Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka aktuella mediedebatter om köttkonsumtion ur ett djuretiskt perspektiv. Studien bygger på teorin om karnism och kritisk diskursanalys. Artikelsökningen gjordes genom Mediearkivet Retriever och avgränsades till de fyra största tidningarna i Sverige, Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet, från 2014 fram till idag. Det empiriska materialet bestod av 25 artiklar och ur dessa framkom fem diskurser: köttnormsdiskursen, djurrättsdiskursen, hälsodiskursen, marknadsdiskursen och miljödiskursen. Diskurserna gick ofta in i varandra och hade ofta fler än ett perspektiv. Studiens resultat visade att köttnormsdiskursen är den hegemoniska diskursen. Även om flera av artiklarna förespråkade konsumtion av enbart svenskt och ekologiskt kött, var köttkonsumtion ändå normen. Trots att köttkonsumtionen idag är rekordhög, var de flesta artiklarna oväntat eniga om att köttkonsumtionen måste minska drastiskt för hälsan, miljön och djurens skull. / The essay examines the recent media coverage of meat consumption from an animal ethical perspective. The study is based on the theory of carnism and critical discourse analysis. For the article search Mediearkivet Retriever was used and the search was limited to four main newspapers in Sweden, Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet. The time span was from the beginning of 2014 until today. The essays material consisted of 25 articles and from them five discourses were identified: The meat norm discourse, the animal rights discourse, the health discourse, the market economy discourse and the environmental discourse. The discourses often related to one another and often included more than one perspective. The study showed that the hegemonic discourse is the meat norm discourse. Although many of the articles were in favor of a drastic cut down of meat consumption, and suggested consumption of only Swedish and organic meat, the norm was still to consume meat. Although statistics show very high meat consumption, there seem to be a surprising consensus in the articles that meat consumption must decrease drastically, for health reasons, the environment and for the wellbeing of animals.

Unsustainable meat consumption contributes to climate change. That is why consumers are advised to behave in an environmentally responsible manner and reduce their consumption of meat products. When it comes to willingness to reduce meat consumption, differences between female and male consumers have been identified. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate what motivating factors influence consumers' decision to reduce the consumption of meat products, and what is determined by influence of gender differences. Furthermore, the results of the analysis will help to find if consumers are willing to reduce meat consumption and if there are any similarities or differences between gender and their values towards meat consumption and the reduction of it. In order to get a deeper understanding of gender values towards reduction of meat consumption, a quantitative method and explanative design were applied and data was collected using online focus groups, male and female students from Kristianstad University. The results show that most of the respondents are willing to reduce the consumption of meat. Moreover, there were observed that some of the masculine attributes were more concerned about ethical issue such as animal welfare, meanwhile feminine - health issues and food safety. This thesis has laid a good foundation for possible future research about gender and sustainable meat consumption. Moreover, potentially it might help marketers to adopt their strategies to suit the nutritional needs of the different genders

La cité de Nîmes, territoire localisé en bordure de la mer Méditerranée (Gard et partie est de l’Hérault), est créée au cours du Ier s. av. J.‑C., avec à sa tête un chef‑lieu (Nemausus) auquel sont rattachés de nombreux établissements répartis au sein de ce vaste territoire. La société nîmoise, tout en conservant son héritage protohistorique, est profondément influencée par le modèle socio‑économique romain dans ce nouveau cadre administratif centralisé. Dans ce contexte de transition, il était intéressant d’aborder la thématique de l’alimentation carnée des habitants de cette cité entre le IIème s. av. J.‑C. et le IIème s. ap. J.‑C. L’étude réalisée à partir des restes fauniques des mammifères provenant du chef‑lieu, d’agglomérations secondaires et d’établissements ruraux, permet d’éclairer l’exploitation des animaux dits « de bouche » dans cette cité. L’analyse propose d’aborder les questions des zones d’élevage et de la présence du bétail à l’intérieur des villes, la gestion des cheptels qui révèle des différences d’exploitation entre les troupeaux et une diversité des productions : lait, laine, force de travail et bien évidemment la viande. Les données archéozoologiques ont également permis d’observer des différences entre sites et des variations chronologiques dans le choix des espèces consommées, ainsi que dans les techniques de découpe des carcasses, les qualités de viande et la gestion des déchets d’origine animale. Les résultats font apparaître une organisation territoriale de l’économie animale nîmoise avec des lieux de production et de consommation, des activités que l’on retrouve souvent entremêlées au sein des établissements. / The city of Nîmes is located near the Mediterranean Sea (Gard and eastern Hérault provinces). Created during the first century BC, the city consists of several establishments scattered in a vast territory and connected to a chief town (Nemausus). In this centralized administrative organisation, a new society appears which, although retaining its protohistoric heritage, is deeply influenced by the Roman socio‑economic model. In this transitionnal context, the question of the meat diet of the inhabitants of this city between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD is of great interest. This study is based on the faunal remains of mammals founded at several archaeological sites: chief town, secondary agglomerations and some rural settlements. This work will focus on the animals which are eaten. The data analysis raises the question of livestock production areas or at least the presence of animals inside the urban sites. Livestock management reveals differences between herds and a diversity of productions: milk, wool, traction and of course meat. The zooarchaeological data also revealed differences between sites and chronologies concerning the choice of species consumed, butchering systems, meat quality and management of animal waste. All these results suggest a territorial organization of animal economy based on production and consumption areas, although these activities are often mixed inside the establishments.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Vinicius Erichsen da.pdf: 4197963 bytes, checksum: a1d283ead13c00c6bb43613dce17f435 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Still lacking specific studies in the Human Sciences, the history of the slaughterhouses integrates the analysis of a production chain from the breeding, their transport, death, industrialization, to the sale and consumption of meat. This human consumption of meat is historically linked to the questioning of how the human species is related not only with other animal species, but also with the spaces where they live and on the constitution of their cultures. For the most part of the of the 19th century, the killing of animals for human consumption was performed without fiscalization and in a way that today we might call precarious. It is during that period that concerns regarding racionalization and modernization of the urban environments are emerging. Increasing government intervention in the social dynamics involved the review of several aspects that concerned the different meat production of moments such as: the condition of creation and death of cattle, new demands about the hygiene of the slaughterhouses, need for centralization, municipalization and inspection of the slaughters; the disciplining of the butchers; and the gradual displacement of the slaughterhouses away from the urban space and vision of the population leading to progressive fading of ethical concerns about the animal death. To build a work to analyse this process of transformations of slaughterhouses and the historicity of animal death for human consumption, it was built a narrative around the specific case of the city of Ponta Grossa/PR. Thus, an investigation was carried in documents that deal with the subject, like minutes of the city council, newspaper excerpts, official publication of the city, posture codes and period images. The public debate surrounding the construction of the municipal slaughterhouse in 1888 and its subsequent shift to the city outskirts in the mid-1930 are examples of a broader movement of the control about the food supplies in urban contexts. Therefore, we seek with this work not only contribute to building a possible history of the slaughterhouses and the historicity of its process, but also increase a historiographical discussion of a practice that directly involves the interface between human societies and nature, ie the meat consumption. / Ainda carente de estudos específicos no campo das Ciências Humanas, a história dos matadouros integra a análise de uma cadeia produtiva que vai desde a criação de animais, seu transporte, a morte, a industrialização, até a venda e o consumo da carne. Esse consumo humano de carne está historicamente ligado à problematização de como a espécie humana se relaciona não só com outras espécies animais, mas também com os espaços onde habita e na constituição de suas culturas. Por boa parte do século XIX a morte de animais para o consumo humano era realizada sem fiscalização e de uma forma que hoje poderíamos chamar de precária. É durante esse mesmo período que começam a emergir preocupações em relação à racionalização e à modernização dos espaços urbanos. Uma intervenção cada vez maior dos poderes públicos na dinâmica social implicou a revisão de vários aspectos que diziam respeito aos diferentes momentos da produção da carne tais como: as condições de criação e morte das reses; novas demandas sobre a higienização dos locais de matança; necessidade de centralização, municipalização e fiscalização dos abates; a disciplinarização do trabalho dos abatedores; e o gradual deslocamento dos matadouros para longe do espaço urbano e da visão da população que levou a progressivo um esmaecimento de preocupações éticas sobre a morte animal. Para construir um trabalho que analise esses processos de transformação dos matadouros e da historicidade da matança animal para o consumo humano, foi tecida uma narrativa em torno do caso específico da cidade de Ponta Grossa/PR. Assim, foi realizada uma investigação de documentos que versam sobre o tema em atas da câmara de vereadores, trechos de jornais, publicações oficiais da prefeitura, códigos de postura e imagens de época. Os debates públicos que envolveram a construção do matadouro municipal em 1888 e o seu posterior deslocamento para a periferia da cidade em meados da década de 1930 são exemplares de um movimento mais amplo sobre o controle da produção e circulação dos suprimentos alimentícios nos contextos urbanos. Logo, busca-se com o presente trabalho não só contribuir na construção de uma história dos matadouros e da historicidade de seus processos, mas também incrementar uma discussão historiográfica sobre uma prática que envolve diretamente a interface entre sociedades humanas e natureza, ou seja, o consumo de carne.

The release of green house gases and the environmental impacts humans have on the environment are huge and might cause irreversible changes to our earth. Meat is considered to have large impacts on the environment, especially beef meat and therefore there have lately been considerable discussions on the sustainable level of meat consumption and production. The main goal with this thesis is to study sustainable meat production and meat consumption in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Indicators for sustainable meat production and meat consumption were developed and applied on three cases. Interviews were carried out with a municipality in the region that represents the consumer and three beef farmers that represents the producers. The three farmers in this study got many positive remarks regarding sustainability. There are still things to improve but on the whole many positive things were observed, e.g. use of natural grazing areas, maintenance of biodiversity, minor use of fertilizers and pesticides, use of land (pasture/leys) that otherwise would not be used for production of human food for direct consumption (e.g. grain) since the land is not suitable for that. To sum up the results from the consumer group, what can be seen is that the municipality is trying to improve their consumption patterns and that they have good intentions. They try for example to decrease their portions of meat and reduce their waste, they further try to implement days with only vegetarian food. On the other hand are the emissions from each pupil still too large if IPPC’s climate goal of a total of 1-2 ton CO2e emissions per person per year is to be reached. The consumers in Dalarna have the possibility, looking at things from a sustainable point of view, to choose a fine beef meat product (depending on how it is produced) from the neighbourhood. This is due to the fact that the producers in the study got many positive remarks regarding the sustainable indicators. It can therefore be considered positive if the municipality would support this production a thereby procure beef meat from the neighbourhood. The municipality must however change their consumer patterns and buy an amount of beef meat that can be considered sustainable. / Dagens utsläpp av växthusgaser plus all övrig miljöpåverkan människor ger upphov till kan orsaka bestående förändringar på vår jord. Insikten om att vårt handlande kan komma att få ödesdigra konsekvenser har lett fram till att begreppet hållbar utveckling har skapats. Det är ett begrepp som innehåller de tre stödpelarna ekonomi, social och miljö och med det menas att alla tre aspekter måste tas hänsyn till och fungera för att någonting ska anses hållbart. Kött är en produkt som har stor påverkan på miljön, både i from av höga växthusgasutsläpp, men även i form av övergödning, försurning och stor markanvändning. Nötkött har extra hög klimatpåverkan på grund av att nötboskap, som är idisslande djur, släpper ut stora mängder metan då de bearbetar sin föda. På grund av den här vetskapen har diskussionen om hur mycket och vad för sorts kött som ska konsumeras blivit högaktuell. Vad som är viktigt då frågan angående kött diskuteras är att skilja på produktion och konsumtion av kött. Produktion är det lantbrukaren arbetar med och konsumtion är vad vi konsumenter utför. En stor konsument i Sverige är den offentliga sektorn. Kommuner som en del av den offentliga sektorn har möjligheter att ta en ledande roll och vara ett föredöme för hur konsumtionen av kött borde se ut. Det övergripande syftet med den här studien är att studera hållbar köttproduktion och den offentliga sektorns köttkonsumtion i Dalarnas län i Sverige. Indikatorer för att bedöma hållbarheten i köttproduktion respektive köttkonsumtion togs fram. Dessa indikatorer applicerades sedan på några få utvalda fall, belägna i Siljansbygden i Dalarnas län. Då Dalarna är en region som i huvudsak lämpar sig för vallodling valdes tre lantbrukare med nötköttsgårdar ut för att representera producentledet. Konsumenten representerades av en kommun i Dalarna. Deras upphandlingar av kött plus vad de serverar i kommunens skolor utvärderades. Tio sammanfattande indikatorer för köttproduktion och sju för köttkonsumtion togs fram och gårdarna och kommunen utvärderades genom att intervjuer genomfördes med de tre lantbrukarna samt kostchef och upphandlingsansvarig på kommunen. Köttproduktionen (de tre fallgårdarna) fick utifrån de framtagna indikatorerna många positiva anmärkningar gällande hållbarhet även om förbättringar fortfarande är önskvärda. Positiva aspekter som observerades var exempelvis användningen av naturbeten, vilket i sin tur leder till bevarande av biologisk mångfald, liten användning av mineralgödsel och växtskyddsmedel, användning av marker (betesmarker/vallar) som annars inte skulle användas för produktion av humanföda för direkt konsumtion (ex. spannmål) då markerna inte lämpar sig för det etc. Konsumenten, den offentliga sektorn, arbetade också för att bli mer hållbara, de försökte införa vegetariska dagar, liksom at minska portionsstorlekarna av kött. De arbetade även aktivt med att minska sitt svinn. Trots det var utsläppen av växthusgaser per elev högre än vad som krävs för att nå IPCC:s uppsatta klimatmål om 1-2 ton CO2e per person och år. Att minska köttintaget är önskvärt liksom att de väljer de kött de konsumerar med omsorg. Vad som kan konstateras är att konsumenterna i Dalarna har möjlighet att välja ett bra nötköttsalternativ ifrån närområdet sett ur hållbarhetssynpunkt (beroende på hur köttet är producerat). Detta baseras på fallgårdarnas positiva resultat avseende hållbarhet i studien. Det kan därför anses positivt om kommunen stödjer den här produktionsformen och därmed upphandlar nötkött ifrån närområdet. Kommunen har möjlighet att öka hållbarheten i sin köttkonsumtion genom att ändra sina matvanor och begränsa sina köttinköp till en hållbar mängd.

As global meat consumption is rising, the negative impact the animal husbandry sector has on the environment will increase. Greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 40 % during the last 200 years, and the animal husbandry sector is today responsible for 18 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions from food production. More environmentally friendly protein sources, such as soy and pea, must therefore be developed. Pisum sativum can (unlike the most popular meat alternative – soy) be grown all over Europe and might thus be a good alternative that allows for locally sourced alternatives to meat protein. Identifying genes with important agricultural properties might aid the development of pea cultivars with a more reliable protein content. One such gene was hypothesised to be the OMT gene, which is strongly expressed during the embryonic development of P. sativum and seems involved in functions such as seed storage and protein synthesis. Thirty-one accessions of P. sativum were tested to see if different improvement types differed from each other regarding protein content and seed weight, but no such differences were found. DNA was extracted from all accessions, sequenced, and successful sequences were tested to determine if variation in the gene correlated with protein content. Two haplotypes were identified, but there was no correlation between them and protein content found. Based on the results of this study, there is little evidence that the OMT gene correlates with protein content in the studied accessions.

The world's high meat consumption is one of the main causes of global warming, it increases the risk of cancer and heart diseases, and causes a lot of suffering for animals. In December 2017, SVT showed the TV program Köttets lustar, which highlighted the different aspects of meat consumption. The program put a lot focus on how animals are affected by the meat industry, and the question of whether it is ethical to eat meat. The program reached great attention in mainstream media and on social media.   This study investigated the different discourses in the question of meat consumption in Köttets lustar, how they were framed by SVT, and the struggle between the discourses in the debate that the programme generated on SVT’s Facebook page. The aim was to see how the framing affected the debate on Facebook. The used method was Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. In the analysis of the programme, six discourses were found: the animal rights discourse, the discourse about veganism as a sect, the masculine discourse, the public health discourse, the climate discourse and the economic discourse. In the debate on Facebook, the struggle was primarily conducted between the animal rights discourse and the economic discourse.   The animal rights discourse advocated that we should not consume meat at all, and used arguments from the climate discourse and the public health discourse to strengthen its thesis, while all the other discourses advocated continued meat consumption. The main problem with meat consumption was that we eat too much meat, and not the ethical question. The economic discourse - which emphasizes the consumer's responsibility to choose the "right Swedish meat" in a fair amount that takes better account of climate, animals, health and the environment, was dominant. The economic discourse also increased its dominance by placing greater emphasis on parts of the animal rights aspect, which makes it more difficult for the animal rights discourse to enhance its power.

This thesis extrapolates upon theoretical examinations of meat consumption as linked to masculinity in order to consider how meat consumption may also be connected to dominant themes in Canada’s national foundation as marked by whiteness, multiculturalism, and post-coloniality. I investigate two sets of advertisements – Maple Leaf Canada’s “Feeding the Country” commercial, and Alberta Beef Producer’s Raised Right online campaign – through employing multimodal critical discourse analysis and tenets of Stuart Hall’s theories of representations. In doing so, I argue that meat consumption is depicted in advertising as an ideologically and symbolically loaded practice that seizes upon and re-articulates greater themes of Canadian national identity in a way that denotes the nation as having overcome its racial tensions and colonial history.

The emission of green house gases from animal agriculture has grown in recent years and is contributing to climate change and increased risk for chronic diseases. Red and processed meat can have positive health effects, such as getting enough nutrients as vitamins and protein to your diet, but can also increase the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes type 2. The objective of this study was to determine the meat consumption in adults and the factors that may affect this consumption. A secondary objective of this study was to find out if consumer’s are informed about the health risks regarding meat consumption. A questionnaire was sent out on Facebook where anyone could answer and later these answers where analyzed and compiled. The results show that men had a more positive attitude to meat consumption and health effects than women. Individuals who consume more meat is likely to think it effects them positively, this may be due to either ignorance or lack of information. Individuals avoiding or consuming less meat, did it in concern for the animals and to diminish the negative effects on their health and the environment. The conclusion of this study is that there are still people who think meat consumption has only positive health effects and therefore information needs to be uniformed so there can be no misunderstandings or doubts about the health effects from meat consumption.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur manliga veganer uppfattar sin maskulinitet i relation till att de utesluter animalier från sin kost. Genom åtta kvalitativa djupintervjuer med män som äter en växtbaserad kost ville jag få svar på frågeställningarna: Upplever manliga veganer att det finns en koppling mellan maskulinitet och köttkonsumtion? Hur tar sig i så fall denna koppling uttryck? Och anser manliga veganer att deras kostval påverkar deras sociala interaktioner med köttätare och hur förklarar samt förhåller de sig i så fall till detta? Ett tematiskt analysförfarande användes som metod för att analysera insamlad data. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för denna studie var Judith Butlers uppfattning om kön och att det är något som formuleras i sociala processer och R. W. Connells teori om hegemonisk maskulinitet och att det manliga könet är dominerande över det kvinnliga. Att vara kvinna i dagens samhälle upplevs som något sekundärt och den kost som associeras med det kvinnliga könet ses i förlängningen också som sekundär. Studien tillämpar också Carol J. Adams teori om att köttkonsumtion är associerat med män och maskulinitet. Resultatet visar att manliga veganer upplever att det finns en koppling mellan maskulinitet och köttkonsumtion, även om de själva inte upplever att det behöver vara så. Uppfattningen att köttkonsumtion är associerat med maskulinitet yttrar sig genom att det finns en indikation på att inte vilja uppfattas som en stereotypisk vegan. På så sätt vidhålls uppfattningen om den hegemoniska mannen, trots att de i själva verket tar avstånd från den. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how male vegans perceive their masculinity in relation to excluding animal products from their diet. Through eight qualitative in-depth interviews with men who eat a plant-based diet I wanted to get answers to the questions: Do male vegans feel that there is a connection between masculinity and meat consumption? If so, how does this connection manifest itself? And do male vegans believe that their dietary choices affect their social interactions with carnivores and how do they explain and relate to this in that case? A thematic analysis method was used for analyzing collected data. The theoretical starting points for this study were Judith Butler’s view of gender and that it is something that is formulated in social processes and R. W. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity and that the male sex is dominant over female. Being a woman in today’s societyis perceived as something secondary and the diet associated with the female gender is in extension also seen as secondary. The study also applies Carol J. Adams theory that meat consumption is associated with men and masculinity. The results show that male vegans feel that there is a connection between masculinity and meat consumption, even though they themselves do not feel that it needs to be so. The perception that meat consumption is associated with masculinity is expressed by the fact that there is an indication of not wanting to be perceived as a stereotypical vegan. In this way, the perception of the hegemonic man is maintained, even though they are in fact distancing themselves from it.