Les technologies de l’information et de la communication ont fait naître beaucoup d’espoir, en Afrique, dans tous les domaines de la vie économique et sociale, et, surtout dans celui de l’éducation. Pour l’enseignement supérieur, cet espoir est d’autant plus grand que les besoins et défis à relever sont très nombreux. L’université africaine est confrontée à toute une série de problèmes : massification des effectifs d’étudiants surtout au niveau des premiers cycles, insuffisance des locaux pédagogiques et manque d’enseignants qualifiés à un nombre suffisant et des moyen financiers insuffisants, les trois premiers problèmes évoqués ne sont en réalité que la conséquence logique des difficultés budgétaires. L’autre problème majeure, c’est la problématique de la pertinence même des curricula de formation proposée, les jeunes issus des universités africaines n’arrivent pas à trouver un emploi. C’est dans ce contexte que les NTIC apparaissent comme une solution possible pour aider à résoudre ces difficultés. Dans cette lancée, à l’instar des autres pays de la sous région, le Sénégal tente d’utiliser ces technologies pour réformer et améliorer son système d’enseignement supérieur. En effet, avec l’augmentation du nombre de collèges au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire, la massification des effectifs d’étudiants exerce une forte pression sur les autorités universitaires. Avec les importantes réalisations réalisées dans le domaine de l’informatique et de la connectivité internet de l’UCAD, les conditions difficiles d’accès liées à la massification des effectifs surtout au niveau des premiers cycles, sont-elles en voie de trouver une solution ? / Information and communication technologies have borne much hope in Africa in all areas of economic and social life and especially in education. For higher education this hope is all that greater needs and challenges are many. The African University faces a threefold problem: mass numbers of students primarily at the undergraduate level, lack of educational facilities and lack of sufficient qualified teachers in a number. It is in this context ICT appear as a possible solution to overcome resolve these difficulties. On this momentum, with the other countries of the sub region, Senegal tries to use these technologies to reform and improve its higher education system. Indeed, with the increase in the number of colleges at the level of secondary education, the mass of the numbers of students exerts strong pressure on the University authorities. Each year, thousands of young graduates knock at their doors; It was then that ICT and e-learning appear as alternative to solve this equation trimmed of all virtues With the significant achievements in the field of computing and internet connectivity of UCAD, are difficult access conditions related to the mass of staff especially at the undergraduate level on the way to be solved?

O presente trabalho busca analisar, através de um percurso histórico-discursivo, o conceito de massificação dentro das Ciências da Comunicação. Através desse arcabouço construído, o objetivo é analisar as prováveis facetas atuais desse conceito: o jornalismo popularesco através da análise do Agora São Paulo e do Jornal da Tarde e das mídias colaborativas digitais. Usando o instrumental dos Estudos da Retórica, da Nova Retórica, da Pragmática do Texto (de Umberto Eco), da Análise do Discurso e da Argumentação Comunicacional, a dissertação busca demonstrar um novo âmbito da questão da massificação: a massa argumentativa, onde a condição massiva não é ontológica a esses membros da massa, o contraponto da elite. / This study aims to examine, through historical and discursive routes, the concept of mass within the Communication Studies. Built through this framework, the goal is to analyze the probable current facets of this concept: popular journalism through analysis of Agora São Paulo and Jornal da Tarde and collaborative digital media. Using the methodological tools of the Study of Rhetoric, New Rhetoric, Pragmatics of Text (by Umberto Eco), Discourse Analysis and Communicational Argumentation, the dissertation aims to demonstrate a new connection with the question of mass: the mass based on argument, where the condition to be massive is not ontological to those members of the mass, the counterpoint of the elite.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser et d’expliquer, en adoptant un angle de socio-histoire des sciences combinant échelles et méthodes, la transition qui s’opère au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : les scientifiques, considérés et se considérant encore dans leur immense majorité comme des savants à la fin des années 1940, changent de métier et deviennent des chercheurs. Partant du déplacement majeur de la place de la science dans les représentations provoqué par Hiroshima, l’analyse porte, dans un premier temps, sur l’entrée, ou le retour, de la question scientifique dans l’arène politique, avec la prise de conscience par un certain nombre d’acteurs, en particulier physiciens et chimistes, que «la République a besoin de savants». Le deuxième temps de l’étude porte sur la vie des facultés et des laboratoires : le recul du modèle du savant s’y fait à un rythme plus difficile, peut-être plus inéluctable, ce que montrent le témoignage d’un officier de la Fondation Rockefeller, l’étude de la réglementation et de ses applications, mais aussi la prosopographie et la social network analysis. Un troisième temps se concentre, à l’échelle locale, sur la technologie sociale de formation des scientifiques, qui connait une forte recomposition et une indéniable internationalisation, cristallisant la transformation du métier de scientifique. Enfin, ce renouvellement du travail scientifique se traduit jusque dans les normes de la science, ce que montre l’étude fine de l’écologie doctorale destinée à certifier une formation à la recherche, au travers en particulier du corpus des rapports de thèses de doctorat. / Adopting an approach grounded in the socio-history of sciences perspective, the aim of this thesis is to analyse and explain the transformation that occurred in France after the Second World War : the scientists, regarded in their vast majority as scholars during the 1940’s, undertook what can be described as a major change of profession and craft and became researchers. Starting with the shift in the cultural representations of science caused by Hiroshima, the analysis focuses first on the entrance, or re-entrance, of the scientific question in the political arena, with the growing awareness of a number of actors, notably physicists and chemists, that « the Republic does need scientists ». The second part of the study addresses the universities’ and laboratories’ life : here the decline of the scholar’s model is slower, but more ineluctable, as is shown through the diary of an officer of the Rockefeller Foundation, through the analysis of Academia’s rules and regulations, and through prosopography and socialnetwork analysis. The third part focuses on the local scale and the social technology framing the production of scientists, as it undertook a major recomposition and internationalization, crystallizing the transformation of the profession and craft of the physical scientists. Through the study of the doctoral ecology designed to certify research training, the last part addresses the inscription of this new scientist’s craft in the very norms that structured science – and access to research and university careers.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T16:22:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Aelton Leonardo Santos Barbosa - 2012.pdf: 644718 bytes, checksum: 4585c7cc43d985746952b7c3b8703b70 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T19:28:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Aelton Leonardo Santos Barbosa - 2012.pdf: 644718 bytes, checksum: 4585c7cc43d985746952b7c3b8703b70 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T19:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Aelton Leonardo Santos Barbosa - 2012.pdf: 644718 bytes, checksum: 4585c7cc43d985746952b7c3b8703b70 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective is to determine the manner in which government of men is exercised in contemporary society. Nowadays, nations are organized according to the structure of liberal democracy, a late formation of the liberal discursive practice. Searching for contemporary liberal governmentality specificity, the text makes use of the genealogical method, thus breaking research on provenance and emergence of the object of study. Relying on the analysis of Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault - respectively, founder and improver of genealogical critique – it verifies what appear to unify its research hypotheses: first, the idea that power as exercised in modernity is the displacement and secularization of a originally religious natured relationship, and secondly, the assertion that, the historically identifiable process of subjects production, is a massification process; modernity would be marked, in an apparent paradox, by the fact that it has a massifying subjectification. The two genealogist philosophers express these theses with the complementary concepts of "herd morality", in the German case, and "pastoral power", in the French case, which refer respectively to the formation of the individual's psychological type of modernity and the incidence mechanisms of power over the bodies subject to it. Foucault notes, however, that in contemporaneity a transmutation of state power which took the model of political economy has changed the general outline of governmentality, from a normalization of the bodies to a regulation of populations: it is the dawn of biopolitics and liberal governmentality. Futhermore, recent decades seem to define itselves by the actual enrollment in new discursive practices, that from the human capital theory and also an update of the homo economicus concept, which only renew Nietzschean diagnosis of the "last man" hegemony / O objetivo do trabalho é averiguar o modo em que se exerce o governo dos homens na contemporaneidade. Nesta, os Estados-Nações estão organizados de acordo com a estrutura da democracia liberal, formação tardia da prática discursiva liberal. Em busca do que há de específico na governamentalidade liberal contemporânea, o texto vai ao encontro do método genealógico, partindo portanto de pesquisas sobre proveniência e emergência do objeto de estudo. Apoiando-se nas análises de Friedrich Nietzsche e Michel Foucault – respectivamente, criador e aperfeiçoador da crítica genealógica – verificam-se o que parecem ser as hipóteses que unificam suas pesquisas políticas: em primeiro lugar, a idéia de que o poder na modernidade se exerce a partir do deslocamento e laicização de uma relação de natureza originariamente religiosa; em segundo lugar, a afirmação de que o processo, historicamente identificável, de produção de sujeitos, é um processo que massifica; a modernidade por isso seria marcada, num aparente paradoxo, pelo fato de que nela ocorre uma subjetivação massificante. Os dois filósofos genealogistas expressam essas teses a partir dos conceitos complementares de “moral de rebanho”, no caso alemão, e de “poder pastoral”, no caso francês, que se referem respectivamente à formação do tipo psicológico do indivíduo da modernidade e aos mecanismos de incidência do poder sobre os corpos a ele sujeitos. Foucault acrescenta, porém, que na contemporaneidade uma transmutação do poder estatal a partir do modelo da economia política mudou o esquema geral de governamentalidade, o qual de uma normalização dos corpos passou a uma regulação das populações; trata-se da aurora da biopolítica e da governamentalidade liberal. As últimas décadas, além disso, parecem se definir pela inscrição no real de novas práticas discursivas, que a partir da teoria do capital humano e de uma atualização da noção de homo oeconomicus, apenas renovam o diagnóstico nietzscheano de uma hegemonia do “último homem”.

O presente trabalho busca analisar, através de um percurso histórico-discursivo, o conceito de massificação dentro das Ciências da Comunicação. Através desse arcabouço construído, o objetivo é analisar as prováveis facetas atuais desse conceito: o jornalismo popularesco através da análise do Agora São Paulo e do Jornal da Tarde e das mídias colaborativas digitais. Usando o instrumental dos Estudos da Retórica, da Nova Retórica, da Pragmática do Texto (de Umberto Eco), da Análise do Discurso e da Argumentação Comunicacional, a dissertação busca demonstrar um novo âmbito da questão da massificação: a massa argumentativa, onde a condição massiva não é ontológica a esses membros da massa, o contraponto da elite. / This study aims to examine, through historical and discursive routes, the concept of mass within the Communication Studies. Built through this framework, the goal is to analyze the probable current facets of this concept: popular journalism through analysis of Agora São Paulo and Jornal da Tarde and collaborative digital media. Using the methodological tools of the Study of Rhetoric, New Rhetoric, Pragmatics of Text (by Umberto Eco), Discourse Analysis and Communicational Argumentation, the dissertation aims to demonstrate a new connection with the question of mass: the mass based on argument, where the condition to be massive is not ontological to those members of the mass, the counterpoint of the elite.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:34:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edir Aparecido Morato.pdf: 2715191 bytes, checksum: ed9b2c2ee379f84f855e62cfc6a87a41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edir Aparecido Morato.pdf: 2715191 bytes, checksum: ed9b2c2ee379f84f855e62cfc6a87a41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / “Nos esforsamos au macimu… (We’ve made a great effort… – written with grammatical errors in Portuguese) to learn”, affirms Henrique, student from the 9th year of Primary School, regular modality, of a public school in the city of São Paulo. It is in that school context this bibliographical and empiric research aims to analyze the massification of the school teaching and its possible effects in learners in this part of the primary school process. The massification of the school teachingis understood as the quantitative expansion of the school process (ENGUITA, 1989), in order to teach innumerous students with a few teachers. In this sense, the objective of this study is to identify the teaching procedures that characterize school positions to the students according to their conditions of knowledge appropriation (CHARLOT, 2000; 2013). The methodology adopted arose from the classes observations based on the research question: which teaching procedures does a teacher use considering each student’s learning process? At the end of the observations, I proceeded with questionnaires and discussion groups with teachers and students. The information obtained by means of those resources was organized in charts and tables for further analysis. This qualitative work did not dispense the quantitative data, as well as the analysis of the curricular proposal of São Paulo education network and the involved teachers’ lesson plans. The results indicate that the effects originating from the massification compromise the teaching of knowledge and the development of competences and abilities when those do not correspond to the learners’ singularities and therefore, to the basic needs of the learning process / “Nos esforsamos au macimu” para aprender, assim afirma o Henrique, aluno no 9º ano do ensino fundamental, modalidade regular, de uma escola pública do município de São Paulo, na qual esta pesquisa bibliográfica e empírica objetiva analisar a massificação do ensino escolar e seus possíveis efeitos em educandos nesta etapa da escolaridade básica. Entende-se por massificação deste ensino a expansão quantitativa da escolarização (ENGUITA, 1989), no intuito de ensinar inúmeros alunos com poucos professores. Nesse sentido o objeto desse estudo são os procedimentos de ensino, que caracterizam posições escolares aos alunos conforme suas condições de apropriação de conhecimentos (CHARLOT, 2000; 2013). A metodologia adotada partiu da observação de aulas com base na seguinte questão de pesquisa: quais procedimentos de ensino um professor utiliza em vista da aprendizagem de cada educando? Ao final dessas observações prossegui com questionários e grupos de discussão com professores e alunos. As informações obtidas por meio destes recursos foram organizadas em quadros e tabelas para posterior análise. O trabalho, de caráter qualitativo, não prescindiu de dados quantitativos, bem como da análise da proposta curricular da rede de ensino paulistana e do planejamento de aulas dos professores envolvidos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os efeitos oriundos da massificação comprometem o ensino de conhecimentos e o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades quando estes não correspondem às singularidades dos educandos e, por conseguinte, às suas necessidades básicas de aprendizagem

The thesis investigates a highly interesting, perennial issue in the contemporary development of higher education in times of massification and public sector reform: forces for organisational homogeneity and differentiation in the field, related shifts in organisational positioning of universities and of restructuration in the field. In particular, the thesis investigates higher education in Ireland between 2011 and 2016 and the impact of a national strategy for higher education launched in 2011. A specific focus of the research is on the intention to introduce a new institutional type, Technological Universities, to the field, and the early effects of this innovation upon organisational isomorphism. The emphasis upon the Institutes of Technology (IoTs) and their response to the reform imparts an element of originality to the thesis, and helps it to become a contribution to knowledge. From an organisational theory perspective, DiMaggio and Powell (1983) define organisational isomorphic change as a process of homogenisation, in which organisations operating within the same environment and under similar conditions, come to resemble one another. The study is informed by international examples of restructuring and institutional positioning. The thesis reviews a considerable amount of literature to discuss recent trends in higher education, and to analyse the literature on organisational isomorphism in general and the related literature on diversity and differentiation in higher education in particular. Further, substantial and creative efforts are made to design the empirical investigation including primary data analyses of interviews, the use of quantitative secondary data, and documentary analyses. This study is expected to be of particular interest to government, policy makers, scholars, and institutional leaders in the higher education area.

Cette thèse analyse l’expérience lycéenne au Brésil dans le contexte de massification de ce niveau scolaire. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés avec des lycéens inscrits dans des lycées publics et privés, à recrutement social contrasté, situés dans la ville brésilienne de Curitiba. La définition de l’école et du travail des lycéens, empruntée à la sociologie de l’expérience scolaire, a guidé l’analyse du matériel empirique. La première épreuve lycéenne est de gérer la sociabilité et l’efficacité scolaire. Les rapports aux collègues, aux professeurs et le choix de l’établissement dépendent des logiques priorisées par les lycéens. L’autre épreuve est de donner du sens aux connaissances scolaires. Les lycéens cherchent l’intérêt et l’utilité de ce qu’ils apprennent au lycée mais, ils n’arrivent pas toujours à les trouver. La logique de la subjectivation qui guide les découvertes et réveille les passions par des connaissances scolaires, est subordonnée à la logique instrumentale par laquelle les lycéens cherchent l’efficacité dans leur préparation aux concours d’entrée sélectifs des universités. L’enjeu de leur scolarité au lycée est d’accéder à l’université, à l’image des modèles, des proches qui ont réussi, ou de contre-modèles, ceux qui ont des métiers peu valorisés et parfois même des routines exténuantes. Si les épreuves de l’expérience lycéenne sont communes, les ressources des lycéens, qu’elles soient d’origine sociale ou de secteur du lycée sont inégales, d’où la difficulté de les surmonter. Les sentiments d’injustice du système scolaire ont engendré des mouvements lycéens revendiquant de meilleures conditions dans les lycées publics. / The present thesis analyses the schooling experience of high school students in the context of high school expansion in Brazil. High school students enrolled in private and public high schools with contrasting social recrutement were interviewed in Curitiba, Brazil. The sociological definition of the school and of the students’ work, taken form the sociology of social experience theory, guided the analysis of the empiric data. The first challenge high school students face is to dose their social life and their school outcomes. Their relations to their colleagues, their teachers and their school choice depend on whether the students prioritize an instrumental action logic or an action logic that seeks their integration in a peer group, in a class. Other challenge is to give meaning to school content. The high school students search for the interest and the utility of what they learn at school but, they do not always find it. The subjectivation logic that guide their intellectual findings and reveal passions for school contents is subordinated to the instrumental logic through which students look for the effectiveness in their preparation for the selective exams for university admission. The goal is to make it to college, as did their models, family members and close friends who made it, and to avoid the devalued and in some cases, extenuating jobs, their counter-models have. The challenges present in the high schooling experience are common to all high school students interviewed, however, the resources they dispose to face them are unequal. These vary according to the social background and the school sector student is enrolled. The feeling of the injustice of the educational system lead to students’ mouvements demanding better schooling conditions in public high schools.

Les jeux vidéo, et de manière très contemporaine les jeux en ligne, sont inscrits au coeur de phénomènes sociaux dont les techniques d'information et de communication transforment l'expression. Ils participent de l'évolution des modes de sociabilité et des espaces de l'activité sociale comme de la transformation des relations entre production et consommation. Les jeux restent pourtant largement traités par le monde académique comme des objets périphériques. Cette thèse s'intéresse aux univers de jeu en ligne, dont l'essor, parallèle à la démocratisation de l'usage d'Internet, a été considérable depuis les années 2000. Ce travail traite de la conception, de la pratique et de l'évolution de ces jeux -- que l'on désigne parfois comme des mondes virtuels. Il fait une analyse de ces objets qui invite à la fois à reconsidérer l'intérêt des outils et concepts de la sociologie pour l'analyse des jeux et la place qui est donnée au jeu dans l'analyse sociologique. La thèse défend le caractère singulier de la forme sociale qu'est le jeu, et souligne l'intérêt qu'elle présente pour les sciences sociales comme forme d'expression humaine d'une part, mais aussi comme espace relativement ouvert à l'observation des modalités de la construction et de la négociation du partage d'un monde. La thèse propose ainsi de regarder les jeux en ligne comme des dispositifs d'engagement et des espaces de formes renouvelées de sociabilité. Elle met également en avant les dynamiques sociales et techniques à l'oeuvre dans l'élaboration et le maintien de ces dispositifs d'engagement, et cela, en s'intéressant tout particulièrement à la question des médiations. Ce sont donc les univers ludiques en ligne comme occurrences singulières du partage d'un monde, agencements uniques de choses et de significations, dont il est question ici. Ces objets sont par ailleurs inscrits dans un ensemble de techniques et d'usages qui est marqué par l'évolution et la diffusion du média Internet et plus largement de l'informatique. La thèse interroge enfin les pratiques et les représentations du jeu comme étant avant tout celles d'un espace médiatique. Le partage de ces mondes de jeu est donc ici questionné dans le contexte d'une massification de l'usage des techniques de communication. L'argument s'appuie principalement sur trois enquêtes originales qui mobilisent des méthodes qualitatives comme quantitatives : une observation participante dans un studio de développement d'un univers de jeux en ligne (Age of Utopia, AoU) complété par des entretiens, et un travail sur archives ; enquête statistique menée auprès des joueurs d'AoU; et enfin une ethnographie en ligne dans l'univers de jeu World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainement). L'argument de la thèse est décliné selon quatre grandes thématiques :

The thesis addresses two related problems. It is argued that the materiality of physical artifacts serves the purpose of expressing abstract information. In contrast, the intangibility of IT is of such a kind that it poses different conditions for expressing abstract information. The background problem concerns conditions and possibilities of designing information visualization artifacts that retain the experiential qualities typically associated with physical artifacts. Massification design is introduced as a design ideal that aims towards a design of visualization artifacts that cater to the need of intersubjective understanding of abstract and intangible information. Massification design is further articulated as an ideal where the designed artifact as such bears witness of its own meaning. This ideal is put in contrast to design that depends on arbitrary, interpretative conventions for people's understanding of visualization artifacts. It is argued that design striving towards this ideal should be theoretically informed. The main problem of the thesis concerns to what extent the theory of embodied realism can serve as an informing theory for massification design. In order to investigate embodied realism as a candidate for informing massification design, two design projects are presented. Based on the design projects and associated evaluations, it is suggested that an embodied realist foundation for massification has the capacity to constrain and suggest form for expressions of abstract information. Suggestively, embodied realism may also inform design in such a way that it affects the experience of using the artifacts. The evaluations also suggest that design that draws on embodied meaning may come in conflict with conventional ways of expressing information. To further investigate a foundation for massification it is there is a need to investigate foundations that stays sensitive to conventional expressions. Additionally, it is suggested that massification design can be understood as striving towards authentic experiences of IT.