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[en] CRITICAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT AVAILABLE METHODOLOGIES FOR HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT TO BE USED BY A CALIBRATION LABORATORY / [pt] ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DAS DIVERSAS METODOLOGIAS DE MEDIÇÃO DE UMIDADE DISPONÍVEIS A SEREM UTILIZADAS POR UM LABORATÓRIO DE CALIBRAÇÃOLUIZ ALBERTO DOS SANTOS LIMA 12 November 2004 (has links)
[pt] Recentemente, a umidade vem sendo um dos parâmetros cujas
necessidades de medição e controle mais se desenvolvem
especialmente em
processos os farmacêuticos, de biotecnologia,
automobilísticos, além de
instalações de ar condicionado. A necessidade de expansão
da rede de laboratórios
de calibração de umidade, rastreados à Rede Brasileira de
Calibração, torna-se
cada vez maior para atender a demanda da indústria, além de
contribuir para a
melhoria dos níveis de incerteza de medição. Este trabalho
tem como objetivo
uma análise crítica das diferentes metodologias de medição
de umidade para uso
em laboratórios de calibração. Foram avaliadas as mais
utilizadas expressões para
a pressão parcial de vapor, visando o cálculo de umidade, e
foi realizada uma
comparação com a formulação de Sonntag, a mais aceita na
comunidade
metrológica internacional. Foi também analisada uma
comparação entre alguns
dos softwares disponíveis na internet para o cálculo dos
principais parâmetros de
umidade, tomando como referência a mesma formulação. Dentre
os fatores de
possível influência nas medições de umidade, foi avaliado o
comportamento da
mistura ar seco-vapor d´água como gás ideal e real, bem com
as alterações na
composição do ar. Foi feita uma análise das principais
fontes de incerteza de
medição seguindo a metodologia de medição de umidade a
partir da temperatura
de ponto de orvalho. Finalmente, o objetivo deste trabalho
é apresentar aos
laboratórios de calibração de umidade uma análise crítica
das metodologias
disponíveis para medição de umidade, juntamente com as
incertezas alcançadas. / [en] Recently, the need of humidity measurement and control has
been shown to
be of growing interest, especially in processes like
pharmaceuticals,
biotechnology, automotives, as well as in air conditioning
installations. Increasing
the number of laboratories, which are traceable to the
Brazilian Calibration
Network, is a requirement for attending the industry
demands, besides
contributing towards improving the measurement uncertainty
level. This work has
as an objective to critically analyze different methods for
humidity measurement,
to be used by calibration laboratories. The mostly used
expressions for calculating
vapor partial pressure were evaluated, aiming humidity
determination in
comparison with Sonntag´s one, the most accepted
formulation by the
international metrological community. Also, a comparison
was made between
different softwares, which were available through internet,
for calculating the
most important humidity parameters, in comparison with
results obtained by the
same formulation. Among several factors, the dry air and
water vapor mixture
properties were calculated, considering it as an ideal or a
real one, as well as the
effect air composition changes on humidity measurement. The
contribution of
several sources of errors on the combined uncertainty of
humidity measurement
was examined, following the methodology that uses the dew
point as a starting
measurement parameter. Finally, the objective of this work
is to present the
humidity calibration laboratories a critical analysis of
the available methodologies
for measuring humidity, together with the achieved
uncertainties.
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Characterizing Property and Microstructure of Ceramic Nuclear Materials with Laser-based MicroscopyWang, Yuzhou 30 September 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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[pt] ANÁLISE METROLÓGICA DA APLICAÇÃO DE ACELERÔMETROS PIEZOELÉTRICOS À MEDIÇÃO DE VAZÃO NA INDÚSTRIA PETROLÍFERA / [en] METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETERS TO FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT IN THE OIL INDUSTRY04 November 2021 (has links)
[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar metrologicamente a aplicação de acelerômetros piezoelétricos à medição de vazão na indústria petrolífera. A motivação deste trabalho é analisar uma técnica de medição de vazão, recentemente desenvolvida, baseada na vibração captada por um acelerômetro ligado à superfície do duto. A metodologia do presente trabalho consistiu em realizar um estudo experimental para obtenção de dados em um laboratório acreditado de calibração de medidores de vazão, estimando-se uma vazão para cada vibração medida, acompanhada por uma análise de incertezas. Os resultados obtidos não estão conformes aos limites aceitáveis do ponto de vista da regulamentação para aplicação em medição de vazão na indústria petrolífera, no que se refere à medição fiscal e à medição para apropriação, segundo o Regulamento Técnico de Medição de Petróleo e Gás Natural (RTM). Contudo, a aplicação de acelerômetros ainda mostra-se oportuna à medição de vazão na indústria petrolífera, apesar da incerteza encontrada não adequar-se à regulamentação vigente para o setor, pois pode ser adotada para fins de medição operacional, na medição de água, sem interferir na instalação, de modo não invasivo e não intrusivo. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to analyze metrologically the application of piezoelectric accelerometers in the measurement of flow rate in the oil industry. The motivation of this work is to analyze a technique of flow measurement, recently developed, based on the vibration captured by an accelerometer attached to the pipe surface. The methodology of this study consists of performing an experimental study to obtain data in an accredited laboratory for calibration of flowmeters, estimating a flow rate for each vibration measured accompanied by an uncertainty analysis. The results do not conform to acceptable limits from the viewpoint of the regulation for application in flow measurement in the oil industry, in that refers to the fiscal metering and to the measurement for appropriation, in accordance with the Technical Rules of Measurement of Petroleum and Natural Gas (RTM). However, the use of accelerometers still can be useful to measure flow rates in the oil industry, despite the uncertainty being not suitable for the current regulation of the sector, because it can be adopted in the operational measurement of water flow, without interfering in the installation, so being non-invasive and non-intrusive.
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Automatizace měření Zenerových referencí / Meaurement process automatization of Zener referenceBábek, Tomáš January 2011 (has links)
This thesis deals with metrology specialized to DC voltage. In the begining of thesis is explanation of technical terms from metrology, summarization of units from International System and explanation of the standards and its kinds in the context of metrology. Primary standards of DC voltage based on Zener diodes and Josephson effect are described as well. In cooperation with Czech metrology institute in Brno this work is focused on automatization of measuring Zener reference standards (ZRS). Goal of this project is to automatize the measuring of Zener reference standards and its relationship with Josephson voltage system using scanner. To do this, there is a need to find out offsets, that can develop on scanner's channels. There is a theoretical analysis of measuring made on the scanner and their uncertainties. Aim of the solution is computation of scanner channels offsets using everyday automatic measuring the system of Zener reference standards (ZRS). For measuring the LabView was used and for computing the data from measured values the Matlab was used. This thesis should short the time needed when measuring DC voltage references, measure values of DC voltage standards and set the scanner channels offsets. In the end there is a summarization of offsets measured on individual scanner channels.
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Management kalibrace souřadnicového měřicího stroje (SMS) / Calibration management system of measuring machine (CMM)Lysý, Zbyněk January 2012 (has links)
This diploma thesis with title of „Management of Coordinate Measuring Machine Calibration“ aimed to develop detailed analysis of uncertainties when deploying 3D coordinate measuring machine MicroVu Excel in practice. The analysis was supported by an example of measuring uncertainty calculation. This thesis also discusses the integration of automatic assessment of uncertainties into programming equipment; and creation of methodical calibration process for this kind of machine.
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Non-Contact Characterization of Dielectric Conduction on 4H-SiCBenjamin, Helen N 30 April 2009 (has links)
Consistent charge or defect control in oxide grown on silicon carbide (SiC) continues to be difficult to achieve and directly impacts the electrical performance of SiC-based metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices. This research applied non-contact Corona-Kelvin metrology to investigate the charge transport in oxides grown on n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial substrates. The cost and engineering science impact of this metrology are significant as device fabrication is avoided leading to quick determination of electrical characteristics from as-grown oxide films. Non-contact current-voltage (I-V) measurements of oxide on SiC were first demonstrated within this work and revealed that Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) current emission was the dominant conduction mechanism at high electric fields.
Oxides on SiC were grown at atmospheric pressure (thermal oxides) or at a reduced pressure (afterglow oxides) ambient and examined using non-contact charge-voltage (Q-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), and I-V methods. The F-N conduction model was modified to address charge trapping and effective barrier effects obtained from experimental oxide films. Trap densities determined with this metrology were used to show that the F-N model including their density and position was adequate for thermal oxides on SiC but not for afterglow films. Data from the latter films required further modification of the theory to include a chemical effect of the oxide growth process on the effective conduction band offset or barrier. This work showed that afterglow chemistry was able to vary the effective conduction band offset from 2.9 eV, typical of thermal oxidation of SiC, up to 3.2 eV.
Stress induced leakage current (SILC), an excess above the F-N base current resulting from prolonged current through the dielectric films, was also investigated. Multiple point SILC testing was used to identify statistical effects of process variations and defects in as-grown oxide films on SiC. These results open the possibility to improve oxide manufacture on SiC using methods common in the silicon IC industry. This work demonstrated the first non-contact F-N current determination in oxides on SiC and showed both charge trapping and chemical dependencies of as-grown films. Future studies may extend the findings of this work to further improve this important dielectric-semiconductor system.
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[en] A PROPOSAL FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY OF A RESEARCH UNIVERSITY: THE CASE PUC-RIO / [pt] PROPOSTA DE METODOLOGIA DE AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO EMPREENDEDOR DA UNIVERSIDADE DE PESQUISA: ESTUDO DE CASO DA PUC-RIOCELSO LEONARDO DE JESUS BARBOSA 24 March 2011 (has links)
[pt] O surgimento de uma economia empreendedora baseada na inovação, ao
longo das duas últimas décadas, gerou novas demandas para a sociedade e definiu
novas funções e papéis para a universidade de pesquisa e para a metrologia. Nesse
sentido, por um lado, à medida que a universidade de pesquisa se transforma em
uma universidade empreendedora com auxílio do governo, crescem as demandas
sociais e políticas por resultados. Por outro, a metrologia é chamada a evoluir seus
conceitos e métricas para atender a demandas do setor de serviços e dos processos
de inovação, dominantes na economia empreendedora. Assim, os resultados dessa
pesquisa para dissertação de mestrado produzem uma metodologia de avaliação
de impacto que poderá ser de fato aplicada e gerar um ativo importante para a
PUC-Rio, assim como para outras universidades de pesquisa que busquem trilhar
um caminho semelhante. E, principalmente, fornecer respostas à sociedade. O
autor da presente dissertação, como empreendedor e egresso da PUC-Rio, tem por
motivação, contribuir para uma melhor caracterização da IES empreendedora no
país, ao propor a mensuração do seu impacto empreendedor. Além de contribuir
para a emergente literatura internacional sobre o tema, o trabalho traz, também,
uma relevante contribuição empírica para o país, uma vez que não existem aqui
estudos semelhantes. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia
de avaliação do impacto empreendedor da universidade de pesquisa. Esta foi
desenvolvida a partir da análise do conceito de universidade empreendedora, de
referenciais teóricos sobre impactos socioeconômicos de universidades, das
transformações no papel e na dinâmica destas causadas pela evolução de uma
economia empreendedora e, nesse contexto, de conceitos e métricas emergentes
de uma metrologia para serviços e voltada à inovação. / [en] Over the past two decades, the emergence of an entrepreneurial economy
based on innovation has generated new demands on society and set new tasks and
roles for university research and metrology. Accordingly, on the one hand, as the
research university becomes an enterprising university with government
assistance, there are growing social and political demands for results. On the other
hand, the metrology is required to evolve its concepts and metrics to meet the
demands of the service sector and innovation processes which are dominant in the
entrepreneurial economy. Thus, the result of this research is a methodology for
impact assessment that may actually be implemented and may generate an
important asset to PUC, as well as other research universities that seek to tread a
similar path. And above all, this study provides answers to society. The author, as
an entrepreneur and alumni of PUC, is motivated by the belief that it may
contribute to a better characterization of the entrepreneurial university in the
country by measuring the impact of entrepreneurship. Besides this thesis
contributes to the emerging international literature on the subject, the work also
brings an important empirical contribution to the country since there are no
similar studies. This paper proposes a methodology for assessing the impact of
entrepreneurship of research universities. It was developed from the analysis of
the concept of entrepreneurial university, the theoretical framework on socioeconomic
impacts of universities, transformations on their roles and on the
dynamics caused by the evolution of an entrepreneurial economy, and in this
context, concepts and emerging metrics of a metrology which is service-oriented
and focused on innovation.
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[en] INTERFEROMETRIC PRIMARY SYSTEM FOR LENGTH MEASUREMENTS AND APPLICATIONS IN NANOMETROLOGY / [pt] SISTEMA INTERFEROMÉTRICO PRIMÁRIO PARA MEDIDAS DE COMPRIMENTO E APLICAÇÕES EM NANOMETROLOGIA02 January 2015 (has links)
[pt] Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados referentes ao desenvolvimento de um sistema interferométrico primário, o interferômetro Linnik, para medidas de comprimento de amostras na escala micrométrica e nanométrica. O sistema experimental foi caracterizado e otimizado para prover rastreabilidade a degraus de altura, usados como referência na escala de comprimento. As principais fontes de incerteza foram avaliadas, sendo a planicidade do artefato o parâmetro com o maior valor de contribuição para a incerteza final. A estabilidade do sistema de referência pode ser mostrada através da alta reprodutibilidade apresentada ao longo de algumas semanas de medição. Este também serviu como base para prover a rastreabilidade no SI, para instrumentos ópticos tais como OCT, AFM e microscópios confocais, sendo os dois últimos usados na área de nanotecnologia. Estes instrumentos foram calibrados usando como padrão de transferência os degraus de altura, previamente avaliados no interferômetro Linnik. Com isto, foi estabelecida a rastreabilidade na escala de comprimento para alguns institutos no país. / [en] In this work are presented the results related to the development of a primary interferometric system, the Linnik interferometer for length measurements of samples in the micrometer and nanometer scales. The experimental system has been characterized and optimized to provide traceability to step height, used as the reference standards in length scale. The main sources of uncertainty were evaluated, and the flatness of the artifact was the parameter with the highest contribution to the final uncertainty. The stability of the reference system can be demonstrated through the reproducibility that was evaluated over several weeks. This system also served as the basis to provide traceability to the SI for optical instruments such as OCT and confocal microscopes AFM, the latter two being used in the field of nanotechnology. These instruments were calibrated using step heights, as transfer standards, that were previously evaluated in Linnik interferometer. Therefore, it was established the traceability in length scale for some institutes in the country.
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Investigation of Modularization of Measurement Programs for CMMsTeke, Onur Ahmet January 2013 (has links)
Coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) are used to control whether workpieces meet customers’ need or not. Creating measurement programs for CMMs takes long time and companies try to find a way to decrease the time for preparation processes. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate the measurement processes of products within Sandvik Coromant AB in Gimo, Sweden and to focus on the preparation of modularized measurement programs. The main goal is to study measurement processes in the company, and to find and recommend different alternatives for modularization of measurement programs of products so that time and energy can be saved. In order to understand the current measurement processes in the company with its gaps and risks and also to be able to find further possible improvements, many interviews, meetings and a questionnaire have been made. Employees’ opinions and ideas about modularization of measurement programs have been collected. Three different cases about modularization of measurement programs have been presented in the thesis work. The first case is about the actual situation in the company. The gaps and risks which have been observed and collected have been presented. The second case focuses on modularization of today’s insert seats into two pieces: insert seat module and pre-stress module. The third case focuses on the feasibility of dividing the insert seats into much smaller modules. In the conclusion part, all three cases and all work which has been done during the thesis are presented. Last but not least, some further research subjects are shown on the recommendation part. / Koordinatmätmaskiner (CMMs) används för att kontrollera om produkterna möter kundernas behov eller inte. Att skapa mätprogram för CMMs tar lång tid och företagen försöker hitta sätt att minska tiden för förberedelseprocesser. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka mätprocesser av produkterna inom Sandvik Coromant AB i Gimo, Sverige och att fokusera på förberedelserna av modulariserade mätprogram. Det huvudsakliga målet var att studera mätprocessen i företaget, samt att ta reda på och rekommendera olika alternativ för modularisering av mätprogram för produkter för att på så sätt kunna spara tid och energi. För att förstå de aktuella mätprocesserna i företaget med brister och risker och även att kunna ta reda på ytterligare möjliga förbättringar, har många intervjuer, möten och ett frågeformulär gjorts. Medarbetarnas åsikter och idéer om modularisering av mätprogrammen har samlats in. Tre olika fall om modularisering av mätprogram presenteras i examensarbetet. Det första fallet handlar om den nuvarande situationen i företaget. De brister och risker som har observerats och samlats in presenteras. Det andra fallet fokuserar på modularisering av dagens skärläge in i två delar som skärlägesmodul och förspänningsmodul. Det tredje fallet fokuserar på möjligheten att dela upp skärlägen i mycket mindre moduler. I slutsatsen sammanfattas alla tre fallen och allt arbete som har gjorts varvid resultat och slutsatser presenteras. Sist men inte minst, visas på några ytterligare forskningsfrågor i rekommendationsdelen.
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[pt] CARACTERIZAÇÃO METROLÓGICA DE UM MEDIDOR CLAMP-ON PARA CALIBRAÇÃO IN SITU DE MEDIDOR DE VAZÃO EM ESCOAMENTO EM DESENVOLVIMENTO / [en] METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A CLAMP-ON METER FOR IN SITU CALIBRATION OF FLOW METER OPERATING UNDER DEVELOPING FLOW CONDITIONSGABRIEL APOLINÁRIO ALEXANDRE FERREIRA 15 July 2016 (has links)
[pt] Medidores do tipo clamp-on, com trajetória ultrassônica única, são muito
sensíveis ao perfil de velocidade do escoamento para medição de vazão e devem
ser utilizados, para maior confiabilidade metrológica, quando o escoamento está
completamente desenvolvido. Esta não é a condição normal de utilização em
plataformas de petróleo, onde pequenos trechos retos estão normalmente
disponíveis. Estudos numérico e experimental comprovaram que para trajetórias
ultrassônicas simétricas, a média aritmética dos valores indicados pelo medidor de
vazão praticamente independe dos componentes não-axiais de velocidade do
escoamento em desenvolvimento em trechos retos com comprimento superior a
dez diâmetros da tubulação. A trajetória única foi assegurada por meio de um
dispositivo mecânico introduzido que posiciona o plano dos sensores em ângulos
de 45 graus em relação à horizontal, assim permitindo medições em outras trajetórias
ultrassônicas, procedimento que mostrou minimizar a incerteza associada à
medição de vazão. A caracterização metrológica deste procedimento de medição,
qualifica o medidor para ser utilizado como padrão itinerante em calibração in
situ de medidores de vazão, o que evita a sua retirada para calibração em
laboratório. A metodologia alternativa de calibração proposta foi validada
experimentalmente em loop especiamente construido na PUC-Rio para reproduzir
as condições de medição em campo. / [en] Clamp-on type flow meters, with one single ultrasonic path, are very
sensitive to the velocity profile in flow rate measurement and must be used, for
greater metrological realiability, when the flow is completely developed. This is
not the normal condition of use on oil production platforms, where small straight
pipelines are usually available. Numerical and experimental studies have shown
that for symmetric ultrasonic paths, the arithmetic mean of the values indicated by
the flow meter is practically independent of non-axial velocity components in
developing flows in straight pipeline equivalent lengths larger than ten pipeline
diameters. The single path was secured by means of an introduced mechanical
device that positions the sensor plane every 45 degree angle to the horizontal, thus
allowing measurements at other ultrasonic paths, procedure that showed to
minimize the uncertainty associated with the flow measurement. The metrological
characterization of this measurement procedure, qualifies the meter to be used as a
in situ traveling calibration standard of flow meters, which prevents its removal
for calibration in laboratory. The alternative methodology calibration proposed
was validated experimentally in loop especially built at PUC-Rio to reproduce the
field measurement conditions.
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