, in order to cope with challenges from foreign competitors. With the purpose of examining whether the recent banking reform is effective in achieving the targets as well as suggesting future policy directions, this study investigates market competition, cost efficiency and profitability in the Chinese banking industry over those critical years (1997-2006) before and after the WTO entry. We first employ both structural (the SCP) and non-structural (the Panzar-Rosse) approach to evaluate market competition. Then we estimate cost efficiency for Chinese banks under the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA). Finally, we assess the relationship between profitability and market structure under the structure-performance hypothesis and the efficient-structure hypothesis. Our findings show that Chinese banking market become less concentrated and more competitive since the WTO entry. Chinese banks improve their cost efficiencies, with state-owned banks are the least efficient while joint equity banks are the most efficient. The explanation for the relationship between profitability and market structure is quite mixed. The acceptance of which hypothesis depends on which dependent variable is used.

<div>The digital transformation of markets can remove traditional geographic restrictions, democratizing access to previously unattainable products, and enable individuals to extract rent from their personal assets. However, these digital innovations often have competitors and complementors that are not immune to the impact of local factors such as the local market structure, economic condition, and even demographics. This dissertation examines the geographic and demographic heterogeneity driven disparities in two digitally transformed markets, the financial and accommodations sectors respectively.</div><div><br></div><div>First, we study the impact of local financial market competition in managing online peer-to-peer loans. With the boom of financial technologies (FinTech), a critical question is whether the local financial market structure still matters. Unlike traditional retail financial institutions that are predominantly territorial, FinTech-based platforms, in particular peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, provide individuals equal access to funds by removing typical geographic restrictions. Combined with other benefits such as ease-of-use and lower interest rates, P2P lenders are increasingly threatening the traditional local lenders. A largely unanswered question in the literature is whether the local retail financial institutions strategically respond to the rise of such P2P platforms. Moreover, if the strategic reaction of traditional institutions continues the legacy of being territorial, borrowers will ultimately gain unevenly from the competition. That is, where a borrower lives may still matter. In this chapter, we devise multiple strategies to empirically analyze the extent and nature of the strategic response of traditional institutions to P2P lending. This includes: (1) utilization of a Probit model that leverages the richness of our local market data and (2) exploitation of bank mergers as exogenous shocks to local market structure. We find consistently that a borrower from a more competitive market is more likely to prepay, suggesting that local market structure plays a pivotal role in P2P borrowers' debt management. We validate the underlying mechanism by studying the improving credit profiles of borrowers and platforms' (exogenous) changes in pricing in moderating the main effect. This mechanism reveals that traditional banks, especially when their local market conditions support, credibly responds to the growth of P2P and are successful in attracting consumers back to traditional financial products. Relatedly, we document heterogeneity in the benefits that borrowers gain from the local market structure (using a machine learning algorithm) and verify the robustness of our main findings. We discuss the implications for P2P lending, other crowd-based markets, and local retail financial markets.</div><div><br></div><div>Second, we examines the heterogeneous economic spillover effects of a home sharing platform---Airbnb---on the growth of a complimentary local service---restaurants. By circumventing traditional land-use regulation and providing access to underutilized inventory, Airbnb is attracting visitors of a city to vicinities that are not traditional tourist destinations. Although visitors generally bring significant spending power, it is, however, not clear if the visitors use Airbnb primarily for lodging, thus, not contributing to the adjacent vicinity economy. To evaluate this, we focus on the impact of Airbnb on the restaurant employment growth across vicinities in New York City (NYC). Our results indicate that if the intensity of Airbnb activity (Airbnb reviews per household) increases by 1\%, the restaurant employment in an average area grows by approximately 1.03\%. We also investigate the role of demographics and market concentration in driving the variation. Notably, restaurants in areas with a relatively high number of Black residents do not benefit from the economic spillover of Airbnb activity. Also, restaurants in more competitive areas reap the benefit from this spillover most. We validate the underlying mechanism behind the main result by evaluating the impact of Airbnb on Yelp visitor reviews -- areas with increasing Airbnb activity experience a surge in their share of NYC visitor reviews. This result is further validated by evaluating the impact of a unique Airbnb neighborhood level policy recently implemented in New Orleans. </div>

A dissertação analisa os danos decorrentes dos efeitos gerados pelos cartéis sob a ótica da responsabilidade civil, visando identificar os prejuízos gerados aos consumidores e demais compradores dos produtos que sofrem a ação do cartel. Primeiro, são analisadas as estruturas de mercado que propiciam a formação dos cartéis e a sua definição sob os aspectos econômico e jurídico. Após os efeitos gerados pelos cartéis são verificados e agrupados de acordo com as lesões provocadas pelas decisões dos cartelistas para viabilizar a apreciação dos danos gerados. Tais danos correspondem à parte dos requisitos necessários para a configuração da responsabilidade civil, que recai sobre os membros do cartel e os obriga a indenizar todos os prejudicados por suas práticas, sejam eles pessoas físicas ou jurídicas ou mesmo a sociedade como um todo. Nesse sentido, os prejuízos gerados pelos cartéis podem ser individuais ou coletivos, o que varia de acordo com o bem jurídico atingido, interferindo sobre os meios disponíveis para a obtenção da indenização. Essa abordagem facilita a identificação dos danos decorrentes dos efeitos produzidos pelos cartéis para que se busque a plena indenização dos prejudicados. / The dissertation analyses the damages arising from the effects of cartel practices under the tort point of view, in order to identify loses generated to consumers and other purchasers of products which were harmed by the cartel practices. First, the present work examines the market structures which allow cartel development and its economic and legal definitions. Afterward, the effects generated by cartels are verified and grouped according to the injuries caused by the decisions taken by the cartel members; this enables the appreciation of the damages produced. Such damages refer to part of the necessary requisites for the configuration of tort, which falls upon cartel members and compels them to indemnify all those injured by their practices, either individuals or legal entities, or even the society as a whole. In this sense, the damages arising from cartel practices could be individual or collective, varying according to the involved asset, influencing the available means to obtain the indemnification. This approach helps to identify the damages resulting from the effects of cartel practices in order to pursue the full compensation of the offended.

金融自由化，係不可抗拒的時代潮流，是一個無法避免的過程，也是政府多年來追求的政策目標，其主要的動機，是藉著市場機能代替政府的管制，加速改善金融機構之經營體質，提高經營效率，發揮銀行業應有之仲介功能，進而增進資金有效分配與經濟的穩定成長。 銀行部門的風險， 對日後金融檢查構成重要的挑戰。 由 S-C-P的分析中，確實在銀行產業，存著相互的關係。尤其是金融自由化、國際化，銀行主管者有更大的 權衡行為，這種行為可以透過組織中的制度設計，消除經理人的費用偏好與風險規避的誘因，以成立「費用中心」對於各部門的費用進行考核，再利用分紅持股方式，消除經理人支出偏好的行為。其次，本國銀行的利潤明顯受到「利率變動」的影響，本國銀行應設法降低利率的風險，其途徑： (1) 業務多元化：以減輕對中小企業或消費性放款的依賴，應另闢財源， 如：增加證券、金融商品的創新，開發低利資金來源（如 NOW 帳戶，公債存款），以減低成本。 (2) 建立風險檢控制度，成立「利率預測」及「資產負債管理」等專責組織的機構，以掌握未來金融環境的脈動與擬定因應策略。 銀行管理者在決策「市場佔有率」的多寡與分行家數有顯著之關係而與利潤率無明顯相關，本研究重點在於銀行間的差異，而非銀行內的差異，可以推論：急於擴張新分行據點或海外分支機構，其結果與獲利性無關。管理者經營目標非以短期利潤最大為考量。可能因為公營銀行很少關心其競爭者的存在，不太考慮其競爭者究將採取何種相對的行動。有時雖知悉其競爭者所採取的行動與決策，除非是有重大事件，不然公營銀行不會考慮猜測適當的反應行動以採取應付或抵制的方式。 由 於公營銀行 (1): 規模、資產都很大，組織頗為複雜， 參與決策者人員很多，花費相當的時間，因此，除非市場競爭者之行為，確實會嚴重影響到市場，（包括市場佔有率及利率價格），銀行不會有什麼猜測反應。(2): 業務管理上， 已形成一定規程， 都不願因競爭者行動而反應，破壞其管理程序。 (3): 最高決策與管理者，希望過安定而恬適生活，不願多事， 蓋恐風險太大，得不償失。 所以從 S-P （結構－績效假說）， 市場結構會影響銀行長期獲利能力，具有獨占力之銀行，會以損失風險最小作代價，有系統降低風險。在承貸放款時，其大多持有風險性資產較小，只針對安全性高，有充足抵押品放款貸放。

In electricity markets of modern electric power systems, many generation companies, as major market participants, aim to maximize their profits by supplying the electrical load in a competitive manner. This thesis is devoted to investigate the price based unit commitment problem which is used to optimize generation schedules of these companies in deregulated electricity markets. The solution algorithm developed is based on Dynamic Programming and Lagrange Relaxation methods and solves the optimization problem for a generation company having many generating units with different cost characteristics. Moreover, unit constraints including ramp-rate limits, minimum ON/OFF times, generation capacities of individual units and system constraints such as total energy limits, reserve requirements are taken into account in the problem formulation. The verification of the algorithm has been carried out by comparing the results of some sample cases with those in the literature. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been tested on several test systems. Finally, the possible utilization of the method by a generation company in Turkish Electricity Market to develop bidding strategies is also examined based on some case studies.

我國家庭熱能的主要來源，除電力以外，最主要的兩項來源為天然氣(Natural Gas，簡稱NG)及液化石油氣(Liquid Petroleum Gas，簡稱LPG)。 該兩項能源產品，雖同屬我國家庭熱能主要來源，惟因該二產品所產生之熱值、輸送、交易方式等之不同，在管理法規上之產業分類及競爭法上之市場區隔，均將該二產品視為不同市場。 由於天然氣自生產或進口及至輸送至家戶端之相關管理規定，已甚完備，再加上天然氣事業層級及營運型態較為單純，管理方便，衍生之問題亦相對較少。而液化石油氣須經加壓分裝為桶裝瓦斯，始能供民眾使用，該產品在運送、分裝及使用上，給予外界較不安全之觀感，故被歸類為危險物品，且因該市場結構甚為複雜，廠商家數多，欲對於該產業架構完整之管理法規當甚為困難，故目前對於該市場之相關管理規範係散見於不同法規中。 故本論文將先由我國液化石油氣市場開放經過、市場界定、產銷結構與競爭情形著手，接著說明我國對於該市場開放以來之相關監督管理措施及競爭法制規範，並透過重大違法個案之介紹，瞭解競爭法主管機關之介入情形；之後藉由日本法制沿革及實務作法之研究，俾洞悉我國液化石油氣市場因結構性或制度面所引發之問題，提出監督管理機關是否應整合為單一專責機關，以及究應由監督管理機關加強管理或提供更適切之配套措施，抑或由競爭法主管機關施以更嚴峻之處罰，始能妥適規整該市場交易秩序之解決方法或執法建議。 / The major household heating resources in Taiwan, in addition to electricity, include natural gas (NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Traditionally, the two energy products are deemed different products in law regulations and market segment as their heating values, ways of transportations, and transaction patterns are different. As the natural gas is included in the public undertakings, the management of business operation and security affairs has been unified. On the contrary, the liquefied petroleum gas is considered as high-pressure and flammable, it is categorized as a dangerous item. The responsibility of regulation system involves many authorities concerned. Therefore, it derives many problems of regulations in Taiwan. In order to resolve the problems in the liquefied petroleum gas market, we analyze and compare the regulation systems, and norms, market structure materials in Taiwan and Japan. Based on the conclusions of this article, there is a room to rethink which mechanism is more adequate for regulating the liquefied petroleum gas industry from the viewpoint of public policy and competition policy. This article suggests the liquefied petroleum gas industry should be supervised by a single administrative agency, and the agency should try an adequate and different approach to the problems in Taiwan. In the conclusion, this article also suggests that the competition authority should gain trust from stakeholders, the general public and other agencies, and to improve its independence and expertise to enhance antitrust enforcement ability.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

Este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da relação entre tecnologia e dinâmica industrial. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de regimes tecnológicos com enfoque nas barreiras tecnológicas à entrada em detrimento das condições de apropriabilidade. As barreiras tecnológicas à entrada são as características próprias ao conhecimento necessário para inovar que limitam o seu acesso por concorrentes potenciais, ou seja, fazem uma distinção clara entre a concorrência potencial e a concorrência efetiva. Desta forma, as características do conhecimento e do processo inovativo determinam e condicionam a estrutura de mercado e a dinâmica industrial. O conceito de regimes tecnológicos permite agrupar os setores cujas características do processo inovativo e de dinâmica industrial sejam semelhantes. A tipologia de regimes tecnológicos adotada foi elaborada por Marsili (2001), a partir de indicadores extraídos dos países desenvolvidos. Considerando que o processo inovativo difere significativamente entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esta tipologia é adequada ao estudo da indústria brasileira. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram utilizados métodos da análise estatística multivariada e indicadores sobre tecnologia, inovação, estrutura de mercado e dinâmica industrial. Os testes empíricos realizados mostraram que a taxonomia de regimes tecnológicos não formou grupos setoriais significativamente distintos, de modo que fosse possível identificá-los. Além disso, a análise de clusters evidenciou, através de novos agrupamentos setoriais, que a indústria brasileira possui regimes tecnológicos que diferem dos definidos para os países desenvolvidos. Portanto, os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de aprofundar a literatura sobre as características da mudança técnica nos países em desenvolvimento. / This work concerns the study of the relationship between technology and industrial dynamics. To assess this relationship, the concept of technological regimes, centered in the technological entry barriers instead of the apropriability conditions, is used. The technological entry barriers are the characteristics belonging to the knowledge necessary to innovate that limit the accesses to this knowledge from potential competitors, that is, they make a clear distinction between potential and effective competition. This way, the knowledge’s characteristics and the innovative process determine and condition the market structure and the industrial dynamics. The concept of technological regimes allows the grouping of the sectors whose characteristics of innovative process and industrial dynamics are similar. The typology of technological regimes adopted was elaborated by Marsili (2001), who used indicators extracted from developed countries. Considering that the innovative process differs significantly between developed and developing countries, the objective of this work was to verify if this typology is adjusted to the study of the Brazilian industry. To reach this objective, methods of multivariate statistical analysis and indicators of technology, innovation, market structure and industrial dynamics were used. The empirical tests carried through showed that the taxonomy of technological regimes didn’t form significantly distinct sectorial groups, so that it could be possible to identify them. Moreover, the analysis of clusters evidenced, through new sectorial clusters, that the Brazilian industry has technological regimes that differs from the ones defined to the developed countries. Therefore, the obtained results strengthen the importance of deepening the literature on the characteristics of technical change in developing countries.

A dissertação analisa os danos decorrentes dos efeitos gerados pelos cartéis sob a ótica da responsabilidade civil, visando identificar os prejuízos gerados aos consumidores e demais compradores dos produtos que sofrem a ação do cartel. Primeiro, são analisadas as estruturas de mercado que propiciam a formação dos cartéis e a sua definição sob os aspectos econômico e jurídico. Após os efeitos gerados pelos cartéis são verificados e agrupados de acordo com as lesões provocadas pelas decisões dos cartelistas para viabilizar a apreciação dos danos gerados. Tais danos correspondem à parte dos requisitos necessários para a configuração da responsabilidade civil, que recai sobre os membros do cartel e os obriga a indenizar todos os prejudicados por suas práticas, sejam eles pessoas físicas ou jurídicas ou mesmo a sociedade como um todo. Nesse sentido, os prejuízos gerados pelos cartéis podem ser individuais ou coletivos, o que varia de acordo com o bem jurídico atingido, interferindo sobre os meios disponíveis para a obtenção da indenização. Essa abordagem facilita a identificação dos danos decorrentes dos efeitos produzidos pelos cartéis para que se busque a plena indenização dos prejudicados. / The dissertation analyses the damages arising from the effects of cartel practices under the tort point of view, in order to identify loses generated to consumers and other purchasers of products which were harmed by the cartel practices. First, the present work examines the market structures which allow cartel development and its economic and legal definitions. Afterward, the effects generated by cartels are verified and grouped according to the injuries caused by the decisions taken by the cartel members; this enables the appreciation of the damages produced. Such damages refer to part of the necessary requisites for the configuration of tort, which falls upon cartel members and compels them to indemnify all those injured by their practices, either individuals or legal entities, or even the society as a whole. In this sense, the damages arising from cartel practices could be individual or collective, varying according to the involved asset, influencing the available means to obtain the indemnification. This approach helps to identify the damages resulting from the effects of cartel practices in order to pursue the full compensation of the offended.