L’objet de ce travail de recherche est de s’interroger sur la dialectique entre la professionnalisation et la mondialisation du rugby à XV et l’évolution des ancrages territoriaux qui en découle, en fonction du modèle sportif qui est propre à chaque terrain d’investigation sélectionné : la Bretagne, le Munster et la Géorgie. L’enjeu est de démontrer dans quelle mesure la professionnalisation des organisations et des acteurs sportifs est le moteur à la fois de la globalisation rugbystique et de nouvelles logiques oligopolistiques de différentiation territoriale du rugby, aux différentes échelles spatiales. S’étant diffusée au sein des championnats domestiques amateurs, cette professionnalisation provoque des dynamiques au profit des territoires sportifs les plus compétitifs et les mieux intégrés au reste du monde rugbystique globalisé, tout en étant le vecteur d’identités territoriales spécifiques. Le choix des trois terrains d’enquête résulte de la pertinence de s’interroger sur l’articulation entre les modèles sportifs et les ancrages territoriaux pour appréhender chaque modèle de production d’espace rugbystique, et sur les formes spécifiques d’ancrage territorial de la pratique du rugby, en considérant celui-ci comme un médiateur territorial. Pour chaque terrain d’enquête, tout en procédant par itération, la mise en oeuvre de la méthode de la triangulation permet d’approfondir et de mettre à l’épreuve les concepts mobilisés. Trois grandes approches de l’analyse socio-spatiale du sport sont privilégiées : l’approche structurelle, l’approche systémique, et celle qui donne de l’importance au rôle des acteurs. / The aim of this research work is to wonder about the dialectic between the professionalization and the globalization of the rugby union, and the evolution of the resulting territorial anchorages, depending on the specific sporting model of the investigation lands that have been selected: Brittany, Munster and Georgia. The issue is to demonstrate to what extent the professionalization of the organizations and the sporting actors is at the same time the driving force of the rugby globalization and of new rugby territorial differentiations’ oligopolistic logics, on various levels in geographic terms. Being diffused into the domestic amateur championships, this professionalization stimulates dynamics in favor of the much competitive sporting territories and the best integrated to the rest of the globalized world, while being the vector of specific territorial identities. The selection of the three investigation lands stems from the relevantness of the interrogation on the link between the sporting models and the territorial anchorages to comprehend each model of rugby territorial production and the specific forms of the territorial anchorage of the rugby practice, considering this sport as a territorial mediator. For each investigation land, while proceeding by iteration, the triangulation method implemented allows to go deeper and to test the concepts that have been mobilized. Three major socio spatial analysis approaches have been focused: the structural approach, the systemic approach and the approach that highlights the actors’ role.

<p>Denna undersökning bygger på lärares attityder till konfliktsituationer och deras föreställningar om hur de agerar vid dessa. Det vi i vår undersökning eftersöker är dels om lärarnas agerande skiljer sig mellan år 1 och år 6 och dels om deras utsagor tyder på en bakomliggande teoretisk kunskap. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ ansats görs åtta intervjuer med behöriga lärare, fyra verksamma i år 1 och fyra verksamma i år 6. Analysen av det insamlade materialet visar att varje lärare har skilda sätt att se på konflikter och majoriteten anser att de både har positiva och negativa aspekter. När det gäller sättet att hantera konflikter har vi funnit att en gemensam grundmodell används. Dock har alla lärare sina egna konflikthanteringsstrategier som de använder beroende på situation och ålder på barnen. Trots att lärarna säger sig ha ytterst lite utbildningen om konflikter och konflikthantering tyder deras utsagor på en bakomliggande teoretisk kunskap.</p>

<p>The present study has a twofold purpose: Firstly, it is an analysis of the Karbalā´ Drama—i.e. the death of Ḥusayn b. `Alī in the hands of an army which had been sent out by the Umayyad authorities, at Karbalā´ in 60/680—as it is retold by the Muslim jurist and historiographer Abū Ja`far Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923). Despite its importance, especially to Shī`ite Islam, this text as such has received relatively little attention among scholars of Islam. In this study, the Karbalā´ Drama is regarded as a myth and the method used to analyze it is inspired by the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss. Lévi-Straussian structuralism has probably never before been applied to early Arabic material to the extent that it is used here. The second purpose of the study, then, is to investigate to what extent and in what mode such a method is applicable to this material.</p><p>A portion of the text, called the “Text of Reference,” has been selected and thoroughly analyzed. In that analysis, a number of structural features such as codes, oppositions, mediations, and transformations have been identified and made the basis for a more cursory study of the rest of the story. An important structural feature that is detected in this way is the way the argument of the story is forwarded. By the transformation of metaphors into metonyms, the story attempts to make arbitrary relationships look natural and intrinsic. Such a relationship is that between water and blood—two liquids which are at times shed, at times withheld in the story. Husayn takes a mediating position in that he <i>gives</i> his water and his blood. He acts as mediator both in a negative sense (he establishes the basic Islamic opposition of good and evil), and in a positive sense (as religious guide he acts as a bridge between them).</p>

Denna undersökning bygger på lärares attityder till konfliktsituationer och deras föreställningar om hur de agerar vid dessa. Det vi i vår undersökning eftersöker är dels om lärarnas agerande skiljer sig mellan år 1 och år 6 och dels om deras utsagor tyder på en bakomliggande teoretisk kunskap. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ ansats görs åtta intervjuer med behöriga lärare, fyra verksamma i år 1 och fyra verksamma i år 6. Analysen av det insamlade materialet visar att varje lärare har skilda sätt att se på konflikter och majoriteten anser att de både har positiva och negativa aspekter. När det gäller sättet att hantera konflikter har vi funnit att en gemensam grundmodell används. Dock har alla lärare sina egna konflikthanteringsstrategier som de använder beroende på situation och ålder på barnen. Trots att lärarna säger sig ha ytterst lite utbildningen om konflikter och konflikthantering tyder deras utsagor på en bakomliggande teoretisk kunskap.

The present study has a twofold purpose: Firstly, it is an analysis of the Karbalā´ Drama—i.e. the death of Ḥusayn b. `Alī in the hands of an army which had been sent out by the Umayyad authorities, at Karbalā´ in 60/680—as it is retold by the Muslim jurist and historiographer Abū Ja`far Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923). Despite its importance, especially to Shī`ite Islam, this text as such has received relatively little attention among scholars of Islam. In this study, the Karbalā´ Drama is regarded as a myth and the method used to analyze it is inspired by the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss. Lévi-Straussian structuralism has probably never before been applied to early Arabic material to the extent that it is used here. The second purpose of the study, then, is to investigate to what extent and in what mode such a method is applicable to this material. A portion of the text, called the “Text of Reference,” has been selected and thoroughly analyzed. In that analysis, a number of structural features such as codes, oppositions, mediations, and transformations have been identified and made the basis for a more cursory study of the rest of the story. An important structural feature that is detected in this way is the way the argument of the story is forwarded. By the transformation of metaphors into metonyms, the story attempts to make arbitrary relationships look natural and intrinsic. Such a relationship is that between water and blood—two liquids which are at times shed, at times withheld in the story. Husayn takes a mediating position in that he gives his water and his blood. He acts as mediator both in a negative sense (he establishes the basic Islamic opposition of good and evil), and in a positive sense (as religious guide he acts as a bridge between them).

Knowledge base systems are brittle when the users of the knowledge base are unfamiliar with its content and structure. Querying a knowledge base requires users to state their questions in precise and complete formal representations that relate the facts in the question with relevant terms and relations in the underlying knowledge base. This requirement places a heavy burden on the users to become deeply familiar with the contents of the knowledge base and prevents novice users to effectively using the knowledge base for problem solving. As a result, the utility of knowledge base systems is often restricted to the developers themselves. The goal of this work is to help users, who may possess little domain expertise, to use unfamiliar knowledge bases for problem solving. Our thesis is that the difficulty in using unfamiliar knowledge bases can be addressed by an approach that funnels natural questions, expressed in English, into formal representations appropriate for automated reasoning. The approach uses a simplified English controlled language, a domain-neutral ontology, a set of mechanisms to handle a handful of well known question types, and a software component, called the Question Mediator, to identify relevant information in the knowledge base for problem solving. With our approach, a knowledge base user can use a variety of unfamiliar knowledge bases by posing their questions with simplified English to retrieve relevant information in the knowledge base for problem solving. We studied the thesis in the context of a system called ASKME. We evaluated ASKME on the task of answering exam questions for college level biology, chemistry, and physics. The evaluation consists of successive experiments to test if ASKME can help novice users employ unfamiliar knowledge bases for problem solving. The initial experiment measures ASKME's level of performance under ideal conditions, where the knowledge base is built and used by the same knowledge engineers. Subsequent experiments measure ASKME's level of performance under increasingly realistic conditions. In the final experiment, we measure ASKME's level of performance under conditions where the knowledge base is independently built by subject matter experts and the users of the knowledge base are a group of novices who are unfamiliar with the knowledge base. Results from the evaluation show that ASKME works well on different knowledge bases and answers a broad range of questions that were posed by novice users in a variety of domains. / text

Background: Our innate immunesystem protects us from infections but, since its methods is not all specific for microorganisms, may also induce collateral damage. Severe physical injury often proved deadly throughout evolution. Such injuries may induce massive collateral damage. Nowadays we can initiate advanced critical care for affected patients and save them from imminent trauma-related death. We are therefore faced with the fact that the collateral damage from the immune system may pose a major threat to the patient, the pathophysiology of which is not amenable to direct medical treatment and which leaves us with only passive supportive measures. In this thesis we investigated the role of leucocytes under such circumstances. Our main aim was to understand better the role of leucocytes in the development of increased vascular permeability after burns and trauma. More specifically we investigated the impact of an injury on the function of leucocytes such as the dynamic change of certain cell-surface receptors on the leucocytes and in their numbers and immature forms. We wanted to find out if the increased pulmonary vascular permeability after a burn could be mediated through heparin binding protein (HBP) released from granuloctes, and whether HBP could be used as a biomarker for respiratory failure after trauma. We also wanted to confirm the possible role of histamine as a mediator of the systemic increase in vascular permeability after burns. Methods: The dynamic change of cell-surface receptors was measured by flow-acquired cytometer scanning (FACS) on blood samples taken after burns. The concentrations of HBP after a burn and mechanical trauma were analysed in plasma. Pulmonary vascular permeability after a burn was assessed using transpulmonary thermodilution. The histamine turnover after a burn was assessed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for concentrations of histamine and methylhistamine in urine. Results: We confirmed earlier investigations showing altered expression of receptors on leucocytes after a burn, receptors intimately associated with leucocyte functions (study I). In a pilot study of 10 patients we measured plasma concentrations of HBP and found them to be increased soon after a burn (study II). This finding was not confirmed in a larger, more extensive and specific study of 20 patients. We did, however, find an association between alterations in the number of leucocytes soon after a burn and pulmonary vascular permeability, indicating that they had a role in this process (study III). In another study of trauma (non burn) we found an association between the concentration of HBP in early plasma-samples after injury and the development of ARDS, indicating that granulocytes and HBP have a role in its aetiology (study IV). We found a small increase in urinary histamine and normal urinary methylhistamine concentrations but had anticipated a distinct increase followed by a decrease after reading the current papers on the subject. This indicates that the role of histamine as a mediator of increased vascular permeability after burns may have been exaggerated (study V). Conclusions: We conclude that leucocytes are affected by burns and trauma, and it is likely that they contribute to the development of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). HBP is a candidate biomarker for the early detection of ARDS after trauma, and the white blood count (WBC) is a useful biomarker for the detection of decreased oxygenation soon after a burn.

The LHC at CERN is now undergoing a set of upgrades to increase the center of mass energy for the colliding particles to be able to explore new physical processes. The focus of this thesis lies on the so called phase II upgrade which will preliminarily be completed in 2023. After the upgrade the LHC will be able to accelerate proton beams to such a velocity thateach proton has a center of mass energy of 14 TeV. One disadvantage of the upgrade is that it will be harder for the atlas detector to isolate unique particle collisions since more and more collisions will occur simultaneously, so called pile-up. For 14 TeV there does not exist a full simulation of the atlas detector. This thesis instead uses data from Monte Carlo simulations for the particle collisions and then uses so called smearing functions to emulate the detector responses. This thesis focuses on how a mono-jet analysis looking for different wimp models of dark matter will be affected by this increase in pile-up rate. The signal models which are in focus are those which try to explain dark matter without adding new theories to the standard model or QFT, such as the effective theory D5 operator and light vector mediator models. The exclusion limits set for the D5 operators mass suppression scale at 14 TeV and 1000 fb-1are 2-3 times better than previous results at 8 TeV and 10 fb-1. For the first time limits have been set on which vector mediator mass models can be excluded at 14 TeV.

L’étude proposée dans ce mémoire porte sur le processus de visite des adolescents de 14-16 ans au Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal. Je mobilise principalement les concepts de « médiateurs » et « médiations », entendus selon la définition proposée par Hennion (1988, 2000). En effet, Hennion propose de voir la médiation non comme un pont entre deux entités, vision commune de la médiation, mais comme un processus en construction. Ainsi, le médiateur est un élément qui va capter l’attention du jeune visiteur et la médiation est l’action qui va se développer dans cette relation médiateur-visiteur. L’analyse vise plus particulièrement à identifier les médiateurs qui agissent durant cette visite et à comprendre les médiations qui se mettent en place. Cette étude a été réalisée au moyen d’entrevues semi-structurées et d’observations participantes, auprès de six adolescents, âgés de 14 à 16 ans. Une première entrevue permettait de connaître les antécédents de ces jeunes à l’égard des musées et de comprendre suite à quelles mises en condition ils se rendaient à l’exposition. Une observation, par groupe de deux participants, a ensuite été menée lors de l’exposition du Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal : Il était une fois l’impressionnisme. Une histoire de l’impressionnisme : chefs-d’œuvre de la peinture française du Clark. Ces observations ont permis de repérer les moments qui ont capté l’attention des participants durant leur visite. Enfin, une seconde entrevue a été l’occasion de revenir sur leur expérience de visite et de dégager les médiations qui se sont mises en place. Sur les bases de ce terrain, ce mémoire met en avant un ensemble de médiateurs (les autres visiteurs, l’environnement physique, l’œuvre et le récit) et de médiations (rêver, comprendre, se projeter, admirer, comparer et refuser) qui se sont développées chez ces adolescents. Suite à cela, ce mémoire propose une explication du processus de visite tel qu’analysé chez ces adolescents à travers la représentation de la « spirale coquillage ». Cette représentation souligne le fait que le processus de visite n’est pas un phénomène linéaire mais se fait par la confrontation des antécédents de l’adolescent avec sa nouvelle expérience de visite. Il s’agit donc d’un processus circulaire qui se base sur ses antécédents pour construire progressivement de nouvelles strates, qui conditionneront ses prochaines expériences au musée. / The study presented in this thesis focuses on the visiting process of teenagers from 14 to 16 years old at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. I am principally drawing on concepts of “mediators” and “mediations”, following the definition given by Hennion (1988, 2000). Indeed, Hennion suggests that mediation should not be seen as a bridge between two entities, which is the common vision of mediation, but rather as a process under construction. Thus, the mediator is an element that will capture the young visitor's attention and mediation is the action that will develop in this mediator-visitor relationship. The analysis more specifically aims to identify the mediators acting during this visit and to understand the mediations that get constituted. This study was conducted with six teenagers between 14 and 16 years old. A first interview enabled me to become acquainted with the background of the young visitors regarding museums, and to understand in which conditions they were going to the exhibit. An observation, done in binomial groups, was then carried out during Once upon a time Impressionism. A story of impressionism: great French paintings from the Clark, the exhibit held at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. These observations allowed me to spot the moments that attracted the teenagers' attention during the visit. Finally, a second interview gave the opportunity to go over their visiting experience and to bring out the mediations that occurred. On the basis of this fieldwork, this thesis foregrounds a set of mediators (the other visitors, the environment, the works and stories) and mediations (dreaming, understanding, planning, admiring, comparing and refusing) that teenagers have developed. Following this, the thesis offers an explanation of the visiting process as analyzed with these teenagers through the representation of the “shell spiral''. This representation emphasizes the fact that the visiting process is not a linear phenomenon, but is created through the confrontation of the teenager's background with his new visiting experience. It is thus a circular process that relies on the teenager's background to progressively build new strata that will condition his future museum experiences.

Les nanoparticules seront sans doute les outils diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de demain. Si ellessont magnétiques, elles sont promises à des applications telles que le renforcement du contraste enIRM, la thermothérapie et la libération contrôlée de médicaments. Les nanomatériaux La1-xSrxMnO3ont été sélectionnés car leur température de Curie (TC) peut être ajustée dans la gamme detempérature thérapeutique. Des particules calibrées en taille et désagrégées ont été élaborées par leprocédé glycine-nitrate (GNP). Les caractérisations chimiques et structurales ont permis de mieuxcomprendre les résultats contradictoires de la littérature concernant la soi-disant dépendance de TCavec la taille des nanoparticules. L’adaptabilité de ces nanoparticules pour des applications enhyperthermie ou en IRM a été confirmée. Enfin, la capacité des nanoparticules à s’échauffer a étéutilisée pour réticuler autour d’elles une couronne de macromolécules thermosensibles selon leconcept nouveau de chimie localement stimulée. / Nanoparticles may be the next generation of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. If they are magnetic,they are dedicated to applications such as MRI contrast agent, thermotherapy and controlled drugrelease. La1-xSrxMnO3 nanoparticles were selected because their Curie temperature (TC) may be tunedwithin the range of therapeutic temperature. Size sorted and disaggregated particles weresynthesized by the Glycine-Nitrate Process. Chemical and structural characterizations allowed abetter understanding of conflicting results found in the literature about the particle size-dependenceof TC. The possibility to use these nanoparticles for hyperthermia and MRI applications has beenconfirmed. Finally, their ability to heat has been used to crosslink thermosensitive macromoleculesall around them according to the new concept of locally stimulated chemistry.