I den här uppsatsen presenteras en undersökning om konstruktioner av kön i debatten om hen. Syftet är att utifrån ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv ta reda på hur kön och hen konstrueras i en internetbaserad debatt om ordet. Undersökningen baseras på kommentarerna under ett blogginlägg om ordet hen. Det kvalitativa analysverktyget som används är membership categorization analysis (MCA). Resultatet visar att de personer som är emot användning av ordet hen är under föreställningen att ordet används för att avköna samhället, medan förespråkarna anser att ordets främsta användningsområde är som ett komplement till pronomenen han och hon. Kön konstrueras på ett tydligt sätt av motståndarna till hen, medan förespråkarna till ordet anstränger sig för att inte konstruera kvinnor och män. När kön konstrueras handlar det nästan uteslutande om konstruktion och kategorisering av kvinnor, konstruktion av män lämnas utanför debatten. Den heterosexuella matrisen och tvåkönsmodellen verkar tydligt i konstruktionen av hen och av kön och det finns en tydlig motsättning mellan motståndarna och förespråkarna till hen, då motståndarna ofta har ett essentialistiskt synsätt på kön medan förespråkarna har ett socialkonstruktivistiskt.

In view of the augmenting spatial, socio-economic and ethnic segregation in Sweden over the last 30 years, the purpose of this study is to examine, illustrate and enhance the understanding of mundane segregation processes by studying how social actors collaboratively interact in Swedish online forums regarding in which areas it is “good” or “bad” to live in. The theoretical and methodological framework used to guide the collection, coding and analysis of empirical data is based on ethnomethodology and its applied methods conversation analysis, discursive psychology and membership categorization analysis. This implies a data-driven approach in which the analysis is solely based on the observable-and-reportable understandings of the interactants themselves. The results of the study show that the participants collaboratively orient to and assemble normative spatial categories by connecting these with spatial identities. Simply put, “good places” are treated as inherently linked to “good people”, and vice versa. Because of the way in which interactants treat these spatial-social categories as both inherently and normatively linked, the thesis introduces the concept normative-spatial-identities, in order to facilitate the investigation of how social actors collaboratively make sense of,  orient to and assemble normative spatial boundaries and in this fashion, contribute to enhancing the understanding of everyday inclusion-and-exclusion practices.

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mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l4 {mso-list-id:1879584012; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-457792010 69009423 69009433 69009435 69009423 69009433 69009435 69009423 69009433 69009435;} @list l4:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l5 {mso-list-id:2078551305; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:376595394 -738154906 69009411 69009413 69009409 69009411 69009413 69009409 69009411 69009413;} @list l5:level1 {mso-level-start-at:0; mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:-; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} -->Föreliggande studies syfte är att utifrån ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv undersöka hur företagande kvinnor, som själva beskriver sig som framgångsrika, konstruerar identitet. Detta sker med en kombination av analytiska verktyg från narrativ metod, kategoriseringsanalys och diskursiv psykologi vilka appliceras på data i form av företagande kvinnors blogginlägg. Resultatet visar att respondenterna tenderar att berätta om sig själva genom tre generella berättelser: <em>berättelsen om företagsamheten, berättelsen om familjen</em> och <em>självbekännelseberättelsen</em> och där gör de framför allt tre kategorier relevanta för den egna identiteten: <em>den framgångsrika företagerskan, den goda modern</em> och <em>den moderna kvinnan</em>. Berättelser och kategorier kan mötas och understödja varandra men framför allt kan de också konkurrera med varandra. Den spänning som skapas när berättelserna krockar och när de diskursiva stereotyper som styr kategorierna inte samstämmer kräver en retorisk finkänslighet och ett skickligt balanserande. När det diskursiva trovärdighetsarbete som respondenterna ägnar sig åt, beroende på vilken berättelse de för närvarande berättar, havererar så används kategorin <em>den ofullkomliga människan</em> som verktyg för att upprätthålla den värdighet och koherens som krävs för att upprätthålla bilden av ett komplett och trovärdigt liv. Att bidra med kompletterande perspektiv till existerande entreprenörskapsforskning är studiens vidare syfte. Genom att öka förståelsen för de diskursiva förutsättningar som dessa kvinnor förhåller sig till och arbetar med, samt vilka strategier de funnit fruktbara i det arbetet, skapas möjligheter till nya sätt att förstå, studera och stimulera kvinnors företagande och entreprenörskap.</p>

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Detta sker med en kombination av analytiska verktyg från narrativ metod, kategoriseringsanalys och diskursiv psykologi vilka appliceras på data i form av företagande kvinnors blogginlägg. Resultatet visar att respondenterna tenderar att berätta om sig själva genom tre generella berättelser: berättelsen om företagsamheten, berättelsen om familjen och självbekännelseberättelsen och där gör de framför allt tre kategorier relevanta för den egna identiteten: den framgångsrika företagerskan, den goda modern och den moderna kvinnan. Berättelser och kategorier kan mötas och understödja varandra men framför allt kan de också konkurrera med varandra. Den spänning som skapas när berättelserna krockar och när de diskursiva stereotyper som styr kategorierna inte samstämmer kräver en retorisk finkänslighet och ett skickligt balanserande. När det diskursiva trovärdighetsarbete som respondenterna ägnar sig åt, beroende på vilken berättelse de för närvarande berättar, havererar så används kategorin den ofullkomliga människan som verktyg för att upprätthålla den värdighet och koherens som krävs för att upprätthålla bilden av ett komplett och trovärdigt liv. Att bidra med kompletterande perspektiv till existerande entreprenörskapsforskning är studiens vidare syfte. Genom att öka förståelsen för de diskursiva förutsättningar som dessa kvinnor förhåller sig till och arbetar med, samt vilka strategier de funnit fruktbara i det arbetet, skapas möjligheter till nya sätt att förstå, studera och stimulera kvinnors företagande och entreprenörskap.

The aim of the thesis is to show how gender, ethnicity and generation membership categories are constituted in talk-in-interaction. The main material comprises seven video recordings of multi-participant conversations among school pupils, aged 16 to 19. An important theoretical term is intersectionality, i.e. the interplay between different social categories. The tools of analysis are mainly derived from conversation analysis and discursive psychology. Identity is seen as a dynamic phenomenon and I analyse the identities the participants themselves make relevant during the course of the conversations. The investigation, aided by membership categorisation analysis, is carried out into how social categories are negotiated and used in establishing identity. In the analyses, social categories in particular are used in order to constitute identities by the participants’ creating contrasts between in-group, we, and out-group, them. Category-bound activities are used to constitute social categories. The participants also use more specific resources for talk-in-interaction – for example, active voicing and extreme case formulations – to establish or negotiate social categories. Interactional strategies and tools are used in resistance to avoid being attributed membership in a certain category, and partly consist of various ways of renegotiating the implication of belonging to a certain category. Thus, generalising notions about social groups become more nuanced and the adolescents avoid being categorised as passive victims of cultural notions. Gender, ethnicity and generation membership are furthermore constituted through storytelling. To sum up, the above linguistic resources are used first and foremost for three different types of discursive work during the group conversations. First, the adolescents argue that they are unique and independent and therefore not dependent on cultural expectations. Secondly, they place themselves in relation to the categories by their enacting themselves as normal in various ways. Thirdly, the adolescents establish a positive self image by modifying or renegotiating the non-desirable activities associated with the categories. The results show how the categories have situational relevance and are dealt with locally, and invoke normative expectations as to how members of social groups ought to behave.

No description available.

I den här undersökningen tittar jag närmare på hur ordet hen används i interaktioner på Twitter. Jag frågar mig i vilka sammanhang och om vem som hen kan användas i dessa konversationer. Vad tycks gynna eller begränsa användningen av hen? Här är jag, först och främst, intresserad av att se på hur olika typer av normer kring kön och sexualitet kan tänkas påverka användningen, och vilka sådana normer som är relevanta i konversationerna. För att göra detta använder jag mig av metoden Membership categorization analysis. Med hjälp av denna metod tittar jag närmare på vilka kategoriseringar som görs relevanta och kopplas till användningen av hen. Detta möjliggör att just komma åt vilka normer som blir aktualiserade, hur de konstrueras och potentiellt påverkar användningen av hen. Därtill vill jag också se vilka möjliga alternativa positioner som hen kan tänkas etablera i relation till normativaköns- och sexualitetsdiskurser. För att fördjupa analysen av normer, kön och sexualitet tar jag min teoretiska utgångspunkt från ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv. Särskilt använder jag mig av performativitet, och det normativa ramverket den heterosexuella matrisen, som viktiga begrepp i uppsatsen för att förståhur olika köns- och sexualitetsnormer skapas och återskapas i interaktion, samt hur dessa normer påverkar möjligheterna att använda hen i konversationerna. I analysen presenterar jag två huvudgrupper som representerar olika övergripande användningsområden för hen som jag identifierat utifrån mitt material. Den ena gruppen består av användningar där hen används för att inte göra kön relevant i konversationen, och den andra är användningar där hen kan användas för att utmana eller ifrågasätta normativa föreställningar om, och beskrivningar av, kön och sexualitet. I den första gruppen är också den normkritiska aspekten av hen mer begränsad, medan den i den andra gruppen är mer central och utmanarflera olika typer av könsrelaterade normer. Ett övergripande resultat är således att hen, beroende på samtalskontexten både kan begränsasav olika könsnormer, och innebära möjligheten att dessa normer utmanas. En ytterligare aspekt som tycks begränsa möjligheten att använda hen är huruvida den som omnämns med detta ord har en relationell närhet till personen som använder ordet. I de mer nära relationerna tenderar könande pronomen att användas och tvärtom kan i stället hen användas för att benämna de personer som inte framträder med samma närhet till personen som gör referensen.

[pt] Uma das principais reivindicações dos movimentos brasileiros de minorias sexuais LGBT nas últimas duas décadas tem sido a aprovação de uma lei que criminalize a homofobia em âmbito federal. O Projeto de Lei da Câmara 122 (PLC 122), conhecido como lei anti-homofobia, foi proposto na Câmara dos Deputados em 2001 com o objetivo de incluir a discriminação por orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero no Código Penal. O projeto foi arquivado no Senado Federal no final de 2014. Considerando que o jornalismo é agente ativo na produção de enquadramentos específicos acerca dos acontecimentos, o objetivo da tese é investigar a cobertura jornalística sobre o PLC 122, entre 2001 e 2015. Nosso material de análise é composto por 619 reportagens de quinze jornais impressos, que cobrem as cinco regiões brasileiras, e utilizamos como ferramenta metodológica a Análise de Categorização de Pertencimento (Membership Categorization Analysis). Como resultado, nossa análise evidenciou quatro padrões analíticos, que englobam as categorizações de pertencimento utilizadas no âmbito dos discursos jornalísticos no período: acerca 1) dos sujeitos LGBT, formulados como minorias sociais, vítimas de crimes homofóbicos ou como militantes; 2) do projeto de lei, categorizado como censura ou como promotor de direitos; 3) da prática homossexual, categorizada como opção ou antinatural; e 4) das instituições brasileiras, definidas ora como fundamentalistas ora laicas. / [en] One of the main demands of Brazilian social movements of sexual minorities in the past two decades has been the approval of a law that deals with the criminal classification of homofobia at a Federal level. The Bill 122, also known as anti-homophobia law, aimed to include discrimination against sexual orientation or gender identity as identified in the criminal code (specifically Law 7716 from 1989, also known as the Racism Law). Proposed in 2001 in the House of Representatives, the bill was later filed in the Senate at the end of 2014. Assuming that the journalistic field is an active agent in producing frames about the bill and its related subjects, the primary objective of the dissertation is to investigate how the Brazilian printed newspapers frame the Bill 122 between 2001 and 2015. The dataset is composed of 619 news articles from 15 different papers, which encompass all five brazilian regions, and we use as a methodological tool the Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA). As a result, our analysis revealed four analytical patterns, composed of the categorizations used within the journalistic field during that period: about 1) the LGBT subjects, formulated as social minorities, victims of homophobic crimes or as militants; 2) the Bill 122, categorized as a type of censorship or as a promoter of human rights; 3) the homosexual practices, categorized as an anti-natural option and 4) the Brazilian institutions, defined sometimes as fundamentalist, sometimes as secular.

中文摘要 家庭訪問是親師溝通的重要管道，教師與家長常常藉此進行教育理念的溝通或教養方式的協調，教師與家長常會在訪談中變換身份，彼此在不同時機以不同角色進行互動。如何選擇適合的身份進行溝通，在社會文化中是極其自然的現象，研究者希望藉由家訪在社會活動脈絡中具有的獨特意義，解釋日常生活中的常識性知識如何被人們理解與運用的現象。 　　本研究透過成員類別分析法，探知家庭訪問中教師、家長及學生在溝通時，如何使用大量類別知識溝通的樣貌，研究者以國民中學十則家庭訪問對話記錄作 為分析個案，描繪以下三類現象：第一，家訪的樣貌；第二，家訪機制中的成員類別內涵；第三，成員類別身份轉換。 　　首先，藉由訪問者語言工具箱的整體提問順序、開場白及結語、問問題、人稱代名詞，勾勒出家訪的樣貌；其次，描繪出教師、家長身份的類別內涵，以及親師言談建構出的學生形象。 　　教師擁有教育者或輔導者的身份，也有轉換為私領域身份（如女兒、太太、媽媽）的現象；家長是照顧者，同時也是教育者；國中生在家長與老師眼中是不成熟的青少年、面臨抉擇的轉大人階段、更是背負著期許的承繼者。研究者藉由家訪中的言語對談，闡述以上這些身份的類別內涵，描繪出社會文化對於教師與家長、學生有何種身份期待的文化現象。 　　最後，陳述教師與家長轉換身份的時機點：教師在交談時因為爭取話權、居中協商、提供教養方式，而不自覺地轉換身份；家長在交談時則因為闡述事實、釐清觀念、尋求支持，而不自覺地轉換身份。教師 /家長的關係成為朋友/朋友之間的關係，運用相通的社會知識溝通，採用社會類別的特徵表達，或是藉著存在於社會中的類別知識協商，這些都呈現了社會文化的一部份。 關鍵字詞：親師溝通、家庭訪問、身份轉換、成員類別分析 / Abstract Home visits are important channels for communication between teachers and parents. Through this, teachers and parents often carry out communication of educational philosophy or coordination of teaching and rearing approaches. Oftentimes, teachers and parents go through identity transformation during their conversations. They take on different identities at different times to interact with each other. How to choose an appropriate identity to proceed with conversations has become a very natural phenomenon in social culture. Through the unique significance of home visits in the context of social activities, the researcher hopes to explain the phenomenon of how commonsense knowledge is understood and utilized by people. Through membership categorization analysis, this study explores how the considerable amount of knowledge communication is used between teachers, parents, and students as they communicate with each other during home visits. The research used ten recorded conversations of junior high school home visits as case studies. The following three phenomena are depicted: First, the appearance of home visits; Second, implications of membership categorization of home visits’ mechanism; Third, identity transformation of membership categorization. First, the appearance home visits is depicted through interviewers’ language toolkit, including the overall order of questioning, opening and closing remarks, asking questions, and personal pronoun. Second, the categorization connotation of identities of teachers and parents are illustrated. The image of students created by parents and teachers through their conversations is also illustrated. Teachers have the identity of educators or counselors. The phenomenon of transforming into a private identity (such as a daughter, wife, or mother) was seen. Parents are caregivers; they are also educators at the same time. Junior high school students are immature teenagers in the eyes of parents and teachers. They are at the stage of becoming adults, which is associated with decision-making. They are also successors burdened with expectations. Through the conversations during home visits, the researcher expounded the categorization connotation of the above identities. The kind of cultural phenomena of teachers, parents, and students expected by the social culture are illustrated. Finally, the points of time of identity transformation of teachers and parents are presented. During conversations, to fight for the authority of their words, coordinate, and provide teaching and rearing approaches, teachers underwent identity transformation unconsciously. During conversations, to set forth facts, clarify perspectives, and seek support, parents underwent identity transformation unconsciously. A teacher-parent relationship was transformed into a friend-friend relationship. This is done through utilization of common social knowledge to communicate, adoption of social category’s characteristic expression, or by the categorial knowledge consultation existed in the society. These have all presented a part of social culture. Keywords: Parent-teacher communication, Home visit, Identity transformation,Membership categorization analysis

I denna studie har ett internetbaserat stödforum för utmattningssyndrom analyserats i syfte att bidra med ny kunskap om identitetsskapande i interaktion, mellan individer med egen erfarenhet av utmatningssyndrom. Studien har utgått från en diskurspsykologisk inramning och sökt svar på frågeställningarna; I) vilka föreställningar om sjukdomsidentiteter förhandlas fram på ett internetbaserat stödforum för utmattningssyndrom? och II) hur konstrueras normalitet inom ramen för de sjukdomsidentiteter som produceras? Analys av medlemskategoriseringar har använts som huvudsakligt analytiskt verktyg vilket syftat till att synliggöra vilka kategorier som gjorts relevanta av forumdeltagarna. Analysen visar fem identitetspositioner vilka uttryckts som att vara: sjuk, utmattad, kunnig, inte ensam och snart bättre. På forumet görs försäkringskassan till en utanför- grupp vilket stärker gemenskapen av sjukdom bland forumdeltagarna. Denna gemenskap legitimerar att dela med sig av egna erfarenheter av utmattningssyndrom och att positionera sig som kunniga gentemot vårdapparaten. Samtidigt synliggör analysen hur forumdeltagarna konstruerar samsyn kring normalitet i utmattningen och vad som anses som normal sjukskrivningsperiod med anledning av utmattningssyndrom. I sin tur möjliggörs också identitetspositionen av att vara på bättringsvägen.