No description available.

La vasculopathie du greffon est une pathologie caractérisée par un rétrécissement progressif et oblitérant des vaisseaux sanguins menant à une ischémie et une perte de fonction du greffon. Le rétrécissement vasculaire est dû à une accumulation de matrice extracellulaire (MEC) et de cellules mononuclées positives pour l’actine musculaire lisse alpha (alphaSMA) dont les cellules souches mésenchymateuses, le tout formant une néointima oblitérante. Cette pathologie est la cause principale de la perte des greffons rénaux et cardiaques à long terme. Le rejet vasculaire aigu est un prédicteur de la vasculopathie du greffon. L’équipe du Dr Hébert a démontré que l’apoptose endothéliale, qui joue un rôle important dans le développement du rejet vasculaire, initie la libération de LG3, un fragment du protéoglycan perlécan. Les taux sanguins et urinaires de LG3 sont augmentés chez les receveurs d’allogreffe rénale avec rejet vasculaire et vasculopathie du greffon. Les résultats obtenus en laboratoire durant ma maîtrise ont permis de mieux caractériser l’impact du LG3 sur un type cellulaire important participant à la formation de néointima : les cellules souches mésenchymateuses. Mes travaux ont démontré que le LG3 induit à la fois la migration horizontale des MSC et la transmigration des MSC. Cette migration est dépendante de la voie de signalisation d’ERK1/2, précédemment identifiée comme voie centrale dans la formation de néointima. De plus, nos résultats démontrent que la kinase Src est activée en amont de l’activation de la voie MAPK. La migration horizontale et la transmigration induites par le LG3 sont aussi dépendantes des intégrines alpha2beta1, ainsi que l’activation de la voie MAPK. Dans un modèle de transplantation murin, nous avons également démontré que l’injection sérique de LG3 recombinant favorise l’accumulation de cellules positives pour alphaSMA dans la néointima. En outre, lorsque le receveur est déficient pour l’intégrine alpha2, mais que le greffon est sauvage, la formation de néointima induite par l’injection de LG3 est diminuée dans le greffon suggérant que les cellules du receveur jouent un rôle important dans la formation de la néointima. Enfin, nous avons démontré que l’injection de LG3 augmente aussi le nombre de cellules positives pour la forme phosphorylée d’ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) dans la néointima du greffon et que cette accumulation est dépendante de la présence des intégrines 2 1 chez les cellules du receveur.Lorsque le receveur est sauvage, il y a une augmentation du nombre de cellules positives pour p-ERK1/2. L’investigation de ces mécanismes dans le remodelage vasculaire expose de nouvelles opportunités pour inhiber la réponse cellulaire qui mène au remodelage inadapté lors d’un dommage vasculaire chronique et ainsi prolonger la survie du greffon. / Graft vasculopathy is diseases characterized by a progressive and obliterate narrowing of the blood vessels leading to ischemia and loss of graft function. This vascular narrowing is due to an accumulation of extracellular matrix and mononuclear cells positive for alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) including mesenchymal stem cells, thus forming an occlusive neointima. This condition is the leading cause of long term loss of kidney and heart transplants. Acute vascular rejection is a predictor of graft vasculopathy. Dr. Hébert’s team has demonstrated that endothelial apoptosis, which plays an important role in the development of vascular rejection, initiates the release of LG3, a fragment of the proteoglycan perlecan. Blood and urine levels of LG3 are increased in renal allograft recipients with vascular rejection and graft vasculopathy. The results obtained in the laboratory during my Master have helped to better characterize the impact of LG3 on an important cell type involved in neointima formation: the mesenchymal stem cells. My work has shown that the LG3 induces both the horizontal migration and the transmigration of MSC. This migration is ERK1/2-dependent, previously identified as a key molecule involved in neointima formation. In addition, our results demonstrate that Src kinase is activated by upstream activation of the MAPK pathway. Horizontal migration and transmigration induced by LG3 are also dependent on alpha2beta1 integrins, and the activation of the MAPK pathway. In a murine transplantation model, we also demonstrated that intravenous injection of recombinant LG3 promotes the accumulation of alphaSMA positive cells in the neointima. In addition, when the recipient is deficient for the alpha2 integrin but the graft is wild type, LG3 fails to induce neointima formation in the graft suggesting that recipient cells play an important role in the neointima formation. Finally, we demonstrated that intravenous injection of LG3 also increases the number of positive cells for the phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in the neointima. This accumulation is dependent on the presence of alpha2beta1 integrins on recipient cells: when the recipient is wild type, there is an increase in the number of cells positive for p-ERK1/2.The investigation of these mechanisms in vascular remodeling presents new opportunities to inhibit the cellular response that leads to inadequate remodeling during chronic vascular damage and prolong graft survival.

L’apoptose endothéliale initie le processus menant au remodelage vasculaire et au développement de la néointima dans la vasculopathie du greffon. La formation de néointima résulte de l’accumulation de leucocytes, de matrice extracellulaire et de cellules positives pour l’actine musculaire lisse alpha (αSMA+) dans l’intima des artères, artérioles et capillaires du greffon. Les cellules αSMA+ dans la néointima sont des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) dérivées du donneur ainsi que des cellules souches dérivées du receveur, dont des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM). L’acquisition d’un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez ces cellules est déterminante pour le développement de la néointima. Le laboratoire de Dre Hébert a démontré que les cellules endothéliales (CE) apoptotiques libèrent des médiateurs induisant une résistance à l’apoptose chez les CMLV et les fibroblastes. Notamment, les CE apoptotiques relâchent la cathepsine L qui clive le perlécan et ainsi libère un fragment C-terminal correspondant au troisième motif laminine G du domaine V du perlécan (LG3). Le LG3 est anti-apoptotique pour les fibroblastes. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que le LG3 est un des médiateurs clés libéré par les CE apoptotiques favorisant le développement de la néointima via l’induction d’un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les cellules néointimales αSMA+. Nous avons démontré que les médiateurs libérés par les CE apoptotiques induisent un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CSM dépendant de l’activation de la voie ERK1/2. De plus, le LG3 active la voie ERK1/2 via son interaction avec les intégrines beta 1 et induit une réponse anti-apoptotique chez ces cellules. Cependant l’activation de ERK1/2 par le LG3 est plus faible en comparaison de son activation par le milieu conditionné par des CE apoptotiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que les CE apoptotiques libèrent aussi de l’EGF qui agit de façon paracrine sur les CSM en coopération avec le LG3 pour induire un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CSM. Nous avons poursuivi l’étude de l’effet du LG3 in vivo sur le remodelage vasculaire en transplantation. Nous avons pour cela développé un modèle murin de rejet vasculaire qui consiste en une transplantation aortique entre des souris alloincompatibles. Nous avons ensuite injecté du LG3 chez les souris receveuses en post-transplantation. Nous avons observé dans ce modèle que des niveaux augmentés de LG3 sérique augmentent la formation de néointima, favorisent l’accumulation de cellules néointimales αSMA+ et diminuent le nombre de cellules CD31+ au niveau du greffon aortique. Parallèlement nous avons vérifié que le LG3 induit aussi un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CMLV et nous avons démontré un nouvel effet du LG3, soit une activité pro-migratoire, qui dépend de l’activation de la voie ERK1/2 chez les CMLV. Nous avons complété cette étude par l’analyse des niveaux de LG3 sérique dans une cohorte de patients receveurs d’allogreffe rénale. Nous avons observé chez ces patients, une association entre des niveaux élevés de LG3 sérique et un rejet vasculaire. Le LG3 contribue à la formation de néointima par son activité pro-migratoire et pro-survie chez les cellules néointimales et aussi de par son activité angiostatique. Nos résultats suggèrent que le LG3 est un nouveau médiateur important dans le remodelage vasculaire en transplantation / In allogeneic transplanted organs, endothelial apoptosis is associated with vascular remodeling and neointima formation which in turn leads to allograft vasculopathy, a maladaptive form of vascular repair. In allograft vasculopathy, neointima results from the accumulation of leukocytes, extracellular matrix and alpha-smooth muscle actin positive (αSMA+) cells in the intima of allogeneic arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Neointimal αSMA+ cells comprise vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) derived from the donor and stem cells derived from the recipient, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Acquisition of an anti-apoptotic phenotype of neointimal cells is central to the development of vascular obliterative changes. Dr Hébert’s team demonstrated that apoptotic endothelial cells release mediators which in turn induce a state of resistance to apoptosis of VMSC and fibroblasts. Apoptotic endothelial cells release cathepsin-L which cleaves perlecan therefore releasing a C-terminal fragment harbouring a laminin G motif and referred to as LG3. LG3 is anti-apoptotic for fibroblasts. We hypothesized that LG3 is a key mediator produced by endothelial apoptosis of importance in favoring neointima formation via the induction of an anti-apoptotic phenotype in αSMA+ neointimal cells We demonstrated that mediators released by endothelial apoptosis induce an ERK1/2-dependent anti-apoptotic phenotype in MSC. We identified LG3 as one of the mediators implicated in the induction of this anti-apoptotic response. Interactions between LG3 and beta 1 integrins expressed on MSC trigger ERK1/2 activation albeit to a lesser degree than medium conditioned by apoptotic endothelial cells. We showed that apoptotic endothelial cells also release EGF which cooperates with LG3 to induce an anti-apoptotic phenotype on MSC through cross-talk between EGF receptor and integrin-dependent pathways. Next, we characterized the impact of LG3 on allogeneic vascular remodeling in vivo. We developed a murine model of vascular rejection based on orthotopic transplantation of an aortic segment between two fully MHC-incompatible mice in absence of immunosuppression. Recombinant LG3 was injected intravenously post-transplantation in recipients resulting in higher circulating levels of LG3. In LG3-injected mice, accumulation of αSMA+ neointimal cells was enhanced resulting in significantly increased intima/media ratios in the allogeneic aortic graft. Aortic grafts of LG3-injected allografts also showed decreased CD31+ cells. We also demonstrated, using cell-based approaches, that LG3 exerts a pro-migratory activity on VSMC through beta 1-integrin and ERK1/2 -dependent pathways. In line with these observations we also reported augmented serum LG3 in human renal transplant patients in association with acute vascular rejection episodes. Collectively these results suggest that the pro-migratory, pro-survival and angiostatic activities of LG3 contribute to neointima formation. Our results suggest that LG3 is a novel mediator of importance in the development of obliterative vascular remodeling associated with rejection of allogeneic organs.

Mesenchymale Stammzellen (MSC) werden bereits in klinischen Studien zur Behandlung verschiedener Krankheiten eingesetzt. Über deren Wirkmechanismus und Verbleib nach Applikation ist jedoch noch wenig bekannt. Die in vivo-Nachverfolgung markierter MSC mittels Magnetresonanztomographie stellt eine mögliche Methode zur Erlangung weiterer Erkenntnisse dar. Zu diesem Zweck können die MSC mittels superparamagnetischen Eisenoxid (SPIO)-Partikeln markiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden 3 verschiedene SPIO-Produkte zur Markierung oviner und equiner MSC verwendet: Endorem™, Resovist® und Molday ION Rhodamine B™. Die Produkte wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Einflüsse auf die biologischen Eigenschaften der MSC, ihrer Markierungseffizienz und –selektivität verglichen. Desweiteren wurde die produktspezifische magnetresonanztomographische Nachverfolgbarkeit der SPIO-markierten MSC untersucht. Weiterführendes Ziel war die Selektion des am besten geeigneten SPIO-Produktes für die Verwendung in einem in vivo-Großtierversuch zur magnetresonanztomographischen Nachverfolgung SPIO-markierter MSC nach Applikation in arthrotische Gelenke. Die MSC wurden dazu aus dem Knochenmark von je 5 gesunden Schafen und Pferden isoliert, bis zur Passage 4 (P4) expandiert und schließlich mit den verschiedenen SPIO-Produkten markiert. Unmarkierte MSC der gleichen Tiere dienten zur Kontrolle. Proliferationsvermögen sowie tripotentes Differenzierungspotential wurden in vitro untersucht. Zur Evaluierung von Markierungsselektivität und -effizienz der SPIO-Produkte wurden die MSC ab der P4 bis zur P7 wöchentlich passagiert. Ein semiquantitatives histologisches Auswertungssystem basierend auf der Preußisch Blau-Färbung sowie T2*w-GRE-Sequenzen an einem 0,5T-MRT-System wurden zur Evaluierung genutzt. Markierungsselektivität bezeichnete die intra- oder extrazelluläre Lokalisation der SPIO-Partikel. Markierungseffizienz beschrieb die Menge intrazellulär vorhandener SPIO-Partikel. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich ovine und equine MSC mit allen 3 untersuchten SPIO-Produkten erfolgreich markieren ließen. Die Ergebnisse der in vitro-Untersuchungen ergaben keine Unterschiede zwischen SPIO-markierten und unmarkierten MSC hinsichtlich des Proliferationsvermögens, der adipogenen oder osteogenen Differenzierungsfähigkeit. Jedoch wurde eine deutliche Verminderung des chondrogenen Differenzierungspotentials SPIO-markierter MSC beobachtet, welche von der Menge intrazellulär vorhandener SPIO-Partikel und somit von der Markierungseffizienz abhängig war. Zum Zeitpunkt der initialen Markierung konnte nur Molday ION Rhodamine B™ eine selektive und effiziente Zellmarkierung gewährleisten. Mit Endorem™ konnte eine selektive, jedoch keine ausreichend effiziente Zellmarkierung erreicht werden. Resovist® dagegen bewirkte zwar eine effiziente, aber sehr unselektive initiale Zellmarkierung: Mittels Preußisch Blau-Färbung wurde gezeigt, dass große Mengen von SPIO-Partikeln nur extrazellulär anhefteten. Die 3 verschiedenen SPIO-Produkte führten weiterhin zu unterschiedlich starken hypointensen MRT-Signalen der markierten MSC, welche im Verlauf der 3-wöchigen Versuchsdauer bei allen 3 Produkten stetig abnahmen. Unmarkierte MSC waren isointens, also mittels MRT nicht darstellbar und daher nicht nachverfolgbar. Stets verursachten Resovist®-markierte MSC das stärkste hypointense MRT-Signal, gefolgt von Molday ION Rhodamine B™ und Endorem™. Resovist®-markierte MSC konnten mittels MRT bei beiden Spezies über den längsten Zeitraum nachverfolgt werden (ovine MSC bis 16 Tage, equine MSC bis 23 Tage nach Markierung). Aufgrund der exzellenten initialen Markierungseigenschaften (hohe Markierungsselektivität und –effizienz sowie gute Nachverfolgbarkeit) eignet sich Molday ION Rhodamine B™ besonders gut für die SPIO-Markierung von MSC zur Nachverfolgung mittels MRT. Molday ION Rhodamine B™ verspricht somit eine erfolgreiche Anwendung in einem in vivo-Versuch zur magnetresonsztomographischen Nachverfolgung von MSC nach Applikation in arthrotische Gelenke. / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are already used in clinical studies for treatment of different diseases. However, their mechanism of action and fate after application are still not fully understood. In vivo tracking of labeled MSC via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a possible method to achive further knowledge. For this purpose MSC can be labelled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles. For this study 3 different SPIO products were employed for labelling of ovine and equine MSC: Endorem™, Resovist®,, and Molday ION Rhodamine B™. The products were compared in terms of their influence on biologic behaviour of the MSC, their labelling efficiency, and selectivity. Furthermore, product specific magnetic resonance traceability of SPIO labelled MSC was evaluated. Final aim was the selection of the most suitable SPIO product to be used in an in vivo large animal study employing MRI tracking of SPIO labelled MSC after application into osteoarthritic joints. MSC therefore, were isolated from bone marrow of each 5 healthy sheep and horses, expanded up to passage 4 (p4), and labelled by the different SPIO products. Unlabelled MSC from the same animals served as control. Proliferation potential and tripotent differentiation capacities were assessed in vitro. For evaluation of labelling selectivity and efficiency of the SPIO products MSC were passaged weekly from p4 up to p7. Semiquantitative histological scoring based on Prussian blue staining and images using T2*w GRE sequences in a 0.5T MRI system were used. Labelling selectivity describes the intra- or extracellular localisation of the SPIO particles. Labelling efficiency describes the amount of intracellular SPIO particles. It was shown that ovine and equine MSC could be successfully labelled by all 3 evaluated SPIO products. The results of the in vitro experiments did not show differences between labelled and unlabelled MSC in terms of proliferation potential, adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation capacities. However, an inhibited chondrogenic differentiation capacity of SPIO labelled MSC was observed, which was dependend on the amount of intracellular SPIO particles and therefore, also on labelling efficiency. At the time of initial labelling, only Molday ION Rhodamine B™ showed selective and efficient cell labelling. With Endorem™ selective, but not efficient cell labelling was achieved. Resovist®, in contrast, caused efficient but very unselective initial cell labelling: By Prussian blue staining it was shown that large amounts of SPIO particles were attached extracellularly. These 3 different SPIO products led to variable hypointense MRI signals of the labelled MSC which decreased in all 3 products during the 3 week study period. Unlabelled MSC were isointense, thus not visible, and therefore, not traceable using MRI. At every point of time, Resovist® labelled MSC resulted in the most hypointense MR signals, followed by Molday ION Rhodamine B™ and Endorem™. Resovist® labelled MSC were traced over the longest time span (ovine MSC until 16 days, equine MSC until 23 days post labelling). Due to excellent initial labelling properties (high labelling efficiency and selectivity, good traceability) Molday ION Rhodamine B™ suits best for SPIO labelling of MSC to be tracked by MRI. Molday ION Rhodamine B™ therefore, promises a successful use in an in vivo study using MRI for MSC tracking after application into osteoarthritic joints.

No description available.

Ο έλεγχος της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον Λείο Μυικό Φαινότυπο (ΛΜΦ) είναι εξαιρετικής σημασίας για την κατανόηση, σε μοριακό επίπεδο, διεργασιών που σχετίζονται με πολλές φυσιο-παθολογικές καταστάσεις στον άνθρωπο. Μεταξύ των ασθενειών όπου ο ΛΜΦ είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας για την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξή τους, είναι η αθηροσκλήρωση, η υπέρταση, η επαναστένωση των αρτηριών μετά από αγγειοπλαστική, η ίνωση οργάνων όπως οι πνεύμονες, το ήπαρ και οι νεφροί, και η ανάπτυξη μεταστάσεων από συμπαγείς όγκους. Επομένως, κατανόηση των κυτταρικών και μοριακών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν σε τροποποίηση του ΛΜΦ είναι βασικής σημασίας για την αναγνώριση στρατηγικών περιορισμού της εξέλιξης των νόσων αυτών και της εκδήλωσης των κλινικών συνεπειών τους. Αρχικό στόχο αποτέλεσε η ανάπτυξη και καθιέρωση ενός in vitro προτύπου συστήματος για την διαφοροποίηση μη διαφοροποιημένων κυττάρων προς φαινότυπο που προσομοιάζει με αυτό των Λείων Μυικών Κυττάρων (ΛΜΚ), ώστε να χρησιμεύσει στη μελέτη του μοριακού καθορισμού και ελέγχου του φαινότυπου των κυττάρων αυτών. Πρώτα-πρώτα, χαρακτηρίσαμε βασικά, σημαντικά «μοριακά εργαλεία» για την διαπίστωση και μοριακή διερεύνηση του ΛΜ-φαινοτύπου. Χρησιμοποιώντας τα, αναπτύξαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε πρωτογενώς ένα πρότυπο σύστημα διαφοροποίησης σε ΛΜΚ, βασιζόμενο σε Μεσεγχυματικά Βλαστικά Κύτταρα (ΜΒΚ) προερχόμενα από γέλη Wharton ομφάλιου λώρου. Στα κύτταρα αυτά, η έκφραση γονιδίων και πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον ΛΜΦ εξαρτάται από την επαρκή έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης Serum Response Factor (SRF), από την ύπαρξη αλληλουχιών Serum Response Element (SRE) στον υποκινητή των εξεταζόμενων ΛΜΚ-ειδικών γονιδίων, και επάγεται από εξωγενή έκφραση της Μυοκαρδίνης. Επομένως, όπως έχει περιγραφεί και για άλλα πρότυπα συστήματα, η διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων αυτών σε κύτταρα που προσομοιάζουν ΛΜΚ στηρίζεται στην συνέργεια δύο μεταγραφικών παραγόντων, του SRF και της Μυοκαρδίνης. Το πρότυπο αυτό θα είναι χρήσιμο για να διερευνήσουμε τους μοριακούς μηχανισμούς δράσης φυσιολογικών και φαρμακολογικών παραγόντων στον έλεγχο του ΛΜΦ. Επί πλέον, το πρότυπο σύστημα αυτό δύναται να αποβεί χρήσιμο για την κατανόηση εν γένει διεργασιών που οδηγούν στην βασική κυτταρική αλλαγή γνωστή ως Επιθηλιακή-Μεσεγχυματική Μετάβαση (ΕΜΤ) και κατ’ επέκταση για την κατανόηση μηχανισμών παθογένειας πλείστων νόσων που χαρακτηρίζονται από ΕΜΤ. Παράλληλα, έγινε προσπάθεια διερεύνησης αν η κυτταρική σειρά A7r5 αγγειακών ΛΜΚ αποτελεί βιώσιμο φαρμακολογικό σύστημα για την διερεύνηση των μηχανισμών μέσω των οποίων η έκφραση του ΛΜΦ ελέγχεται σε μοριακό επίπεδο από τους αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς, μία οικογένεια υποδοχέων που διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ομοιόσταση του αγγειακού τοιχώματος και στην αρτηριακή παθοφυσιολογία. Δείξαμε ότι ο κυτταρικός πληθυσμός A7r5 δεν απαντά σε α1-αδρενεργική διέγερση διότι στερείται α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων. Διέγερση αποκτάται με εισαγωγή μέσω πλασμιδίου α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων, άρα το ενδογενές σηματοδοτικό σύστημα είναι παρόν και λειτουργικό. Επιπρόσθετα, ανακαλύψαμε ότι τα κύτταρα A7r5 εκφράζουν ενδογενώς λειτουργικούς β-αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς. Θέτουμε έτσι τα θεμέλια για μία σε βάθος διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των αγγειακών ΛΜΚ, ο οποίος είναι καθοριστικός για την γένεση και πορεία των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων εν γένει. Συμπερασματικά λοιπόν α) τα μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα προερχόμενα από τη γέλη Wharton ανθρώπινου ομφάλιου λώρου αποτελούν κατάλληλο πρότυπο σύστημα διερεύνησης της ρύθμισης των μοριακών μηχανισμών που εμπλέκονται στη διαφοροποίηση προς ΛΜΚ από μόρια φαρμακολογικής σημασίας, και β) τα κύτταρα A7r5 αποτελούν καλό πρότυπο σύστημα για την διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των ΛΜΚ των αγγείων. / The control of the genes that specify the Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype is of great importance for our understanding, at a molecular level, of the processes central in a number of human pathologies. Among the diseases whose onset and progress is influenced by alterations in Smooth Muscle-Like (SM-L) phenotype are atherosclerosis, organ fibrosis (lung, liver and kidney), and metastasis associated with solid tumors. For these reasons, the understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms that lead to changes in the SM phenotype expression are of central importance in our efforts to identify new approaches in limiting the progress of these diseases and the manifestation of the associated clinical symptoms. The first Aim of this work was the development and initial characterization of an in vitro model of differentiation towards a Smooth-Muscle-Like phenotype, to serve for the study of its molecular control. Initially, we characterized basic important molecular tools useful in determining the SM-L phenotype. With their aid, we developed and characterized a model system based on Wharton’s Jelly-derived Mesenchymal stem Cells (MSCs). In these cells, the expression of genes and proteins characteristic of the SM Phenotype depends on the protein levels of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and on the existence of SRF-binding elements on the promoters of the SM-specific genes; it is also potently induced by the exogenous expression of the transcription factor Myocardin. Therefore, this population of MSCs behaves as other characterized model systems, in that their differentiation to a SM-L phenotype is supported by the synergistic action of SRF and Myocardin. This novel model system based on Wharton’s Jelly MSCs will be useful to study the role of specific physiological and pharmacological agents in the control of the SM phenotype. In addition, such a system can offer insights in the basic cellular process of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and by extent, in the pathological mechanisms of diseases characterized by EMT. In parallel, we investigated whether the differentiated SMC line A7r5 is a viable pharmacological model system to investigate the control of the SMC phenotype by adrenergic receptors, a family of receptors that plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of the vessel wall. We showed that A7r5 cells do not express functional α1-adrenergic receptors; however, the intracellular signaling system linked to α-adrenergic receptors is present and functional. In contrast, A7r5 cells endogenously express functional β-adrenergic receptors, and A7r5 cells are therefore an attractive model to study the role of these receptors in the control of the SMC-phenotype. In conclusion, a) Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly surrounding the human umbilical cord are a suitable in vitro model for the study of the molecular mechanisms that modulating Smooth Muscle Cell differentiation, and b) A7r5 cells are a good in vitro model system to investigate the role of the β-adrenergic receptor in controlling the phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle cells.

La contribution des Cellules Souches/Stromales Mésenchymateuses (CSM) dans le développement des Leucémies Aiguës Myéloblastiques (LAM) n’est pas encore clairement établie. L'objectif de ce travail a été de rechercher de potentielles modifications phénotypiques et fonctionnelles au sein des CSM médullaires de patients atteints de LAM de novo au diagnostic. Nous montrons que ces cellules présentent un défaut prolifératif accompagné d’une augmentation de l’apoptose et d’un déficit d’expression de certains facteurs de la niche (Ang-1, SCF, TPO et VCAM-1). De façon intéressante, ce défaut prolifératif est indépendamment associé à une évolution péjorative de la maladie. Néanmoins, ces anomalies des CSM de LAM ne semblent pas affecter leur capacité de soutien de l’hématopoïèse physiologique ou leucémique in vitro. En effet, comme les CSM normales, elles protègent les cellules leucémiques de l’apoptose, induisent leur quiescence (principalement par contact direct) et ainsi diminuent la proportion des cassures double-brin d’ADN. Ces données suggèrent que les modifications des CSM de LAM, probablement une des conséquences délétères de la prolifération tumorale, n'auraient pas un rôle spécifique dans le développement du processus leucémique. / The contribution of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) to the development of Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AMLs) remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated potential functional and phenotypic modifications of Bone Marrow (BM)-derived MSCs from patients with AML de novo at diagnosis. We showed that BM-derived MSCs from most of AML patients display proliferative defect, had increased apoptosis levels and demonstrated defective expression of several niche-related factors (Ang-1, SCF, TPO and VCAM-1). Interestingly, this proliferative defect was independently associated with disease progression. Nevertheless, these abnormalities in AML MSCs did not affect their in vitro capacity to support physiological but also leukemic hematopoiesis. Indeed, as normal MSCs do, they protect blast cells from apoptosis, induce their quiescence (mainly by direct contact), and decreased yields of DNA double-strand breaks. Consequently, in AML de novo these stromal cell alterations, probably a consequence of the deleterious effect of the tumor cell growth on BM MSCs, do not appear to have a specific role in the development of the leukemic process.

As fissuras palatinas são problemas frequentes na rotina hospitalar em humanos assim como nos animais. Nas últimas décadas, diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas foram empregadas para a correção dos defeitos palatinos, entretanto, não possuem uma eficácia satisfatória em fendas que apresentam um grande defeito ósseo. Através do exposto acima, buscam-se novas alternativas para a reconstrução de fendas palatinas, sendo a engenharia de tecidos uma alternativa de tratamento para tal afecção. Este estudo possui a finalidade de avaliar a utilização da tela de polipropileno acrescida com MSC (células-tronco mesenquimais) e selante de fibrina em um modelo experimental de correção de fenda palatina em suínos, avaliando-se a cicatrização de tecido mucoso e ósseo do palato duro. Com isso, objetiva-se desenvolver uma nova técnica de reconstrução de fendas palatinas baseada na engenharia de tecidos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, uma in vitro e outra in vivo. O projeto in vitro avaliou duas técnicas de cultivo de MSC em diferentes placas de cultura, utilizando dois tipos de telas de polipropileno (macroporosa e microporosa) durante um período de quinze dias, para obter as melhores condições de interação entre a tela e as células. Em todas as formas de cultivo houve aderências das MSC, entretanto, o melhor protocolo foi na tela microporosa no período de sete dias de cultivo e em placas sem metacrilato. Para o estudo in vivo, foram utilizados 12 suínos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de igual número: grupo que utilizou somente tela de polipropileno (GT); tela de polipropileno associada à MSC e selante de fibrina (GTCF); tela de polipropileno e MSC (GTC); tela de polipropileno e selante de fibrina (GTF). Em todos os animais foi realizada a fenda palatina e colocação do enxerto conforme cada grupo. Os suínos foram avaliados quanto à presença de inflamação, cicatrização e deiscência de sutura no implante do palato. Após quinze dias os animais foram eutanasiados e os palatos avaliados por histologia pela coloração de HE e Picrosirius Red. A tela de polipropileno associada com MSC demonstrou ser melhor, entre os demais protocolos estudados neste trabalho, para correção de fenda palatina. Forneceu completa cicatrização óssea e da mucosa oral e nasal em um período de quinze dias, demonstrando ser uma nova técnica segura e eficaz, possuindo um potencial significativo para correção de fenda palatina. / Cleft palates are common problems in the hospital routine in humans and animals. In recent decades, different surgical techniques were employed for the correction of palatal defects, however, do not have a satisfactory efficacy in cracks that have a large bone defect. Through the above, seek new alternatives for the reconstruction of cleft palates, and tissue engineering an alternative treatment for this condition. This study has the purpose of evaluating the use of enhanced polypropylene mesh with MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) and fibrin sealant in an experimental model of cleft palate repair in pigs, assessing the healing of mucosal tissue and bone of the hard palate. Thus, the objective is to develop a new technique for reconstruction of cleft palates based on tissue engineering. The study was conducted in two stages, one in vitro and another in vivo. The project in vitro evaluated two MSC cultivation techniques in different culture plates using two types of polypropylene meshes (macroporous and microporous) over a period of fifteen days, to get the best conditions for interaction between the screen and the cells. In all forms of cultivation were MSC adhesions; however the best protocol was the microporous screen in the seven days of culture plates and without methacrylate. For the in vivo study, we used 12 pigs, divided into four equal groups: group using only polypropylene mesh (GT); polypropylene mesh associated with MSC and fibrin sealant (GTCF); polypropylene mesh associated with MSC (GTC); polypropylene mesh and fibrin sealant (GTF). In all animals was performed cleft palate and graft placement as each group. The pigs were evaluated for the presence of inflammation, scarring and wound dehiscence in the palatal implant. After fifteen days the animals were euthanized and palates assessed by histology staining by HE and Sirius Red. The polypropylene mesh associated with MSC proved to be the best, among others protocols studied in this work, to cleft palate correction. Provided complete bone healing and oral and nasal mucosa in a period of fifteen days, proving to be a new safe and effective technique, having a significant potential for cleft palate correction.

La combinaison de biomatériaux et cellules souches, a pour but de protéger des cellules endommagées et de ralentir la progression des maladies neurodégénératives, comme la maladie de Huntington (MH). Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses et particulièrement une sous-population, les cellules MIAMI, ont déjà démontré leur efficacité dans la maladie de Parkinson. Il est cependant essentiel d’améliorer leur différenciation neuronale, leur survie et évaluer leur sécrétome. L’objectif principal de ce travail fut de proposer une stratégie innovante de médecine régénératrice pour la MH associant cellules souches, nano et micro médecines. Pour l’évaluer, un nouveau modèle animale ex vivo de la MH a été mis en place. Nous avons ensuite développé et optimisé deux nano-vecteurs, des nanocapsules lipidiques et des nanoparticules solides de SPAN, et les avons associés à un inhibiteur de REST qui est un facteur de transcription qui empêche la différenciation neuronale. La transfection de ce siREST a montré une amélioration du phénotype neuronal. Ces cellules ainsi modifiées furent ensuite induites vers un phénotype GABAergic grâce à des facteurs de croissance. Puis elles ont été associées à un support 3D, les microcarriers pharmacologiquement actif (MPA) permettant une meilleure intégration des cellules après greffe. Les MPA sont des microsphères ayant une surface biomimétique de laminine et libérant de façon contrôlée un facteur trophique le « brain derived neurotrophic factor » (inducteur d’un phénotype neuronal et neuro-protecteur). Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus, encourageant à continuer l’évaluation de cette stratégie in vivo dans des modèles génétiques de la MH. / The combination of biomaterials and stem cells aims to protect damaged cells and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease(HD). Mesenchymal stem cells, particularly a subpopulation known as MIAMI cells, have already demonstrated their effectiveness in Parkinson's disease. However, it is essential to improve their neuronal differentiation, survival, and to assess their secretome. The main objective of this work was to propose an innovative regenerative medicine strategy for HD by combining stemcells, micro and nano medicines. To perform this assessment, a new ex vivo animal model of HD has been set up. We then developed and optimized two nanovectors,lipid nanocapsules and solid SPAN nanoparticles,carrying an inhibitor of REST a transcription factor, which prevents neuronal differentiation. The transfection of this siREST showed an improvement in the neuronal phenotype. These modified cells were then induced into a GABAergic phenotype through growth factors. They were then associated with a 3D support, the pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAM) allowing a high rate of engraftment. The PAM are microspheres which have a biomimetic surface of laminin and release a trophic factor BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor (inducer of a neural phenotype and neuroprotective) in a controlled manner. Promising results were obtained, further encouraging continuing the evaluation of this strategy in vivo in genetic models of HD.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-07-21T17:48:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Nascimento Siilva, Isolamento e caracterização... 2014a.pdf: 1250843 bytes, checksum: 1e4824ac04c822156d7a910d485dbc6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-21T17:48:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Nascimento Siilva, Isolamento e caracterização... 2014a.pdf: 1250843 bytes, checksum: 1e4824ac04c822156d7a910d485dbc6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / O uso de células-tronco representa uma alternativa para o tratamento das doenças que acometem o coração, devido à capacidade que essas células indiferenciadas têm de preservar sua própria população e de se diferenciar em células dos diversos tecidos, incluindo o cardíaco. Nesse trabalho comparamos as características de células-tronco isoladas a partir do tecido cardíaco e da medula óssea de camundongos transgênicos para a proteína fluorescente verde (GFP). As células-tronco cardíacas e da medula óssea apresentaram característica morfológica fibroblastóide e imunofenotípica de células-tronco mesenquimais, com alta expressão dos marcadores CD44, CD90, CD73, Sca-1 e baixa expressão dos marcadores de células hematopoiéticas. A análise citogenética revelou um cariótipo poliplóide a partir da terceira passagem das células-tronco isoladas do coração e da medula-óssea. A capacidade de diferenciação em vários tipos celulares, tais como adipócitos, osteócitos e condrócitos, também foi avaliada nas células-tronco de ambas as fontes. Tanto as células-tronco isoladas do coração como da medula óssea foram capazes de se diferenciar nessas três linhagens. Quando estimuladas com 5’azacitidina para testar o potencial cardiomiogênico das células isoladas do coração e da medula óssea, apenas as células-tronco cardíacas passaram a expressar alguns marcadores de cardiomiócitos, tais como troponina T cardíaca e GATA-4. As células-tronco cardíacas GFP+ foram injetadas na parede lateral do ventrículo esquerdo de camundongos C57BL/6. Nenhum animal morreu durante o procedimento, e os parâmetros funcionais cardíacos mantiveram-se inalterados. Após 48 horas e uma semana depois da injeção foi possível observar células GFP+ em secções do miocárdio. Os resultados indicam que células-tronco isoladas do coração e da medula óssea possuem características similares, porém o potencial cardiomiogênico das células-tronco cardíacas é maior. A injeção intramiocárdica mostrou-se segura podendo ser candidata à via de administração de células no miocárdio. Novos estudos no campo da medicina regenerativa que visam a utilização de células-tronco cardíacas poderão ser úteis para demonstrar sua aplicação clínica como opção de tratamento para as doenças cardíacas. / Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation into different cell types, with the potential to treat heart diseases. In the present study we compared the characteristics of stem cells isolated from the heart to bone marrow stem cells, both obtained from EGFP transgeneic mice. Cardiac and bone marrow stem cells presented fibroblastic morphology and an immunophenotype compatible with mesenchymal stem cells – high expression of CD44, CD90, CD73, Sca-1 and low expression of of hematopoietic lineage markers. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated polyploid karyotypes after the third passage of the stem cells isolated from heart and bone marrow. Both bone marrow and heart stem cells were able to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. In order to test the potential of differentiation into cardiomyocytes, cells were stimulated with 5’azacytidine and only cardiac stem cells expressed heart-specific markers: cardiac T troponin and GATA-4. GFP+ cardiac stem cells were injected into the lateral wall of the left ventricule of C57bl/6 mice. The procedure did not alter the functional cardiac parameters or induced mortality. GFP+ cells were observed in the heart 48 hours and seven days after the intramyocardial injection. The results indicate that cardiac stem cells and bone marrow stem cells are similar cell populations, although cardiac stem cells appear to have an increased cardiomyogenic potential. Intramyocardial injection was a safe and useful procedure for the transplantation of cardiac stem cells. New studies in the field of regenerative medicine aimed at the use of cardiac stem cells may be useful to demonstrate its clinical application as a treatment option for heart disease.