Les microscopes en champ proche sont très largement utilisés pour caractériser des propriétés physiques à l’échelle du nanomètre. Afin d’assurer la cohérence et l’exactitude des mesures dimensionnelles qu’ils retournent, ces microscopes ont besoin d’être étalonnés périodiquement. Le raccordement à la définition du mètre SI est assuré par le biais d’étalons de transfert dont les caractéristiques dimensionnelles sont étalonnées à l’aide d’un Microscope à Force Atomique métrologique (mAFM).Les travaux de thèse portent sur la contribution à la mise en place du Microscope à Force Atomique métrologique du LNE dans le but de caractériser et réduire l’incertitude de mesure. Une tête AFM passive thermiquement et spécifiquement conçue pour des applications de nanométrologie dimensionnelle a été développée et intégrée au mAFM. Elle comporte un système original pour mesurer les déflexions du levier nécessaire à la détection des forces s’exerçant à l’extrémité de la pointe. Il utilise une évolution de la méthode du levier optique qui permet de déporter les sources de chaleurs à l’extérieur de l’instrument. Pour cela, un nouveau capteur a été développé. Il est basé sur l’utilisation d’un bundle composé de 40 000 microfibres optiques structurées en quatre quadrants. Il remplace avantageusement une photodiode quatre quadrants et permet de transporter le signal lumineux jusqu’à des photodiodes placées à l’extérieur de l’instrument. Ce système a été modélisé, caractérisé et validé expérimentalement. La tête AFM ainsi développée est passive thermiquement. Sa conception repose sur la dissociation complète de la chaine métrologique, constituée en Zerodur, afin de lui conférer une excellente stabilité thermique et mécanique. Pour les mêmes raisons, le châssis de la tête qui supporte l’ensemble des composants et notamment le système de mesure des déflexions du levier est entièrement conçu en Invar. Cette tête repose sur une structure motorisée constituée de trois moteurs à reptation permettant l’approche de pointe mais également le réglage des interféromètres. Après intégration de la tête dans le mAFM, l’ensemble de l’instrument a été caractérisé afin d’établir son bilan d’incertitude. Plusieurs composantes ont ainsi été évaluées expérimentalement comme la non-linéarité et la stabilité de la mesure de position par interférométrie, les rotations parasites du scanner, les erreurs d’Abbe, les défauts de rugosité et de planéité des miroirs ainsi que les erreurs de bras mort. L’impact de chaque composante a été quantifié et listé dans le bilan d’incertitude. Ces travaux ont permis d’avoir une première estimation de l’incertitude de mesure du mAFM. / Scanning probe microscopes are very well used for characterization at the manometer scale. To ensure the measurement coherency and the accuracy of the results, those microscopes need to be periodically calibrated. It’s done thanks to reference standards whose dimensional characteristics are measured by a metrological atomic force microscope (mAFM) for example.The aim of this thesis work is the improvement of the metrological AFM of the LNE in order to reduce the measurement uncertainty. To reach this goal, a thermally passive AFM head has been developed and integrated on the instrument. It contains an original system to measure the cantilever deflexion and thus detect the force acting between the sample and the tip. This system is based on the optical beam deflection method but allow deporting the heat sources outside the instrument. To reach this goal, a new specific sensor has been developed. It is based on a four quadrant optic fibre bundle that contains 40 000 micro-fibre and which is ideal to replace the existing four quadrant photodiode and its conditioning electronic circuit with the bundle and its conditioning electronic circuit placed outside the instrument. This sensor has been modelled, and experimentally validated.The Developed AFM head which integrates the deflection measurement system is then thermally passive. Its design is based on the complete dissociation of the metrological loop and the structural loop. The metrological loop is made of Zerodur® in other to acquire an excellent mechanical and thermal stability and thus reduce the thermal dilatation. For the same reason, the AFM head support frame is fully made of Invar. The AFM head is placed on a motorized frame based on three piezo-leg motors (tripod) to make the tip/sample approach but also to set the interferometer signal quality. The interferometer signal is improved by combining the linear displacements of the three motors to generate small rotations. This allows setting the parallelism of the mirrors linked to the head with those linked to the translation stage.Once the AFM head integrated on the instrument, the assembly is characterized in order to establish the uncertainty budget. Different uncertainty components have been experimentally evaluated as for example: the interferometer non linearity, the drift of the XYZ position, the parasitic rotations of the translation stage, the Abbe error, the roughness and the flatness of the mirrors and the dead path errors. The impact of the each component has been quantified and listed in the uncertainty budget. This allowed getting a first estimation of the combined uncertainty of the instrument.

Conventional interferometry is widely used to measure spherical and flat surfaces with nanometer level precision but is plagued by back reflections. We describe a new method of isolating the measurement surface by controlling spectral properties of the source (Spectrally Controlled Interferometry - SCI). Using spectral modulation of the interferometer's source enables formation of localized fringes where the optical path difference is non-zero. As a consequence it becomes possible to form white-light like fringes in common path interferometers, such as the Fizeau. The proposed setup does not require mechanical phase shifting, resulting in simpler instruments and the ability to upgrade existing interferometers. Furthermore, it allows absolute measurement of distance, including radius of curvature of lenses in a single setup with possibility of improving the throughput and removing some modes of failure.

La métrologie non-intrusive est une composante essentielle de la recherche expérimentale en mécanique des fluides. La connaissance instantanée des champs de vitesse et de température apportent des informations essentielles à la compréhension des phénomènes instationnaires aérothermiques. Toutefois, si les mesures de vitesses sont aisément réalisées, l’obtention de champs de température s’avère plus complexe. L’une des voies étudiées pour y parvenir estla Fluorescence Plane Induite par LASER, ou PLIF. Son principe repose sur l’acquisition de signaux lumineux de fluorescence, dépendants de la température, consécutifs à l’excitation du milieu par un faisceau LASER intense. En particulier, la PLIF acétone à deux longueurs d’onde emploie l’acétone comme traceur fluorescent et deux LASER comme source d’excitation pour s’affranchir de la dépendance en concentration en acétone. Toutefois, selon la longueur d’onde,l’énergie LASER ou la gamme de température explorée, la PLIF-2λ peut s’avérer difficile à mettre en oeuvre du fait d’un manque de sensibilité, lié à un signal de fluorescence trop faible.Dès lors, plusieurs étapes correctives visant à améliorer le rapport signal-sur-bruit peuvent être mises en oeuvre. Le présent travail s’intéresse ainsi à déterminer la pertinence de cette méthode métrologique dans la qualification aérothermique d’un écoulement de convection mixte autour d’un cylindre chauffé, en couplant la PLIF-2λ à la Vélocimétrie par Imagerie de Particules(PIV). Le montage expérimental est détaillé, ainsi que les processus correctifs et l’étalonnage mis en place pour la PLIF. Les résultats expérimentaux sur le cylindre chauffé sont ensuite présentés et comparés aux travaux de la littérature, puis un modèle de la fluorescence et des caméras employées est élaboré pour permettre d’estimer la précision atteignable en pratique selon la longueur d’onde, l’énergie LASER, la concentration et les caméras, et ainsi rendre possible la présélection des équipements nécessaires aux travaux futurs. / Non-intrusive metrology is essential in experimental fluid mechanics experiments. In particular, simultaneous acquisition of instantaneous velocity and temperature fields offers valuable insights in instationnary aerothermal behaviours. However, if instantaneous velocity fields can be acquired quite easily using the Particles Image Velocimetry technic (PIV), instantaneous temperature fields are much more complex to obtain. Plannar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) is one of the technics allowing such a measurement. The emitted LASER light induces excitation of acetone molecules, the tracer in the studied air flow. Then, the fluorescence following de-excitation, which is temperature-dependant, is recorded. In particular, 2 λ-PLIF uses dual wavelength LASER excitation to remove acetone concentration dependency in the measurement. Yet, depending of the wavelengths, the LASER energy or the temperature range investigated, using 2 λ-PLIF can be difficult due to a very low temperature sensitivity and very dim fluorescence. To solve those issues and improve signal-to-noise ratio, acquired images can be corrected according to different parameters in an interative process. Present work is dedicated to evaluate efficiency of corrected 2 λ-PLIF applied to the study of a mixed convection flow around a heated cylinder in the 20-300 C temperature range. The goal is to obtain aerothermal qualification of the flow thanks to simultaneous 2 λ-PLIF and PIV. In the present work, experimental bench is detailled as well as the calibrating and correcting process of the 2 λ-PLIF. Then, experimental results are discussed and confronted to results from litterature. Finally, a model of the fluorescence and camera-generated noise is discussed and used to generate simulated fluroescence images and determine the impact of all parameters (wavelengths, LASER energy, acetone concentration and camera intensification gain) on the measurement precision and thus enable adequate choice of equipments for next experiments.

There is a growing demand for miniature, high-precision components and devices with micro-scale features for applications in biomedical systems, aerospace structures, and energy storage/conversion systems. Mechanical micromachining has become a leading approach to address this demand. In micromachining, a micro-scale cutting tool, such as a micro-endmill with a diameter as small as 10 um, is rotated by an ultra-high-speed (UHS) spindle (speeds greater than 60,000 rpm, reaching up to 500,000 rpm) to mechanically remove the material from a workpiece. Although micromachining resembles the traditional computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining processes, the micron-scale cutting tools, ultra-high-speed (UHS) spindles, and considerably tighter tolerance requirements bring unique challenges to micromachining.

[pt] Qualidade assegurada e gerenciamento da qualidade são baseados em princípios que são universalmente aplicáveis. Estes princípios originam-se da indústria e do comércio internacional, como por exemplo, a avaliação da conformidade. A importância da qualidade de serviços de ensaios é obvia, caracterizando o impacto econômico decorrente no comércio international.Por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento econômico e forças impostas pelos grandes mercados comum e nacional, resultam na formação de barreiras comerciais, reduzindo assim, as oportunidades para a livre concorrência. Para alguns, a globalização da economia foi vista como uma direção errada; outros foram estimulados para um processo de harmonização das praticas da qualidade. Dessa tendência atual, evolui-se hoje para um sistema bem organizado de regras, normas e reconhecimento mútuo, resultando, desta forma, na prática, internacionalmente aceita, de credenciamento de laboratórios de ensaios.O rápido crescimento do número de laboratórios de ensaios que incorporam sistemas da qualidade deveu-se, entretanto, a dois fatores básicos: (i) a forte necessidade para aceitação internacional dos certificados pelos exportadores e (ii) a necessidade para a demonstração objetiva da qualidade de serviços como forma de se garantir a qualidade de produtos e serviços no mercado concorrente Impelidos por eses desenvolvimentos, os serviços provenientes dos laboratórios de ensaio para a produção e exportação de bens vêm conquistando credibilidade crescente.Entretanto, laboratórios que atuam nos ambientes acadêmicos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e ensino ou estavam inicialmente imunes à essas visões da pratica da qualidade e/ou não eram impelidos por forças externas para satisfazerem à essas pressões. No contexto da presente dissertação, que objetiva a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências em Metrologia, o trabalho apresentado está focado no desenvolvimento das práticas da qualidade aplicáveis ao meio acadêmico e aos laboratórios de pesquisa e desenvolvimento. A principal consideração deste trabalho é implementar práticas de qualidade sem se desviar da rígida estrutura das normas. Para este fim, várias práticas típicas da qualidade foram avaliadas com base nos requisitos da norma internacional ISO/IEC 17025, resultando na organização e ordenação destes requisitos por prioridades. Acredita-se que o presente trabalho possa contribuir para a redução das barreiras técnicas e psicológicas e simplificar o complexo processo de implementação do sistema da qualidade no meio acadêmico. / [en] Quality assurance and quality management are based on principles that are universally applicable. The principles origin from industry and international trade, e.g. for conformity assessment. The importance of the quality of testing services is obvious, characterizing the economical impact on international trade.Moreover, the economical development and related powers by large common and national markets result in the formation of trade barriers, reducing the opportunities for free competition.To some, the globalization of the economy was seen as a wrong direction; others were stimulated to further harmonization of the quality practices. This has led today toa well- organized system of rulesand norms and mutual recognition thereof, resulting in internationally accepted accreditation of testing laboratories.The rapid growth of testing laboratories with quality systems was therefore due to (i) the strong need for internationally accepted export certificates and (ii) the need for objective demostration of the quality of services as a warranty to the quality of products and services on competing markets. Impelled by these developments the testing laboratories providing services to production and export of goods became increasingly trustful. But laboratories in the reserch, development and teaching areas were initially immune to these views on quality practices and/or had no external drivinig forces for this. In this dissertation aiming at a Master degree,the presented work focuses on development of quality practices in the academic environment and development laboratories.The main consideration of this workis to implement quality practices without deviating from the rigid structure of the norms.To this end, various typical quality pactices were evaluted against the requeriments of the international standard ISO/IEC 17025. This has resulted in dissecting and ordering these requirements by priority. This should contribute to reduce the technical and psychological barriers and simplify the implementation of this complex process in the academically environment. / [es] El aseguramiento la gerencia de calidad tienen como bases principios universalmente aplicables. Estos principios se originan de la industria y del comercio internacional, como por ejemplo, la evaluación de la conformidad. La importancia de la calidad en servicios de ensayos es obvia, caracterizando el impacto económico del comercio international. Por consiguiente, el desarrollo económico y las fuerzas impuestas por los grandes mercados común y nacional, traen como resultado la formación de barreras comerciales, reduciendo así las oportunidades para la libre competencia. Algunos consideran la globalización de la economía como una dirección equivocada; otros fueron estimulados para un proceso de armonización de las prácticas de calidad. En esa tendencia actual, se avanza para un sistema bien organizado de reglas, normas y reconocimiento mutuo que trae como consecuencia la práctica aceptada internacionalmente, de credenciamiento de laboratorios de ensayos. EL rápido crescimiento del número de laboratórios de ensayos que incorporan sistemas de la calidad tuvo como causa dos factores básicos: (i) la fuerte necesidad de aceptación internacional de los certificados por los exportadores y (ii) la necesidad de demostración objetiva de la calidad de servicios como forma de garantir la calidad de los productos y servicios en el mercado competitivo. Impulsados con ese desarrollo, los servicios de los laboratorios de ensayos para la produción y exportación de bienes viene conquistando una credibilidad cresciente. Así mismo, laboratórios que actuan en los ambientes academicos, de investigación, desarrollo y docencia o estaban inicialmente inmunes a esas visiones de la práctica de calidad y/o no eran impulzados por fuerzas externas para ceder a esas presiones. En el contexto de esta disertación, el trabajo está enfocado para el desarrollo de las prácticas de la calidad aplicables al medio académico y a los laboratorios de investigación y desarrollo. La principal consideración de este trabajo es implementar prácticas de calidad sin desviarse de la rígida extrutura de las normas. Para este fin, fueron evaluadas varias prácticas de calidad típicas con base en los requisitos de la norma internacional ISO/IEC 17025, lo que resultó en la organización y ordenación de estos requisitos por prioridades. Se cree que el presente trabajo puede contribuir para la reducción de las barreras técnicas y psicológicas y simplificar el complejo proceso de implementación del sistema de la calidad en el medio académico.

[pt] Embora o papel do vanádio no organismo ainda não tenha sido bem definido, sabemos que ele inibe a atividade das ATPases em eritrócitos e células tubulares renais, afetando a função diurética dos rins, o metabolismo de leucócitos e macrófagos, a função do músculo cardíaco, causando efeitos insulina-like em doses farmacológicas. O vanádio é de grande importância para a indústria, é utilizado como catalisador, na produção de vidros e aço. Os trabalhadores em usinas de produção de aço e indústrias que utilizam combustíveis fósseis como fonte de energia, são expostos a quantidades significativas de vanádio, sendo importante o monitoramento dos seus níveis. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvido um método simples e direto para determinação de vanádio em soro usando a espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite, otimizado por um planejamento composto central. As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram de 1240 e 2600 oC, e calibração externa pode ser realizada com soluções de calibração preparadas em HNO3 2,5 % v/v, mostrando-se linear até, pelo menos, 3 ug L(-1). O pré-tratamento da amostra consistiu tão somente de uma diluição (2+1) no mesmo meio, e os limites de detecção e quantificação encontrados foram, respectivamente, 0,3 e 1,0 ug L(-1). A velocidade analítica foi de 8 amostras h-1, para análises em triplicata. Nos estudos de recuperação foram obtidas valores médios de 97,2%; 99,2% e 105,3%, para concentrações de 1, 2 e 3 ug.L(-1), respectivamente. Houve excelente concordância entre os valores encontrados e o certificado na análise de um material de referência certificado. Nos estudos da repetitividade, o maior coeficiente de variação encontrado foi 10,3% na amostra adicionada de 1 ug L(-1). Nos estudos da precisão intermediária, o maior coeficiente de variação foi 5,6% na amostra adicionada de 2 ug L(-1). As incertezas combinadas obtidas foram 1,65x10-1; 2,72x10-1 e 3,72x10-1, para concentrações de 1, 2 e 3 ug L(-1), respectivamente. O tempo de vida do tubo de grafite nas condições otimizadas foi de, aproximadamente, 150 ciclos. O método foi considerado adequado para a determinação rotineira de vanádio em soro em laboratórios clínicos. / [en] Although the role of vanadium in the body has not been yet well defined, it is known that it inhibits the ATPase activity in erythrocytes and renal tubular cells, affecting the diuretic function of the kidneys, the metabolism of leukocytes and macrophages, the function of the heart muscle and causes insulin-like effects in pharmacological doses. Vanadium is of great importance to the industry, and is mostly used as catalyst, and in the production of glass and steel. Workers of the steel industries as well as those in plants that use large amounts of fossil fuels are potentially exposed to large amounts of vanadium, and it is important to monitor their serum levels. In the present study it was developed a simple and direct method for determination of vanadium in serum using graphite furnace atomic absortion spectrometry optimized by a central composite design. External calibration was possible, using calibration solutions prepared in 2 % v/v HNO3. The sample was 2+1 diluted in the same medium and the calibration curve was found linear up to at least 3 ug L(-1). The limits of detection and quantification were respectively 0.3 and 1.0 ug L(-1), in the original sample. Average recoveries were 97.2%, 99.2% and 105.3% for concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 ug L(-1), respectively. Excellent agreement was found between found and certified values in the analysis of a certified reference material. The sample throughput was 8 h-1 (n=3). In the study of repeatability, the largest coefficient of variation was 10.3% in the sample spiked with 1 ug L(-1) of vanadium. In the study of the intermediate precision the higher coefficient of variation was 5.6% in the sample spiked with 2 μg.L-1. The combined uncertainties obtained were 1.65x10-1, 2.72x10-1 and 3.72x10-1, for concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 ug L(-1), respectively. The graphite tube life time in the optimized conditions was 150 cycles, approximately. The method was considered adequate to the routine determination of vanadium in serum in clinical laboratories.

[pt] A presente pesquisa de mestrado contribui para a melhoria da confiabilidade metrológica de componentes usinados, utilizados na indústria nuclear para produção de energia elétrica, produzidos com reduzidas tolerâncias definidas em projeto. O trabalho é de interesse da empresa Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB), que atua na cadeia produtiva do urânio e produz o elemento combustível para as usinas nucleares de Angra, pois aprimora a analise do processo de medir. Cumprindo o objetivo da dissertação e fazendo uso da técnica de medição por coordenadas, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliação do processo de inspeção dimensional de componentes usinados da indústria nuclear. A motivação é a melhoria da confiabilidade metrológica requerida na inspeção, agregando conhecimento e inovação tecnológica. O trabalho incorpora uma análise das incertezas associadas ao processo de medição por coordenadas de componentes usinados. A metodologia utiliza a pesquisa bibliográfica e a experimental e, à luz dos métodos de avaliação de incertezas baseados numa formulação estatística, avalia processos de medição de interesse da indústria nuclear. Dentre os resultados são caracterizadas as influências na medição da característica objeto da medição; é avaliada a divergência da medição em relação a um padrão e desenvolvida uma ferramenta para a avaliação e melhoria do processo de medição. Como conclusão, o trabalho contribui com o aprimoramento da técnica de medição por coordenadas incorporando inovações tecnológicas na melhoria da qualidade dos processos de inspeção dimensional. / [en] This Master’s Thesis contributes to the improvement of metrological reliability of machined components that are used in the nuclear industry for the production of electrical energy and which are produced with reduced tolerances defined in the project. The work is of interest to the company Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB), which operates in production of the uranium fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants in Angra, improving the analysis of the measuring process. The dissertation fulfill the goal, by the development of a methodology to use in evaluation of coordinate measuring technique that is used in the process of dimensional inspection of machined components for the nuclear industry. The motivation is to improve the metrological reliability required in the inspection, adding knowledge and technological innovation. The work incorporates an analysis of uncertainties associated with the measurement process by coordinates, of machined components. The methodology uses bibliographic research and experimental methods of evaluation of uncertainty based on a statistical formulation, in measurement procedures of interest to the nuclear industry. In the results are characterized the influences of the measurement on the object characteristic of measurement, the divergence is evaluated by measuring against a standard. It was developed a tool to evaluate and improve the measurement process. In conclusion, the study contributes to the improvement of the coordinate measuring technique incorporating technological innovations, improving the quality of procedures for dimensional inspection.

[pt] O novo manual do programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento P&D da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica Aneel de maio de 2008 expandiu o escopo da P&D para incluir duas novas fases a cadeia de inovação: lote pioneiro e inserção no mercado, passando assim a apoiar a inovação dos produtos desenvolvidos no marco do programa. O objetivo desta dissertação é elaborar uma metodologia de identificação de fornecedores do segmento de distribuição do setor elétrico com potencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores no marco do programa de P&D Aneel. A motivação para esse estudo foi a necessidade no novo regime de P&D Aneel de se adicionar aos executores, além das universidades e ICTs, fornecedores para realizar inovações de produto a partir dos resultados dos projetos de P&D. Assim, o fornecedor tornou-se o ator crítico para os projetos de P&D Aneel que visam chegar à fase de comercialização, caracterizando uma inovação. Pois não compete às universidades produzir produtos para o mercado e tampouco ICTs possuem a competência para produzi-los em grande escala e com um custo favorável para comercialização. A metodologia central da pesquisa foi baseada em um questionário enviado aos fornecedores, com o objetivo de identificar as capacidades, habilidades e conhecimentos que um fornecedor deve ter para desenvolver uma inovação de produto. Esses critérios foram por sua vez estabelecidos através da análise da caracterização da inovação do manual Aneel e baseados nos questionários da PINTEC. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi proposta uma metodologia de identificação de fornecedores do segmento de distribuição do setor elétrico por meio da elaboração de um sistema de indicadores. Finalmente, a dissertação irá contribuir para aproximação da indústria ao programa de P&D Aneel, colaborando para o avanço tecnológico e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. / [en] The new Research and Development (R&D) program handbook of the regulatory body National Agency for Electric Energy (Aneel) of May 2008 enlarged the scope of R&D to comprise two new stages of the innovation chain: pioneer batch and market introduction; thus now supporting the development of product innovation in the framework of the program. The objective of this dissertation is to elaborate a methodology for the identification of suppliers in the distribution segment of the electric energy sector with a potential to develop innovative products in the Aneel R&D program. The motivation to carry out the study was the need signaled on the new Aneel R&D regime to add to the roster of research executors, besides universities and science and technology institutes (STIs), suppliers to make product innovations based on R&D projects’ results. Therefore, the supplier has become for Aneel R&D projects aiming to reach the commercialization stage, becoming an innovation. This is so because the university mandate does not include the manufacture of market products and even STIs possess the required competencies to embark on large scale production at a reasonable commercial cost. The key research methodology employed was a questionnaire sent to suppliers, with the aim of identifying capacities, capabilities and knowledge a supplier ought to have to develop a product innovation. These criteria, at their turn, were established through the analysis of innovation characterization in the Aneel R&D handbook and based on the government-led PINTEC innovation in industry questionnaire. On the basis of the results obtained, it was drafted a proposal to identify suppliers in the distribution segment through the elaboration of a panel of indicators. Finally, the thesis will contribute to bringing industry closer to the Aneel R&D program, thus collaborating with the country’s technological progress and economic development.

[pt] O complexo sistema elétrico brasileiro possui uma série de atores que formam parte de uma cadeia de valores, desde a geração, seguida pela transmissão, comercialização, distribuição até o consumidor final. Da atuação eficiente e responsável de cada um deles depende a excelência da qualidade dos serviços executados sob a supervisão de agências externas envolvidas na legislação aplicável à geração, comercialização e distribuição. Este estudo se concentra no processo relacionado aos dois atores finais: distribuidora e consumidor final. O ponto crítico desse processo é a tarifa que, por um lado, determina o preço pago pelo consumidor à concessionária pelo fornecimento de energia e, por outro, garante o retorno econômico justo dos investimentos por ela realizados para garantir a oferta de serviços de qualidade. Neste contexto, surge a necessidade de uma ferramenta computacional para mensurar o faturamento mensal dos consumidores de acordo com suas necessidades em função dos diferentes determinantes tarifárias, assim definindo a tarifa para as diferentes classes de consumo. O simulador de tarifas desenvolvido e validado baseia-se em um modelo matemático que permite fazer três tipos de simulações: faturamentos entre concessionárias; faturamentos entre postos tarifários, em um momento fixo do ano e comparações dos postos tarifários com base em dados históricos mensais para um determinado período do ano. O resultado das simulações fornece subsídios à tomada de decisão pelo consumidor fornecendo-lhe alternativas em situações específicas quanto à melhor tarifa a ser aplicada. / [en] The complexity of the Brazilian electrical system has a number of actors structured as a value chain, from the generation phase, followed by the transmission, marketing, distribution reaching the end user. The efficient and responsible performance of each partner results on the high quality service performed under the supervision of external agencies legislating all activities related to generation, commercialization and distribution of electricity. This study focuses the end players (distributor and consumer) where the critical point is the price that the consumer pays to the distributor utility. This payment ensures a fair economic return of investments made by the utility company while ensuring quality of services provided at reasonable prices. In this context, a computational tool was developed to estimate the monthly billing for different tariffs, guiding consumers to suit their needs. The tariff simulator developed is based on a mathematical model which allows three types of comparisons: inter dealer billings; billings inter tariff posts at a fixed time of year, and tariff comparisons based on monthly historical data for one-year period. Results of simulations performed produced relevant data helping consumers to decide whether or not they should maintain their energy contract with the utility or replace it to a more economic one.

Notre objectif a été d'étudier l'apport d'une analyse temps-fréquence par transformée en ondelettes dans l'évaluation stabilométrique de la stabilité posturale de sujets présentant une pathologie neurologique. A partir d'un corpus de données incluant 199 patients présentant une pathologie neurologique et 41 sujets témoins, nous avons étudié la reproductibilité et la validité des paramètres stabilométriques. Nous avons déterminé les valeurs d'erreur de mesure de paramètres issus d'une analyse temps-fréquence, d'une analyse fréquentielle par méthode FFT et d'une analyse linéaire du signal, chez des patients hémiplégiques vasculaires. Pour la moyenne de 3 acquisitions de 30 secondes, nous proposons de privilégier l'utilisation de paramètres issus d'une analyse temps-fréquence qui sont les plus reproductibles. L'évaluation stabilométrique a montré un intérêt au moins équivalent aux critères cliniques dans la prédiction du risque de chute chez le patient hémiplégique vasculaire. Le modèle de prédiction reste cependant insuffisant pour être appliqué de manière isolé en pratique clinique, où une évaluation multi-modale du patient reste nécessaire. Une étude des déterminants neurologiques et biomécaniques de la distribution du contenu fréquentiel a été réalisée avec l'analyse en ondelettes. Nous avons montré qu'en l'absence de tremblement postural caractérisé, la distribution du contenu fréquentiel était essentiellement liée au degré d'instabilité posturale. Nos perspectives sont d'approfondir l'intérêt de l'analyse temps-fréquence par transformée en ondelettes, qui permet d'étudier à la fois la stabilité posturale et les mécanismes de contrôle sous-jacents. / Our objective was to study the interest of time-frequency analysis by wavelet transform in stabilometric assessment of postural sway in neurological patients. From a corpus of data including 199 patients with neurological disease and 41 control subjects, we studied the reliability and validity of stabilometric parameters. We determined the error measurement from a time-frequency analysis, a FFT analysis and a linear analysis of the stabilogram, in stroke patients. For the average of 3 acquisitions of 30 seconds, we propose to use the time-frequency parameters that are most reliable. Stabilometric assessment showed an interest at least equivalent to clinical criteria in predicting the risk of falls in the stroke patient. The prediction model remains insufficient to be applied alone in clinical practice, where a multi-modal patient assessment is still required. A study of the neurological and biomechanical determinants of the distribution of frequency content was carried out with the wavelet analysis. We have shown that in the absence of postural tremor, the distribution of frequency content was mostly related to the degree of postural instability. Our outlook is to deepen the time-frequency analysis by wavelet transform, which allows to study both postural stability and the underlying control mechanisms.