Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schuch_v_dr_jabo.pdf: 940291 bytes, checksum: b12a082987505c45883c2a6c161d5861 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho foi realizada a prospecção de novos genes de interesse biotecnológico em bibliotecas metagenômicas e em linhagens de Burkholderia através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase. Nas bibliotecas metagenômicas, foi possível identificar genes que codificam álcool desidrogenase, oxirredutase, acil-CoA desidrogenase, luciferase, transportadores de membrana, thiolase, aminoglicosídeo fosfotransferase, desidrogenase de cadeia curta, proteínas repressoras TetR, enoil-CoA hidratase/isomerase, entre outras. Nas treze linhagens de Burkholderia testadas, seis apresentaram amplificação positiva para o gene de xilose isomerase. Estes genes foram completamente sequenciados e as sequências foram utilizadas em análises computacionais, que permitiram estabelecer a identidade entre as sequências e a dedução da função das proteínas baseado em similaridades. Foi realizada a medida do índice de adaptação de códons, com a finalidade de se encontrar um hospedeiro onde a expressão seja maximizada, baseando-se na presença de códons preferenciais e raros. Está análise mostrou que os genes encontrados possuem boas possibilidades de expressão em Escherichia coli, mas que podem apresentar uma taxa de expressão ineficiente em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Foi realizado um teste de complementação gênica utilizando um dos genes descobertos e uma linhagem de Escherichia coli que possui o gene de xilose isomerase nocauteado. Os transformantes foram capazes de crescer em meio cuja única fonte de carbono era o açúcar xilose, mostrando que o gene é funcional. Estes genes serão utilizados futuramente em ensaios de expressão para caracterização da enzima / In this work was carried out prospection for new genes of biotechnological interest in metagenomic libraries and strains of Burkholderia through the technique of polymerase chain reaction. In metagenomics libraries, we could identify genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase, oxidoreductase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, luciferase, membrane transporters, thiolase, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, short-chain dehydrogenase, TetR repressor protein, enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase, among others. Of the 13 strains of Burkholderia tested, 6 showed positive amplification for the xylose isomerase gene. The genes were completely sequenced and the sequences were used in computational analysis, which allowed to establish the identity between the sequences and deducing protein function based on similarities. We evaluated the codon adaptation index, with the aim of finding a host in which the expression is maximized, based on the presence of preferred codons and rare. This analysis showed that the genes found have good possibilities of expression in Escherichia coli, but that may have an inefficient rate of expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We conducted a genetic complementation test using one of the discovered genes and one strain of Escherichia coli that has the xylose isomerase gene knocked out. Transformants were able to grow in a medium whose sole source of carbon was the sugar xylose, showing that the gene is functional. These genes will be used in expression assays for characterization of new enzymes

O milho (Zea mays subsp. mays) foi domesticado a cerca de 8000 anos, a partir do teosinto. A variação genética das populações domesticadas de milho pode ter sido reduzida pela deriva e pela seleção, promovida pelos primeiros agricultores. Diversos trabalhos indicam que o genoma do milho cultivado apresenta uma perda de variabilidade quando comparado ao seu ancestral silvestre. É nesta variabilidade, pertencente ao teosinto, que se podem identificar alelos de interesse agronômico para a cultura do milho, tais como os relacionados com tolerância a estresses bióticos e abióticos. Apesar da proximidade existente entre milho e teosinto, poucos trabalhos caracterizam este táxon. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a variabilidade genética de duas populações de teosinto (Zea mays subsp. mexicana), a partir de análises fenotípicas, bioquímicas e moleculares e avaliar a compatibilidade dos cruzamentos dirigidos entre milho e teosinto, a partir da viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e da obtenção de populações segregantes. Os genótipos foram analisados através de oito caracteres fenotípicos, 12 bandas isoenzimáticas e 25 locos microssatélites. Os dados morfológicos demonstraram elevada diversidade genética entre as populações de teosinto (0,84), concordando com a similaridade média obtida pelos dados de esterase (0,24). Entre os 25 locos microssatélites analisados, 88% apresentaram polimorfismo, com uma média de 2,5 alelos por loco e divergência genética reduzida entre as populações (0,14). A estrutura genética das populações foi considerada moderadamente alta, com um coeficiente de endogamia de 0,44. Também foi observado moderado grau de diferenciação genética (0,15) e reduzido fluxo gênico entre as populações de teosinto. Foi observada uma elevada freqüência de grãos de pólen viáveis (acima de 90%), sugerindo ausência de barreiras citológicas entre milho e teosinto. Os cruzamentos indicaram incompatibilidade entre as duas subespécies e presença de barreiras genéticas. Este trabalho representa uma contribuição para a caracterização da variabilidade genética em teosinto e indica o potencial deste germoplasma silvestre como recurso genético para o melhoramento de milho. / Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) was domesticated about 8000 years ago, from teosinte. Genetic variability of domesticated maize populations may have been reduced due to genetic drift and early farmer’s selection. There is scientific indication that the cultivated maize genome presents a loss of variability when compared with its wild ancestral. The variability present in teosinte germplasm, which was not selected during domestication, can be used to identify alleles for important agronomic traits for maize, such as related with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Although teosinte is closely related to maize, there are few works on characterization of this subspecies. The objectives of this study were to analyze the genetic variability of two populations of teosinte (Zea mays subsp. mexicana), through phenotypic, biochemic and molecular analysis, and to evaluate the compatibility of oriented crosses between maize and teosinte from segregant populations and of pollen grains viability. The genotypes were analyzed through eight phenotypic traits, 12 isozymes bands and 25 microsatellites loci. The phenotypic data indicated high genetic variability (0.84) between the teosinte populations, agreeing with the average similarity (0.24) of esterases data. Amongst 25 analyzed SSR loci, 88 % presented polymorphism, with an average of 2.5 alleles/locus, and reduced genetic distance between the populations (0.14). The genetic structure of the populations was considered to be moderately high, presenting a coefficient of endogamy of 0.44. Also was observed moderate genetic differentiation (0.15) and reduced gene flow between the populations. It was observed a high frequency of viable pollen grains (above of 90%), suggesting absence of cytological barriers between maize and teosinte. The crossings had indicated incompatibility between the two subspecies and presence of genetic barriers. This work represents a contribution for the characterization of the genetic variability in teosinte and indicates the potential of this wild germplasm as genetic resource for maize breeding.

Submitted by Helder Médice Junior (heldermedice@gmail.com) on 2018-11-18T21:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Helder_Medice_Junior.pdf: 941144 bytes, checksum: fb9029b9e9aad058c1a574ee587dd1eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-11-19T16:49:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medice_junior_h_me_jabo.pdf: 941144 bytes, checksum: fb9029b9e9aad058c1a574ee587dd1eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T16:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medice_junior_h_me_jabo.pdf: 941144 bytes, checksum: fb9029b9e9aad058c1a574ee587dd1eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21 / A quantificação do progresso genético é o ponto-chave para definir o sucesso de um programa de melhoramento. O conhecimento dos ganhos obtidos direcionará a estratégia do programa, orientando as tendências e decisões que o melhorista deve adotar para os próximos ciclos seletivos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, quantificar o progresso genético da produtividade de híbridos de milho, ao longo de uma década. Estes, por sua vez, foram avaliados nas segundas safras, entre 2004 e 2013, nas regiões Centro e Sul do Brasil, para a característica produtividade de grãos e umidade. O estudo do progresso foi dividido em duas regiões, sendo elas Centro e Sul. Um total de 245 ambientes, contendo 308 híbridos, com 115 testemunhas. Ao todo, 193 experimentais foram avaliados. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições, sendo as parcelas experimentais compostas por 4 linhas de 5 metros de comprimento, com espaçamento de 0,90 m entre linhas, para os anos de 2005 a 2011 e, após 2012, a parcela foi composta de 4 linhas de 4 m com 0,50 m entre linhas. O progresso genético para o melhor híbrido experimental na região Centro do Brasil foi de -0,39%, com média de produtividade de 6.616 kg ha-1. Para a região Sul, o progresso foi de -0,75%, com produtividade média de 6.808 kg ha-1. Pôde-se quantificar o progresso genético para a segunda safra de milho nas regiões Centro e Sul do Brasil. Mais estudos precisam ser realizados a fim de que se entendam os demais caracteres, além da produtividade. / Quantifying the genetic progress is the key point to define the success of a breeding program. The knowledge of the obtained gains will direct the program strategy, guiding the trends and decisions that the researcher must adopt for the next cycles of selection. The aim of this study was to quantify the genetic progress of corn hybrids over a decade. Corn hybrids were assessed in the second crops between 2004 and 2013 in the central and southern regions of Brazil for the traits grain yield and humidity. The study of progress was divided into two regions, i.e. Central and South, and had a total of 245 environments, containing 308 hybrids with 115 controls. In total, 193 experimental studies were assessed. The tests were conducted in a randomized block design with two replications and experimental plots composed of four rows of 5 m long and interrow spacing of 0.90 m for 2005 to 2011. After 2012, the experimental plot was composed of four rows of 4 m long and interrow spacing of 0.50 m. The genetic progress for the best experimental hybrid in the Central region of Brazil was −0.39%, with an average productivity of 6,616 kg ha−1. For the South region, progress was −0.75%, with an average productivity of 6,808 kg ha−1. The genetic progress for the second corn crop was quantified in the Central and South regions of Brazil. Further studies need to be carried out in order to understand other traits, besides productivity.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Florianópolis, 2011 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T02:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 289413.pdf: 2202557 bytes, checksum: ffef042079a9d09712252f459fd872e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho analisou o perfil metabólico primário (proteínas, amido e lipídeos ) e secundário (carotenóides, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos) de oito variedades crioulas de milho desenvolvidas por equenos agricultores do município de Anchieta (SC) e avaliou o efeito do ambiente sobre o teor daqueles metabólitos cultivando as mesmas variedades no campo experimental da UFSC (Florianópolis), assim como características fisico-químicas e funcionais das farinhas e amidos de variedades crioulas e hibridas de milho. Os resultados mostraram diferenças na composição química (proteínas e amido) detectadas por técnicas histoquimicas assim como pela quantificação do teor daqueles compostos nas amostras de variedades de milho (amido, proteínas e lipídeos). Maior ocorrência de polissacarídeos ácidos, amido, celulose e proteínas foi vista para as variedades desenvolvidas em Anchieta (Geração F0). A quantificação do teor de proteínas revelou F0 como sendo a geração de maior ocorrência daqueles compostos. As variedades crioulas MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 mostraram-se como fontes de apreciável teor de lipídeos. O tamanho dos grânulos dos amidos de variedades crioulas foi bastante heterogênea, na grande parte são circulares e apresentando fibras na matriz do amido. O poder de inchamento, índice de solubilidade, capacidade de retenção de água foram em geral baixos para as variedades crioulas de milho. Conteúdos superiores de amilose foram detectados para as variedades R8C-0, RJ-0 e Fortuna. A espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT-IR) aliada a quimiometria (PCAs) revelou a presença de proteínas, lipídeos, amido como sendo os compostos majoritários, no entanto, foi notório a presença de açúcares e compostos de metabolismo secundário (terpenóides). Baixas temperaturas de gelatinização foram observadas para as variedades MPA1 e RXE (F0) e valores elevados para LP e RJ (F0). Menores viscosidades das pastas de amidos form detectados para RJ, RXE, e PR (F0), no entanto, as variedades RJ e R8C apresentaram maior tendência a retrogradação. Em geral amidos de variedades da F1 apresentaram maior retrogradação. A análise do conteúdo de metabólitos secundários em sementes, folhas e flores femininas das variedades crioulas e hibridas revelou maiores teores de carotenóides para as variedades LP (folhas), RX (flores femininas) e RXE (sementes). A geração F1 apresentou maior teor médio de carotenóides comparativamente a F0 e variedades hibridas, revelando o efeito do ambiente na síntese daqueles compostos. O tratamento hidrotérmico aplicado na extração degradou os carotenóides. A CLAE, revelou serem as xantofilas (luteina e zeaxantina) os compostos majoritários em sementes de variedades crioulas, com destaque para as variedades RX, PR (F0), e PR, MG, RXE (F1). O teor de carotenóides foi superior na geração F1 assim como a sintese de a, e ß-carotenos, com destaque destes em PR, MG e RXE (F1). A variedade hibrida BR SC 154 revelou superioridade em carotenóides totais por CLAE comparativamente a todas outras estudadas. Teores elevados de antocianinas foram detectados em folhas, flores, e sementes das variedades PR, MG e LP-0 respectivamente, enquanto que, teores elevados de fenólicos totais foram observados em flores, folhas e grãos de RJ, RX e R8C-0 respectivamente. O estudo permitiu concluir que tanto amidos e farinhas das variedades F0, F1 e hibridas apresentaram algumas características desejáveis (alta viscosidade, baixa temperatura de empastamento, elevado teor de lipídios assim como teor médio de amilose) e podem ser usados para a obtenção de alguns produtos na indústria (Pães, pudins, sobremesas), fato que pode agregar mais valor, mais aplicabilidade e gerar novas perspectivas de uso destas variedades crioulas de milho e incentivo ao pequeno agricultor que vem desenvolvendo essas variedades ao longo de décadas. Variedades de milho crioulo exibiram quantidades apreciáveis de carotenóides, antocianinas e fenólicos existentes em diferentes partes da planta que vários outros relatos na literatura, e constituem ótimo material de exploração de compostos do metabolismo secundário para fins farmacêuticos, saúde e na indústria cosmética, fato que vai agregar mais valor e preservação deste germoplasma. / This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-22T15:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 233620.pdf: 2762661 bytes, checksum: d4482162cde4ce6105d55f06502935ea (MD5) / O crescimento da população indígena e a regularização de suas terras trazem demandas para o restabelecimento de práticas agrícolas tradicionais. O manejo tradicional do milho (Zea mays L.) em comunidades indígenas dos estados de Roraima e Santa Catarina apresenta um cenário de erosão genética e cultural. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho busca compreender a relação histórica e cultural existente entre os grupos indígenas e o cultivo do milho. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de etnobotânica para entender a dinâmica do milho nos agroecossistemas indígenas. Em registros arqueológicos na América do Sul, a difusão inicial do milho coincide com a expansão da agricultura de grupos Jê. Uma segunda onda difundiu a tecnologia que permitiu a intensificação do milho e a complexificação social, coincidindo com a expansão Aruak e Tupi-Guarani. O cultivo do milho em aldeias Wapixana (Aruak), Macuxi, Taurepang, Waimiri Atroari (Karib), Kaingang, Xokleng (Jê) e Guarani (Tupi-Guarani) apresenta diferentes estágios do declínio da importância do milho. A perda de população e redes de troca de sementes, acréscimo de novas culturas como a banana, e o abandono de práticas religiosas tradicionais contribuem para esse declínio. Os Guarani mantem métodos tradicionais de manejo do milho, associados às práticas religiosas e cosmologia do grupo. A base genética deste manejo, deduzida de práticas observadas em Santa Catarina e registradas na literatura, consiste no manejo de populações de milho com cores diferentes no pericarpo e aleurona das sementes. Essas cores permitem visualizar as atividades de transposons- usinas moleculares de mutações- que geram diversidade alélica. Permitem ainda segregar e gerenciar a taxa de mutação em diferentes populações. A "religião do milho" dos Guarani pode ter sido a base tecnológica da intensificação do milho observado nos registros arqueológicos. The growth of indigenous population and the regularization of their lands bring demands for the reestablishment of traditional agriculture practices. The traditional management of maize (Zea mays L) by indigenous societies in Roraima and Santa Catarina states presents a scenario of cultural and genetic erosion . This work tries to understand the historical and cultural relationship between indigenous societies and the maize farm. I use ethnobotany methods to understand maize dynamics in indigenous agroecosystems. In archeological records in South America, the initial diffusion of maize coincides with Jê agriculture expansion. A second wave a technological change that permitted maize intensification and the social complexification, coinciding with the Aruak and Tupi-Guarani expansion. Maize farming in Wapixana (Aruak), Macuxi, Taurepang, Waimiri Atroari (Karib), Kaingang, Xokleng (Jê) e Guarani (Tupi-Guarani) villages represents different stages of decline in the importance of maize. The loss of population and seed exchange networks, inclusion of new crops like banana, and the erosion of traditional religious practices contribute to this decline. The Guarani people maintain traditional methods of maize management, associated with their religious practices and cosmology. The genetic basis of this management, deduced from practices observed in Santa Catarina and recorded in the literature, consists in the management of maize populations with different colors in the pericarp and aleurone of maize kernels. This colors permit visualization of transposons (molecular generators of mutations that create allelics diversity). This management permits the segregation of populations and management of mutation rate in different populations. The #maize religion# of the Guarani may be the technological basis of maize intensification observed in the archeological register.

Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T00:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 248347.pdf: 4746322 bytes, checksum: 3a0e7a7e223770d8cd93b91e7b2c61d9 (MD5)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos e Vegetais. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T20:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 262737.pdf: 1706935 bytes, checksum: 54f9fff0c585dcd97d8a4fb9f1e67209 (MD5) / A queima de turcicum do milho (Zea mays L.), causada por Exserohilum turcicum, é uma das principais doenças desta cultura. Em vista dos danos causados, buscam-se estratégias que minimizem as perdas nos campos de cultivo. Uma das formas mais eficientes de controle dessa doença é a utilização de variedades com resistência genética. Pelo fato das variedades locais apresentarem variabilidade genética, são consideradas fontes potenciais de genes capazes de isentar ou minimizar os impactos dessa doença nas lavouras de milho. A utilização de variedades locais com maiores níveis de resistência à queima de turcicum permite ao agricultor de pequenas propriedades maior autonomia sobre sua produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de nove variedades locais de milho frente a diferentes isolados de Exserohilum turcicum quanto aos componentes que determinam a resistência quantitativa e qualitativa à queima de turcicum. Os experimentos foram realizados na Fazenda da Ressacada da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, em Florianópolis/SC. Foram testadas nove variedades locais procedentes do município de Anchieta/SC - Mato-Grosso (39), Palha-Roxa (18), Roxo (30), Roxo (29), Composto São Luiz (13), MPA1 (26), Língua de Papagaio (19), Mato Grosso # Palha Roxa (37) e Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) - frente a 3 isolados de Exserohilum turcicum coletados nos municípios de Anchieta, Florianópolis e Xaxim # SC. Foram realizadas avaliações para período de incubação, severidade e incidência, em um experimento conduzido no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, tendo os isolados como parcelas e as variedades como subparcelas. O período de incubação correspondeu ao número de dias transcorridos entre a inoculação e o surgimento dos sintomas. A severidade foi medida em quatro etapas fenológicas distintas (15, 25, 35 e 45 dias após a inoculação), considerando a percentagem de área do tecido lesionado em folhas individuais e na planta inteira, a partir de uma amostra de 5 plantas de cada subparcela. Com base nos dados de severidade obtidos nas quatro avaliações, foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) para as avaliações feitas em folhas e em plantas inteiras. A incidência de doença foi quantificada aos 15 e 25 dias após a inoculação. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas entre variedades, em todas as variáveis analisadas. O menor período de incubação foi verificado na variedade Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) (média de 10,6 dias), enquanto que a variedades Palha-Roxa (18) apresentou o maior período de incubação (média de 12,86 dias), sendo que as variedades Mato-Grosso (39), Roxo (30), Roxo (29), Composto São Luiz (13), MPA1 (26), Língua de Papagaio (19) e Mato Grosso # Palha Roxa (37) apresentaram valores intermediários a estes e não diferiram entre si estatisticamente. As avaliações de severidade para a folha individual e para a planta inteira foram bastante semelhantes. A menor AACPD calculada com base na severidade medida em folha e planta inteira foi observada na variedade MPA1 (26), enquanto que a variedade Roxo (29) apresentou a maior severidade. As variedades Mato-Grosso (39), Palha-Roxa (18), Roxo (30), Composto São Luiz (13), Língua de Papagaio (19), Mato Grosso # Palha Roxa (37) e Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) apresentaram valores intermediários de severidade, não diferindo entre si estatisticamente. Estes resultados são semelhantes aos observados para a incidência. Os menores valores de incidência, nas avaliações realizadas aos 15 e 25 dias após a inoculação, foram observados nas variedades Mato-Grosso (39) (23,61%) e MPA1 (26) (71,53%), respectivamente. A variedade Roxo (29) apresentou a maior incidência aos 15 e 25 dias, com 48,61% e 90,97% de plantas doentes, respectivamente. De maneira geral, a variedade MPA1 (26) apresentou maior resistência à queima de turcicum, enquanto que a variedade Roxo (29) apresentou maior suscetibilidade. O conhecimento da diversidade, complexidade e evolução da população de Exserohilum turcicum, através do monitoramento das raças predominantes nas regiões produtoras de Santa Catarina é indispensável para a recomendação de cultivares que possam reduzir os prejuízos causados por Exserohilum turcicum. The Northern leaf blight of the corn (Zea mays L.), caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is one of the main diseases of this crop. In view of the damage, is seeking strategies to minimize losses in fields of crops. One of the most efficient ways of controlling this disease is the use of varieties with genetic resistance. Because of the local varieties have genetic variability, are considered potential sources of genes able to exempt or minimize the impact of the disease in crops of maize. The use of local varieties with higher levels of resistance to Northern leaf blight allows burning of the properties of small farmers more autonomy over their production. The objective was to evaluate the reaction of nine local varieties of maize to different isolates front to exserohilum turcicum on the components that determine the qualitative and quantitative resistance to Northern leaf blight. The experiments were taken at the Fazenda da Ressacada at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina in Florianópolis. Nine local varieties from Anchieta # Santa Catarina, were tested: Mato-Grosso (39), Palha-Roxa (18), Roxo (30), Roxo (29), Composto São Luiz (13), MPA1 (26), Língua de Papagaio (19), Mato Grosso # Palha Roxa (37) and Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) - confronting three isolates of Exserohilum turcicum from Anchieta, Florianópolis and Xaxim, in the state of Santa Catarina. There were performed assessments for the incubation period, severity and incidence in an experiment with four repetitions conducted in split plot in a randomized block design having the varieties as subplots and the different isolates as plots. The incubation period corresponded to the number of days passed between the inoculation and the appearance of symptoms. The Severity was measured in four distinct fenologic stages (15, 25, 35 e 45 days after inoculation), considering the percentage of the area of injured tissue in individual leaves and whole plant, from a sample of five plants of each subplot. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated based on data obtained in four of severity ratings for the assessments made in leaves and whole plants. The incidence of the disease was quantified 15 and 25 days after the inoculation. The results showed significant differences between varieties in all variables. The shorter period of incubation was observed in variety Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) (average of 10,6 days), while the varieties Palha Roxa (18) showed the longest period of incubation (average of 12,86 days), and the varieties, Mato Grosso (39), Roxo (30), Roxo (29), Composto São Luiz (13), MPA1 (26), Língua de Papagaio (19) and Mato Grosso - Palha-Roxa (37) had intermediate values for these and did not differ tatistically. The ratings of severity for individual leaves and the whole plant were very similar. The lowest AUDPC based on the severity measured in leaf and whole plant was observed in variety MPA1 (26), while the variety Roxo (29) showed the highest severity. The varieties, Mato Grosso (39), Palha-Roxa (18), Roxo (30), Composto São Luiz (13), Língua de Papagaio (19), Mato Grosso # Palha Roxa (37) and Rajado 8 Carreiras (31) had intermediate values of severity, not differing statistically. These results are similar to those observed for incidence.The lowest values of incidence in the evaluations performed at 15 and 25 days after inoculation were found in the varieties Mato-Grosso (39) (23,61%) and MPA1 (26) (71,53%), respectively. The variety Roxo (29) had the highest incidence at 15 and 25 days, with 48,61% and 90,97% of diseased plants, respectively. In a generalized manner, the variety MPA1 (26) showed higher resistance to Northern leaf blight, while the variety Roxo (29) showed greater susceptibility. The knowledge of the diversity, complexity and evolution of the population of Exserohilum turcicum, by monitoring the predominant races in the producing regions of Santa Catarina is essential to the recommendation of cultivars that can reduce the damage caused by Exserohilum turcicum.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T02:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 250547.pdf: 8816499 bytes, checksum: 79e8524589025ea81dfd97c0f61f5a70 (MD5) / O milho foi domesticado há pelo menos 6.000 anos no altiplano mexicano. A partir desta região foi dispersado para todo o continente americano. Inicialmente, esta espécie tinha pequena importância econômica. Ao longo de milênios as populações de milho foram melhoradas e passaram a ser alimento importante para diversos grupos indígenas americanos. Neste contexto, Santa Catarina apresenta uma história de 2.000 anos de cultivo de milho. Introduzido por grupos Jê, esta espécie passou a ter maior importância com a chegada dos Guarani amazônicos. Este grupo numeroso se instalou no oeste e nos vales e planícies costeiras da região leste do estado. O vale do Capivari é um destes vales. Neste local, populações de milho de polinização aberta continuam sendo cultivadas por famílias de agricultores teuto-brasileiros de forma tradicional. Esta pesquisa buscou encontrar evidências de continuidade das práticas de manejo e seleção de sementes de milho de indígenas Guarani nos agricultores familiares do vale do Capivari no registro histórico e a campo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas metodologias de pesquisa histórica para interpretar o processo de transmissão de conhecimentos sobre o milho entre indígenas e agricultores europeus, na perspectiva da longa duração. Por outro lado, foram utilizadas metodologias etnobotânicas de pesquisa de campo para identificar agricultores que manejam populações de milho de polinização aberta, localizar informantes-chave nas comunidades pesquisadas e registrar as práticas de manejo e seleção de sementes usadas no vale do Capivari. As práticas atuais indicam a herança de um sistema simplificado com apenas um tipo de milho (amarelinho) com manejo de cores semelhante ao sistema avati moroti dos Guarani. Duas práticas empregadas na manutenção das populações de milho de polinização aberta se destacaram: a presença de especialistas e redes de trocas de sementes. Tanto os agricultores do vale do Capivari quanto os Guarani reconhecem especialistas em manejo das populações cultivadas. Estas pessoas dedicam mais tempo e atenção que os demais agricultores do grupo na seleção de sementes. Enquanto os Guarani atribuem importância religiosa aos manejadores de milho, a comunidade do vale do Capivari reconhece monetariamente a importância de especialistas como a informante-chave desta pesquisa. Tanto indígenas como agricultores utilizam redes de trocas para contornar os efeitos de seleção rigorosa de espigas por tipo. Estas redes formam metapopulações o que pode reduzir a erosão genética do tipo de milho local. A alta produtividade do milho comercial depende de populações de polinização aberta que estão nas mãos de indígenas, agricultores familiares e pesquisadores. O registro da continuidade das práticas de manejo e seleção de sementes de milho no vale do Capivari aponta informações de grande importância para o melhoramento de plantas.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T13:50:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 olinta_leone_cota.pdf: 459380 bytes, checksum: 9aaec33373245a4c60876b253a00f3dd (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T13:50:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 olinta_leone_cota.pdf: 459380 bytes, checksum: 9aaec33373245a4c60876b253a00f3dd (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-05T13:51:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 olinta_leone_cota.pdf: 459380 bytes, checksum: 9aaec33373245a4c60876b253a00f3dd (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-05T13:51:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 olinta_leone_cota.pdf: 459380 bytes, checksum: 9aaec33373245a4c60876b253a00f3dd (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de S?o Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta e mensurar a emiss?o de metano de bovinos Nelore submetidos a diferentes planos nutricionais. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia - Sert?ozinho?SP. Para tal, no ano de 2012, em sistema de confinamento, 47 bovinos da ra?a Nelore foram utilizados e receberam dieta ? base de silagem de milho durante 35 dias, no per?odo de novembro e dezembro do mesmo ano. Ap?s o confinamento, esses mesmos animais foram alocados em piquetes de Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu, no per?odo das ?guas, nos meses de dezembro, janeiro, e fevereiro, por per?odo experimental de 44 dias, e submetidos ?s mesmas avalia??es. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo o plano nutricional de cada per?odo avaliado constituiu um tratamento e cada animal uma repeti??o. Para determina??o da excre??o fecal e a partir dela obter-se o consumo de mat?ria seca do pasto, foi fornecido aos animais o indicador ?xido cr?mico e o indicador di?xido de tit?nio para a estimativa do consumo individual de suplemento. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas por 3 dias consecutivos, em hor?rios predeterminados e amostras dos ingredientes e do pasto foram coletadas e amostradas durante o per?odo experimental e todas conservadas congeladas para posteriores an?lises bromatol?gicas. Para obten??o das estimativas dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da mat?ria seca (DMS) e dos nutrientes (DN), utilizaram-se as f?rmulas: DMS = [(Consumo de MS ? Excre??o fecal)/Consumo de MS] x100; DN= [(Consumo de nutriente ? Excre??o do nutriente nas fezes)/Consumo de nutriente] x100 para o plano nutricional confinamento e DMS= 100 ? (100 x % FDNi no alimento)/( %FDNi nas fezes); DN= 100 ? (100 x % FDNi no alimento x % nutriente nas fezes)/( %FDNi nas fezes x %nutriente no alimento) para o plano nutricional pastejo no per?odo das ?guas. Para quantifica??o do metano, utilizou-se a t?cnica do g?s tra?ador SF6. As an?lises estat?sticas foram feitas utilizando o procedimento GLM do SAS e no modelo de an?lise foram inclu?dos os efeitos fixos de sexo e dieta e o efeito linear da covari?vel peso. As m?dias foram ajustadas pelo m?todo dos quadrados m?nimos e foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey em n?vel de 5% de probabilidade. Os consumos de mat?ria seca total e de mat?ria org?nica diferiram entre os tratamentos, sendo maior para a dieta no confinamento (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da mat?ria seca foi maior no confinamento enquanto que a digestibilidade da mat?ria org?nica foi menor nesse tratamento (P<0,05). A emiss?o CH4/dia (104,01g) pelos animais quando no plano nutricional confinamento (P<0,05) foi maior, por?m, a perda de energia consumida para produ??o de metano (CH4/CEB) foi menor em rela??o ao plano nutricional per?odo das ?guas. No confinamento, obteve-se menor emiss?o de metano por consumo de mat?ria seca que os demais tratamentos (P<0,05). A melhor qualidade da dieta no confinamento proporcionou melhores resultados em rela??o ? emiss?o de metano, demonstrando que o manejo alimentar pode ser uma importante estrat?gia para a mitiga??o de tal g?s produzido por ruminantes, gerando sistemas mais produtivos e sustent?veis. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013. / ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the consumption digestibility of nutrients and measure methane emissions from Nellore under different nutritional plans . The experiment was conducted at the Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia - Sert?ozinho - SP. For such experiment, in 2012 , in feedlot , 47 Nelore bulls were used and were fed a diet based on corn silage during 35 days between November and December of the same year. After confinement, these same animals were placed in paddocks Urochloa brizantha Marandu in rainy period, in the months of December, January, and February for trial period of 44 days and submitted the same evaluations. To estimate fecal output and from it obtain the dry matter intake of pasture was fed to animals marker chromic oxide and titanium dioxide indicator for estimate individual consumption supply .Fecal samples were collected for 3 consecutive days , at predetermined times and samples of ingredients and pastures were collected and sampled during the experimental period and all stored frozen for subsequent chemical analysis . To obtain estimates of the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD ) and nutrients ( DN ) , we used the formulas : DMS = [ ( consumption MS - fecal excretion ) / consumption MS ] x100 ; DN = [ ( nutrient intake - nutrient excretion in feces ) / nutrient consumption ] x100para nutritional plan containment and DMS = 100 - ( 100 x NDFi % in food) / ( % NDFi faeces ), DN = 100 - ( 100 x % NDFi in food x % nutrient in feces ) / ( % NDFi faeces x % nutrient in food) for nutritional plan grazing during the rainy season . For methane qualification, we used the technique of trace gas SF6.As statistical analyzes were performed using the GLM procedure of SAS in the analysis model and the fixed effects of sex and diet and the linear effect of the covariate weight were included . Means were adjusted by the least squares method and were analyzed by Tukey test at 5% of probability .The intakes of dry matter and organic matter differed between treatments , being higher for the diet in confinement (P<0,05) . The digestibility of dry matter was higher in confinement while the organic matter digestibility was lower in this treatment (P<0,05). The issue CH4/day (104,01 g ) by the animals when the nutritional plane confinement (P<0,05) was higher , however, the loss of energy consumed to produce methane (CH4/CEB) was lower compared to the nutrition plan rainy season. In confinement, gave lower emissions of methane per dry matter intake than the other treatments (P<0.05). The best quality of the diet in confinement provided better results in relation to methane emission, show ing that feeding management can be an important strategy to mitigate this gas produced by ruminants , generating more sustainable and productive systems .

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2008. / Submitted by Fernanda Weschenfelder (nandaweschenfelder@gmail.com) on 2009-09-10T18:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_FelipePorphirioOrioli.pdf: 294883 bytes, checksum: f9b1e62b00fbadf7c99daa9c4639c64f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Maia(luanna@bce.unb.br) on 2010-01-07T12:43:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_FelipePorphirioOrioli.pdf: 294883 bytes, checksum: f9b1e62b00fbadf7c99daa9c4639c64f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-01-07T12:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_FelipePorphirioOrioli.pdf: 294883 bytes, checksum: f9b1e62b00fbadf7c99daa9c4639c64f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-26 / No sistema de Integração Lavoura Pecuária, o nitrogênio é o nutriente que mais limita o desenvolvimento, produtividade e biomassa da maioria das culturas. Sendo assim, é necessário desenvolver estratégias de manejo que contribuam para aumentar a eficiência de aproveitamento do nitrogênio. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar, em condições de campo, as produtividades do milho cultivado sob pastagem de capim Braquiária com aplicação em pré-semeadura de níveis de nitrogênio. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, utilizando a pastagem do capim Braquiária como cultura antecessora. Foram realizados a adubação corretiva de 1448 Kg ha-¹de Calcário dolomítico, 120 Kg ha-¹ de P2O5, 100 Kg ha-¹ de K2O. O nitrogênio, na forma de uréia, foi aplicado em sulcos feitos na pastagem com 5 níveis de nitrogênio em pré-semeadura do milho: 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 Kg ha-1 de N. Após a aplicação dos níveis de N no capim foi feita a dessecação da parte aérea com herbicida de contato na dose de 3 litros por hectare. Na semeadura do milho acrescentou-se mais 30 Kg ha-1 de N perfazendo os níveis: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 Kg de N ha-1 e a adubação de 120 Kg ha-¹ de P2O5, 100 Kg ha-¹ de K2O e 50 Kg ha-¹ de sulfato de zinco recomendada para o plantio da cultura do milho nos Cerrados. Os atributos analisados foram: massa seca do grão de milho a 13% de umidade; a massa seca da parte aérea do milho aos 90 dias após a semeadura; o teor de nitrogênio na folha do milho, o teor de nitrogênio no grão, o teor de clorofila nas folhas no momento da inflorescência com o auxilio do equipamento SPAD e a massa seca da parte aérea do capim Braquiária aos 45 dias após a aplicação das doses de N em pré-semeadura do milho. Os resultados obtidos tanto do milho como do capim Braquiária foram submetidos a analise de variância, aplicados o teste de significância e curvas de respostas. Na dose de 150 Kg ha-1de N aplicado antecipadamente proporcionou uma produção de 8 ton de massa de grãos a 13% de umidade, 10 t de massa seca da parte aérea, uma concentração de 3,2% de N nas folhas do milho e 0,8% de N no grão do milho. No capim Braquiária observou-se uma produção de 34 ton ha-1 na dose de 120 Kg ha-1de N. Os atributos avaliados mostraram que todos os resultados tiveram respostas lineares e significativas ao aumento das doses de N e observou-se, pelo teor de N nas folhas e na leitura do SPAD, que as planta de milho apresentaram estados normais de nutrição com a adubação antecipada. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Regarding the Crop Livestock integration system, nitrogen is the nutrient that most limits the development, productivity and biomass of most crops. Therefore, the development of management strategies which contribute to a higher efficiency of nitrogen are necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate, under field conditions, within the Crop Livestock integration system, the corn productivity grown under pasture with application in pre-sowing with different levels of nitrogen.The work was developed at the University of Brasilia`s Farm, in a typical Dark Yellow Latosol, using the pasture of Braquiária grass as predecessor culture.A corrective fertilization was made using 1448 kg ha-¹ Limestone, 120 Kg ha-¹ P2O5, 100 kg ha-¹ of K2O and nitrogen was applied in the form of urea in grooves made in the pasture with 5 levels of nitrogen corn`s in pre-sowing: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 of N. After the application of the different levels of N, the drying of the aerial part was made with contact herbicide in the dose of 3 litres per hectare. In the corn sowing were added other 30 kg ha-1 of N, comprising the levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N ha-1 and fertilization of 120 Kg ha-¹ P2O5, 100 kg ha-¹ K2O, and 50 kg ha-¹ zinc sulfate, as recommended for the Cerrado. The attributes analyzed were: net weight of the corn grain under moisture of 13%, the net weight of the aerial part of the corn 90 days after sowing, the amount of nitrogen in the corn leaves, the amount of nitrogen in the grain, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves at the time of inflorescence, measured with the SPAD equipment and net weight of the aerial part of Braquiaria grass 45 days after the application of the N in corn pre-sowing. The results of both the corn and the Braquiaria grass went through analysis of variance, test of significance and curves of answers. The dose of 150 kg ha-1 N applied beforehand provided a production of 8 tons net weight of grains at 13% moisture, 10 tons of net weight of aerial part, a concentration of 3.2% of N in the leaves of corn and 0.8% of N in corn grain. In braquiaria grass there was a production of 34 kg ha-1 at the dose of 120 kg ha-1 of N. The attributes evaluated showed that all results had significant and linear responses to the increase of N rates, and it was observed, by the content of N in the leaves and readings from SPAD, that the corn presented normal state of nutrition with the early fertilization.