The purpose of this essay is to examine the patients who were cared for at Stockholm's psychiatric hospital during three periods in history: 1890–1895, 1905–1910 and 1920–1925. The variables examined in the statistical part of the essay are the number of newly admitted patients per period and the diagnoses these people receive. The second part of the essay takes a closer look at how patients from different payment classes are described in the application documents. The focus has been on compiling positively and negatively value-laden words to see which and how many words are used and whether there are differences between the different classes and genders. Another class aspect that has been investigated is how daily life in the hospital has differed between the classes.           The findings show that the number of patients per year is constantly increasing. There is only a small change between the first and the second survey period, from 1910 until and during the years 1920–1925, an enormous change takes place. Many people in the country are in line to be admitted to a hospital, which means that patients who are not judged as seriously ill or as a danger to themselves and others are discharged at a high rate. The diagnostic system undergoes several changes during the examined period, which makes it difficult to follow individual diagnoses over time.           The discourse analysis of the application documents shows that the men in the first class were the ones who were given by far the best reviews, both by relatives and by the chief physician. The focus was on their intelligence and good mood. First-class women also generally received good marks, but they commented more on her calmness and dignity, completely in line with the bourgeois ideal that prevailed then. Third-class patients did not enjoy the same amount of positive words at all. Their bodies and ability to work arouse the most interest in the doctor and the amount of information about their background is less. Everyday life also separates the classes. Tasks, leisure activities and food are adapted to the classes' previous lives to facilitate care and read justment to society, which means that in the first class you devote a lot of time to reading and writing, while in the third class you work with the physical operation of the hospital. The food would also mimic the one you were used to before, which meant that the food for first class was more than twice as expensive per person per day compared to the food you ate in third class.

This study examines the most vital criteria for being discharged from forensic psychiatric care in 1915-1945. To do so a qualitative oriented comparative text analysis has been made on medical records from the forensic psychiatric departement at Sankt Sigfrids mental hospital in Växjö, Sweden. The result shows that the most vital criteria for the whole period is that a patient proves himself to be diligent, hard-working and that he can return to an environment where he can live and make a living for himself. Furthermore, from 1940 and forward the result shows that the discharge trial has been expanded, which results in that the criteria for being discharged should to a greater extent been showed in the free rather than in the institution. The conclusion of this is that the psychiatry during the later years of the study aimed to create a more socially adapted and producitve citizen out of the patient than it did in the earlier years.

The subject of mental illness and the various disorders associated with it, is frequently sensationalized and capitalized upon in visual art forms. In cinema, many narratives have addressed or challenged public conceptions of mental illnesses, raising concerns about socially relatable consequences such as stigma. The main body of this thesis is structured around mental health educational films produced for didactic use within the United States during the 1950s. Following the end of the Second World War, the formation of the United Nations and the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the late 1940s, the 1950s is argued to constitute a shift in approach on how mental health treatment was to be presented to the public. Topics such as illness, post-war, stigma and institutionalization are explored in three case studies – Man to Man (Irving Jacoby, 1953), Mental Hospital (Leyton Mabrey, 1953), and Back Into the Sun (Fergus McDonell, 1958).

本創作分為兩條主軸，一條為攝影作品集取向的攝影製作，另一條為研究結果取向的創作論述與田野研究。兩者在內容呈現上互為輔佐，在方法上互相補充。筆者通過在雲南L市的紀實攝影與相關闡釋，為閱聽人提供一副較為真實的精神病患的生存圖景。 在X精神病院中的醫護人員與病人之間的確存在著巨大的權力落差，其中權力的運作方式基本符合Foucault的描述：與空間緊密的結合。病區中的規章制度與大大小小的日常活動依依顯示出醫護人員對病人的控制。醫生在診斷與治療的過程中並未完全依循西方醫學，而是加入了地方知識。病人也在個體層面上有著微小的反抗，雖然有效，但也未破壞醫院秩序的正常運轉。 而在LJ村拍攝的民族誌影片中，顯示出了村中年輕人與老一輩在地方文化傳承上的斷裂。相較於民俗治療儀式，他們更願意相信西方醫療體系，更加傾向於去現代醫院中進行診斷與治療。 / This paper is mainly based on two guidelines: the photography creation aiming at photo collection, and the discussion and field research for research achievements. Theses two guidelines work as supplement for each other. Through the record by photography and related discussion in L City, Yunnan, I hope that the real current situation for mental patients could be showed to readers. Indeed, there is a great “power gap” between the staff and patients in psychiatric hospital, in which the way the staff use their power almost complies with Foucault’s description: “Space, Knowledge and Power”. All the rules and daily activities in the area indicate the control of the staff to patients in different degree. The doctors don’t completely rely on western medical for healing, instead they add traditional knowledge, for which patients sometimes make small fight for. Although these small fights are effective, they don’t make effect on the normal operation of the hospital. In terms of the ethnography film recorded in L Village, it indicates a disruption between the young and the old on the inheritance for traditional culture. The young generation is more likely to choose modern hospital for disease, rather than relying on traditional method.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Sfair Kinker.pdf: 1600474 bytes, checksum: 102ff8855026256b6714c0dab0d11cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-09 / This dissertation has as its object the transformation experience of a psychiatric hospital located in an inland city of the Brazilian Northeast. It gives an account of the Federal Government intervention performed by the Ministry of Health in that hospital that took place in 2005 and makes some reflections about the role of the mental institutions in the contemporary society. We argue that nowadays psychiatric hospitals do not operate based on a disciplinary logic, that supported the development of the asylums for many years, but under a new logic of abandoning, tuned with the new forms of deregulation that characterize the new standards of sociability of the present times. The theoretic framework has contributions from Franco Basaglia and collaborators, in the perspective of practical-theoretical deinstitutionalization, and from Michel Foucault s works on the psychiatric hospital genealogy and the relation between power and knowledge. Also there are, although fragmentary and punctual, references to many others authors and concepts within which we highlight the Edgar Morin s concept of Complexity, that warn us to not simplify neither the madness phenomenon, nor the responds given to it. The body of the work is compounded by a logbook, written by the time of the events, and reflections related to it. The stake here is that demonstrating this new logic of abandoning of the mental institutions, this account may contribute to the practice and theory of the current psychiatric reform in Brazil / O objeto desta dissertação é a experiência de transformação de um hospital psiquiátrico localizado numa cidade do interior nordestino. Seu objetivo é relatar a experiência da intervenção federal que lá se deu em 2005 e tecer reflexões relativas ao papel do manicômio na sociedade contemporânea. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o hospital psiquiátrico atual funciona nem tanto a partir de uma lógica disciplinar, que acompanhou durante anos o desenvolvimento do asilo, mas de uma nova lógica do abandono, em sintonia com as novas formas de desregulamentação que caracterizam os novos padrões de sociabilidade dos tempos atuais. Seu estofo teórico são as contribuições de Franco Basaglia e colaboradores, na perspectiva teórico-prática da desinstitucionalização, e a obra de Michael Foucault, no que se refere à genealogia do hospital psiquiátrico e às relações saber/poder. Estão presentes também, ainda que de forma fragmentada e pontual, vários outros autores e conceitos. Dentre esses conceitos, destaca-se o de complexidade, presente nas idéias de Edgar Morin, que alerta para a necessidade de não simplificar o fenômeno da loucura nem as respostas dadas a ele. O corpo do trabalho é composto por um diário de bordo , escrito à época dos acontecimentos, e de reflexões teóricas a ele associadas. A aposta é que, ao demonstrar na prática o significado dessa nova lógica do abandono, este relato possa também contribuir para a prática e a teoria da reforma psiquiátrica em andamento no Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Sfair Kinker.pdf: 1600474 bytes, checksum: 102ff8855026256b6714c0dab0d11cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-09 / This dissertation has as its object the transformation experience of a psychiatric hospital located in an inland city of the Brazilian Northeast. It gives an account of the Federal Government intervention performed by the Ministry of Health in that hospital that took place in 2005 and makes some reflections about the role of the mental institutions in the contemporary society. We argue that nowadays psychiatric hospitals do not operate based on a disciplinary logic, that supported the development of the asylums for many years, but under a new logic of abandoning, tuned with the new forms of deregulation that characterize the new standards of sociability of the present times. The theoretic framework has contributions from Franco Basaglia and collaborators, in the perspective of practical-theoretical deinstitutionalization, and from Michel Foucault s works on the psychiatric hospital genealogy and the relation between power and knowledge. Also there are, although fragmentary and punctual, references to many others authors and concepts within which we highlight the Edgar Morin s concept of Complexity, that warn us to not simplify neither the madness phenomenon, nor the responds given to it. The body of the work is compounded by a logbook, written by the time of the events, and reflections related to it. The stake here is that demonstrating this new logic of abandoning of the mental institutions, this account may contribute to the practice and theory of the current psychiatric reform in Brazil / O objeto desta dissertação é a experiência de transformação de um hospital psiquiátrico localizado numa cidade do interior nordestino. Seu objetivo é relatar a experiência da intervenção federal que lá se deu em 2005 e tecer reflexões relativas ao papel do manicômio na sociedade contemporânea. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o hospital psiquiátrico atual funciona nem tanto a partir de uma lógica disciplinar, que acompanhou durante anos o desenvolvimento do asilo, mas de uma nova lógica do abandono, em sintonia com as novas formas de desregulamentação que caracterizam os novos padrões de sociabilidade dos tempos atuais. Seu estofo teórico são as contribuições de Franco Basaglia e colaboradores, na perspectiva teórico-prática da desinstitucionalização, e a obra de Michael Foucault, no que se refere à genealogia do hospital psiquiátrico e às relações saber/poder. Estão presentes também, ainda que de forma fragmentada e pontual, vários outros autores e conceitos. Dentre esses conceitos, destaca-se o de complexidade, presente nas idéias de Edgar Morin, que alerta para a necessidade de não simplificar o fenômeno da loucura nem as respostas dadas a ele. O corpo do trabalho é composto por um diário de bordo , escrito à época dos acontecimentos, e de reflexões teóricas a ele associadas. A aposta é que, ao demonstrar na prática o significado dessa nova lógica do abandono, este relato possa também contribuir para a prática e a teoria da reforma psiquiátrica em andamento no Brasil

The work deals with the problem of stigma creation among mentally ill people in the contemporary society. A group of people with mental illness is determined by defining the terms of mental health and mental illness. The consequences of the illness on the quality of life are described. A history of mental health care and the development of the opinions on the group of mentally ill people are mentioned. The problems of stereotypical attitudes to mentally ill are dealt with, together with the importance of impact of stigmas on the personality of the mentally ill and their environment. In the last part the possibilities of shifting off the stigmas are eliminated, respecting the experience in the field of mental health care abroad.

The aim of the paper was to identify tendencies in the type of descriptions, categories, and identities that the doctors at the mental hospital Stockholm’s hospital gave to the mentally ill patients. The time period was chosen for a few specific reasons, one being Bror Gadelius, then chief physician at the mental hospital and his ambitions for a humanistic care of the mentally ill. The other reason is that this period has been forgotten in Swedish history of mental health care as it fell between the 18th and 19th century ‘surveillance and control’, and on the other hand a period of electrical treatments, lobotomies,and sterilisations to ‘treat’ mental illness and fix society during 1930-1950. In the paper, two theories are used to be able to discern tendencies and different attitudes from the doctors in the patient records. The first is the intersectional perspective with some main categories such as Gender, Class, Body, and Sexuality, but also smaller categories that I discovered during the research. These are somewhat abstract yet self-explanatory: Curable/Incurable, meaning whether the attitude in the records suggests that there was any chance for the patient to get well. Talking/Not talking, where the patient's ability or unwillingness to talk to the doctor changes how the patient is described, and finally Docile/Resistant, which means that the patient is described according to how they behave in accordance with the norms of the mental hospital. The second theory is about objective medicine, which developed with the natural sciences, and the need to be scientifically accurate and to be able to define what disease is, what it looks like and its dimensions. However, when objective medicine developed, it was based on a subjective basis, and therefore being ill meant being 'ugly' and not conforming to societal norms. The two theories work well together because they both highlight historically changing meanings within patients' categories and given identities. Although these are two major theories, the paper is still a micro-historical study, I wanted to get up close to the source material and thoroughly examine the different ways in which patients could be described in the mental hospital. And I believe that it is possible, even with a small study of ten patient records, to provide some nuances of how the doctors viewed the mentally ill patients in the early 20th century.