Both Bangladesh and the Netherlands are the most flood prone countries in two continents Asia and Europe. Bangladesh is known to be highly vulnerable to floods. Frequent floods have put enormous constraints on its development potential. Unfortunately, the frequency of high intensity floods is increasing every year. So far the country has struggled to put a sizeable infrastructure in place to prevent flooding in many parts of the country with limited success. Where, the Netherlands has developed a massive success in their flood management. The paper will represents the present flood management situation of the two countries Bangladesh and the Netherlands and by making comparison of flood management between these two countries, give some recommendation for further flood management. Historically Bangladesh has developed the flood management laws but lack of implementation and continuous inconsistencies of these laws make Bangladesh backward in their flood management, in compare to the Netherlands. Bangladesh has been practicing the construction of earthen flood control embankments is an established practice for protecting people’s lives and homes, agriculture and infrastructures since the beginning of flood management. Where, the Netherlands has developed spatial construction to control flood and different strategies have been implementing to minimize the flood hazards according to their needs. On the basis of overall present situation in Bangladesh, the paper also tried to suggests some solutions to minimize the extent of flood hazards in the long run.

Road transport is most commonly used out of other modes in terms of freight and passenger transportation on local and regional levels. For European citizens it is a primary mean of their access to services, social activities and employment. The scope of road infrastructure differs in some regions. The major disparity appears when the East of Europe is compared with the West. Actions to link periphery with the core of Europe are being continuously performed, what in this case represents itself in constructing Pan-European Transport Corridors, which will contribute to the connection of the whole territory of Europe. The Via Baltica, chosen as a case for this thesis, is a route to connect Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Budzisko and Warsaw. It is the common initiative of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In addition, it is to be an express road and part of the I Pan-European Transport Corridor, which is going to connect Baltic countries with the West and South part of Europe. We focus on presenting how the Via Baltica is introduced in official documents and compare it with the process in practice. Our final goal is to assess the planning process of the Via Baltica route in Poland according to top down planning approaches and sustainability criteria. We are trying to find out what are the advantages and disadvantages of the ongoing process. After introducing results of the analysis made for the Via Baltica by Polish experts, we present how stakeholders and local authorities try to reinforce the process, regardless of environmental issues, to achieve economic and social profits. As the result we try find out how are the dimensions of sustainable development handled in the Via Baltica case in Poland. The conclusions are based on our findings concerning several conflicts which appeared during the planning process. They are also based on one-dimension as well as multi-criteria analyses. / angelikakowalczyk@o2.pl monika.m.kustra@gmail.com

The Thesis examines the implementation of the ESDP in the planning systems of North West Europe (Denmark, North Germany, Netherlands). For that it shows the influence of the ESDP on programmes and policies in the respective planning system, and also provides ideas to improve the interaction.

“Re:Regional” is a diploma work by Sanna Alm and Ylva Hedin, for the Master’s Programme in Spatial Planning presented at the Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden. “Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition” was the starting point of this study. The competition was launched the 15th of December 2006 and the closing date was the 31st of May. During the spring term of 2007 we focused on developing and completing our entry. The competition organizers asked for visionary solutions and fresh new-thinking. This gave us, as participants, a great freedom of action and possibilities to form visionary plans for the future. The main assignment was to illustrate a land use plan for the Helsinki region. The regional planning perspective permeates every part of this study. When the entry had been sent to the jury we wanted to gain higher knowledge about different planning models regarding city planning in regional contexts. Our diploma work is therefore divided into two main chapters. The first chapter has a practical orientation and the second chapter is more theoretical: Part 1. Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition: Apart from a presentation of our competition entry, the first part of this study contains information about the competition, the main assignment, required documents e.t.c. Our proposal “Re:Regional”, that is the regional plan and the detailed studies, is presented after a review of our process of thought. We don’t want to see Greater Helsinki develop into a grown-together grey mass with a centralized and standardized monocentric structure. In our proposal the three cities Nummela, Hyvinkää and Mäntsälä are being developed and strengthened. Less pressure is therefore put on the Helsinki metropolitan area regarding the fast building development that is needed. We suggest that today’s big city district develops inwards with different projects and solutions regarding cheaper dwellings, larger living spaces, new living forms and new forms of urban greenery. “Re:Regional” shows Greater Helsinki as a region with a multicentric structure, where old typologies and dichotomies have faded and where centralizing and decentralizing forces are not seen as opposites. We claim that differentiation can create integration, therefore the region is divided into areas with different characteristics and different levels of urbanity. These are the four so called “Regional Blocks”: - Helsinki Metropolitan Area - The mid-dense centres Nummela, Hyvinkää och Mäntsälä - ”Polycentric Space”, an area within the roads that link Helsinki and the mid-dense centres together - Block number four consists of sparse polycentricity, mainly woodland and agricultural landscape The comprehensive idea to form an integrated regional structure, with well-connected cities and smaller communities, can be described as an important task in many regions today – the fast population growth demands flexible and multicentric solutions. Our working method “Regional Blocks” can be developed and applied in other regions where the aim is to create widened but yet coherent structures. Part 2. Study objects/Comparison/Discussion: In the theoretical part of this study we introduce six study objects that we have chosen together and then divided between us. During the selection of objects we first and foremost didn’t look at the physical structures, instead we focused on the underlying aspects – how the cities in the regions have developed due to different trends in society. Our study objects and the literature we have analysed: A CITY CONCEPT - Social City - Sanna Alm – The book “Sociable Cities The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard” from 1998, by Peter Hall and Colin Ward. AN UTOPIAN REFORM - Urban Field - Ylva Hedin – The article ”Urban Field” from ”Journal of the American Institute of Planners” vol. 31: 4 from 1965, by John Friedmann och Johan Miller. A PLAN OF ACTION - The big city region Portland - Ylva Hedin – The homepage: www.metro-region.org (available: 2007-10-10). A DEVELOPMENT PLAN - The Stockholm Region - Sanna Alm – ”Regional utvecklingsplan 2001 för Stockholmsregionen”, by The Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation. A STRATEGY FOR URBAN RENEWAL - Urbana England - Sanna Alm – The report ”Towards an Urban Renaissance” from 1999, by The Urban Task Force. A MODEL FOR SOCIETY FORMATION - Linear Grid - Ylva Hedin – A vision for the Helsinki Regions urban structure from 1993, by Arken Arkitekter. First our study objects are introduced and analysed one by one, then follows a text where the objects are compared with each other and with our regional plan “Re:Regional” on the basis of seven factors: Central idea, Density, Green space, Transport network, Social structures, Planning perspective and The future. The conclusions are drawn in the chapter ”Jämförelse och diskussion” (Comparison and discussion). The study objects are also analysed in relation to different trends in society. Through an evaluation of the study objects and our own regional plan interesting points of comparison are being illustrated under the headlines “Att bygga inåt” (To build inwards), “Tydligare flerkärnighet” (Clearer polycentricity) and “Planeringsperspektiv och fysiska strukturer” (Planning perspectives and physical structures). In the last chapter we discuss ecological and social sustainability in a regional context – these two dimensions of sustainable development was focused on during the work with “Re:Regional” and are also discussed in the text where the objects are compared with each other. / Utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete, som vi valt att kalla ”Re:Regional”, har varit arkitekttävlingen ”Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition”. Tävlingen utannonserades den 15 december 2006 och sista dag för inlämning av bidrag var den 31 maj. Under vårterminen 2007 fokuserade vi alltså enbart på att arbeta fram ett tävlingsbidrag. I en arkitekttävling är de huvudsakliga ramarna för projektet redan formulerade i ett tävlingsprogram. Samtidigt efterfrågas i denna tävling nytänkande och idérikedom, vilket gav oss som deltagare stor frihet och stora möjligheter att forma och arbeta fram visionära planförslag och konceptuella idéer. Den huvudsakliga uppgiften var att illustrera en regionplan, en framtidsvision för Helsingforsregionen. Det regionala planeringsperspektivet i tävlingsuppdraget genomsyrar innehållet i hela examensarbetet. Efter att bidraget lämnats in ville vi få djupare kunskap om olika planeringsmodeller för stadsutveckling i regionala sammanhang. Vårt examensarbete har därmed delats in i två huvudkapitel: Del 1. Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – International Ideas Competition: Förutom en presentation av vårt tävlingsbidrag, ges i den första delen av detta arbete information om själva tävlingen och vad uppgiften omfattade. Vi presenterar även vår tankeprocess inför utformningen av regionplanen, samt inför de detaljerade studierna. Denna del av arbetet består av material på både engelska och svenska. Då tävlingsspråket var engelska, har de delar som ingick i vårt bidrag ej översatts. ”Re:Regional” är vår vision för hur storstadsregionen Helsingfors skulle kunna utvecklas fram till år 2050. Visionen har bland annat varit att skapa en regional struktur där skillnaderna mellan centrum och periferi kan suddas ut. Vi har inte velat skapa en megastad, eller en struktur inom vilken all fokus riktas mot en central stadskärna. Då Helsingfors är en relativt glest bebyggd storstad anser vi att det finns stora möjligheter att komplettera och förtäta redan bebyggda områden. Vi föreslår därför en utbyggnadsgräns runt storstaden. Samtidigt vill vi öka mångfalden och valmöjligheterna inom regionen genom att skapa fyra s.k. ”Regional Blocks” (regionala typer/delområden) med olika grader av urbanitet: - storstaden Helsingfors - städerna Nummela, Hyvinkää och Mäntsälä - “Polycentric Space”, det område som ringas in av de fyra städerna och som ska innehålla mindre samhällen - ett större område med skogs- och jordbruksmark med en gles småkärnig struktur Den övergripande och huvudsakliga idén om att forma integrerade, bättre sammanhållna stads- och samhällsstrukturer inom Helsingforsregionen, känns minst sagt aktuell. Den snabba befolkningstillväxt som sker i många regioner idag kräver flexibla, flerkärniga lösningar. Om fokus endast är inställt på att förtäta och bygga ut en regions storstadsområde, finns det risk för att resten av regionen utvecklas till en stor, gles periferi, inom vilken befolkningen hela tiden måste förhålla sig till ett storstadsområde. Vår arbetsmetod ”Regional Blocks” skulle även kunna användas i andra regioner där det finns en målsättning att skapa vidgade men ändå sammanhållna strukturer. Del 2. Studieobjekt/Jämförelse/Diskussion: I den mer teoretiska delen av examensarbetet presenteras sex studieobjekt vi valt ut tillsammans och sedan fördelat mellan oss. Vid valet av studieobjekten utgick vi i första hand inte från objektens fysiska former, det vill säga hur de i olika sammanhang etiketteras (som till exempel centralorts- eller nätverksregioner). Istället har vi utgått ifrån de bakomliggande aspekterna, hur städerna i regionerna utvecklats med bakgrund i olika samhällstrender. Våra studieobjekt och den litteratur vi utgått ifrån: ETT STADSKONCEPT - Social City - Sanna Alm – Boken “Sociable Cities The Legacy of Ebenezer Howard” från 1998, av Peter Hall och Colin Ward. EN UTOPISK REFORM - Urban Field - Ylva Hedin - Artikeln ”Urban Field” från tidskriften ”Journal of the American Institute of Planners” vol. 31: 4 från 1965, skriven av John Friedmann och Johan Miller. EN HANDLINGSPLAN - Storstadsregionen Portland - Ylva Hedin - Det regionala planeringsorganet Metros hemsida: www.metro-region.org (tillgänglig: 2007-10-10) där handlingsprogrammet ”2040 Growth Concept” finns tillgängligt. EN UTVECKLINGSPLAN - Stockholmsregionen - Sanna Alm - ”Regional utvecklingsplan 2001 för Stockholmsregionen” (planen vann laga kraft i november 2002), framtagen av Regionplane- och trafikkontoret. EN STRATEGI FÖR URBAN FÖRNYELSE - Urbana England - Sanna Alm - Rapporten ”Towards an Urban Renaissance” från 1999 skriven av The Urban Task Force. EN MODELL FÖR SAMHÄLLSBILDNING - Linear Grid - Ylva Hedin - En vision för Helsingforsregionens stads- och samhällsstrukturer framtagen av Arken Arkitekter 1993. Studieobjekten presenteras och analyseras först var och en för sig, sedan följer jämförelser mellan dem, inklusive vår regionplan utifrån sju olika faktorer: Bärande idé, Täthet/Gleshet, Grönska, Transportnät, Sociala strukturer, Planeringsperspektiv och Framtiden. I kapitlet ”Jämförelse och diskussion” dras slutsatser av analyserna utifrån de sju faktorerna, studieobjekten analyseras även i förhållande till övergripande samhällstrender. Med hjälp av studieobjekten görs även en utvärdering av vår regionplan där särskilt intressanta jämförelsepunkter belyses utifrån underrubrikerna ”Att bygga inåt”, ”Tydligare flerkärnighet” samt ”Planeringsperspektiv och fysiska strukturer”. I det avslutande kapitlet för vi var sin diskussion om ekologisk respektive social hållbarhet – två hållbarhetsdimensioner vi fokuserade på i tävlingsbidraget, och som även belyses i jämförelserna mellan studieobjekten. / Alla illustrationer i detta examensarbete (om inget annat uppges) är skapade av Sanna Alm och Ylva Hedin. saal02@student.bth.se, ylhe02@student.bth.se

Sprawl seems an inevitable phenomenon because of the rapid expansion in urban area. It has some negative consequences, such as long transport distance to work, high car dependence and inadequate facilities. Recently, it pointed as causing a lot of urban problems and the situation has been worsening. This thesis asks the question: could there be a conscious way to prevent this issue? To deal with it, this thesis firstly conducts an intensive study about theories of compact city and satellite city. In the second part, in order to investigate how those theories are reflected and implemented in real examples, this thesis analyzes two cases and discusses about how urban sprawl happened in London and Shanghai as well as to what extent theories were served in these two cities. The investigation produces some results related to the process of urbanization, common actions which authorities would take towards it, and some highlights in the pre-experience. So when facing with urban sprawl, the measure might be dealt with it in a more conscious way.

Agriculture is one of the most important branches of economical development in the Municipality of Klina. The Municipality’s geographical position, climate and earth conditions, as well as the manpower in the territory of enables cultivation of much agricultural cultivation and the growth of high efficiency in the area. Considering all the existing factors and the new factors (to be initiated) of the development which will be based on long term socio-economic development of the municipality of Klina, most important is the agriculture. Making use of and harmonizing the available natural factors, agriculture will secure to the municipality of Klina sufficient food, produce an important overflow of market, and a general growth of the overall income and employment of the inhabitants. Convenient fertile lands, the change of planting structure, adequate appliance of agro technique and watering will create propitious possibilities for increasing agriculture production, notably the development of farming. Agriculture will for a long time be bearer of general socio-economic development in the Municipality of Klina, all it is needed is to set and realize basic purpose, role and direction of agriculture development. This make possible orientation in development and creation of conditions for the alteration of the structure of the fabrication, utilization of the existing possibilities, and finding new ways of development, recommendation of the existing systems and building new watering systems, arranging terrene, increasing land fertility, reorganization of the manufacture and reinforcement of the private sector and execution of the more dynamic increase of trade products, intense urbanization of rural places, fair governing, equipping lands with more qualitative roads for agrarian needs. All this will contribute to more quality and quantity innovation of the existing state. In a direct connection with this is the increase of plan efficiency and the increase of productivity, the plant fabrication with organizing conditions for using more water for watering, larger mechanisms for ii productivity, the expansion of guanos and fertilizers and the application of contemporary agro technical measures. Except the efficiency increase and the assortment of agricultural production, it must be reckoned that the farming should rapidly be developed through the specialization of private sectorfarms, individual mini farms for cultivation of cattle and poultry, milk and dairy products and egg production. Buying stations and depot are necessary as well as the stations that sell cattle food, guanos, agriculture tools and mechanisms, the service for mending these tools, agrarian stations, farming pharmacy, and veterinary stations. / Ferim GASHI, Str. Lakrishte L4 No: 57 10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosova Office: +381 (0) 38 212 338 Cell: +377 (0) 44 114674; Cell: +386 (0) 49 114674 Fax: +381 (0) 38 212 338 Email: ferimgashi@yahoo.ca Email: ferimgashi@gmail.com Email: ferim.gashi@ks-gov.net

Our thesis are focused on analyzing urban development of two major cities in Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas. We analyse evolution and development of the cities focusing on the last 20 year period in the country, based on the urban agglomeration development models and evolution theory, planning experience around the world. By looking at the urban development indicators like built up area density, population, people mobility and change of different statistical data over time we try to understand development of these cities. Our main goal is based on these data to make a vision for future urban development of the Vilnius and Kaunas. During our work we found that over past 20 Vilnius has experienced fast change which have elements of uncontrolled expansion. Furthermore, planning problems in Vilnius are similar to cities of fast metropolitan development, but with unique historically shaped features. Based on analysis strategic planning, regional development, urban development of these two cities, we conclude that urban and strategic planning measures in Vilnius and Kaunas should be focused to bringing these similar sized cities together. In our vision of the region we suggest to aim at creating one structure of these two cites by linking them and incorporating smaller towns in between them into the functional region of growing metropolis. / Karolis Maciulevičius Phone: +37061282346 Email: kaarolis@gmail.com Vilnius, Lithuania

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera ur olika synvinklar vad som gör en plats attraktiv och tillgänglig. Arbetet utgår från en fallstudie av det planerade kajstråket Borgmästarebryggan i Karlskrona. Genom analyser av resultaten från inventeringar, observationsstudier, intervjuer, dokumentsanalyser och beprövad praktik undersöks de bakomliggande faktorerna till Borgmästarebryggan, planens överensstämmelse med kommunens mål för att skapa en attraktiv och tillgänglig plats. Därefter kommer en kritisk läsning av planförslaget att utföras med grund i forskning och teorier om attraktivitet och tillgänglighet. Borgmästarebryggans tänkta utformning skapar många goda förutsättningar för att bli en attraktiv och tillgänglig plats för allmänheten. Dock visar arbetet även att den estetiska upprustningen och biltrafiken kring platsen kan skapa begränsningar samt att under vinterhalvåret riskerar Borgmästarebryggan att främst bli attraktiv för en viss samhällsklass på bekostnad av andras tillgänglighet. Detta går emot de grundläggande kraven för en offentlig plats: att vara en plats dit alla är välkomna. / Kontakt: 0737784654

Klimatförändringen är här och havsnivån håller på att höjas vilket hotar bebyggelse utmed kusterna. Lomma i sydvästra Skåne är en småstad som redan idag drabbats av översvämningar och som i framtiden kommer utsättas för än större risker. Havsnivån i Lomma kan enligt SMHI komma att stiga med så mycket som 2,6 meter vid framtida högvattennivåer vilket skulle få förödande effekter på bebyggelsen men även för drabbade människor. Sättet att hantera de stigande havsnivåerna har de senaste åren gått från en tillit till tekniska lösningar till en mer tillåtande lösning på naturens villkor, där vattnet tillåts översvämma bestämda områden. Med hjälp av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna, referensexempel från Hamburg och Nederländerna, samt en innehållsanalys av kommunala dokument från Lomma har tre strategier tagits fram för att hantera den stigande havsnivån i Lomma. Strategierna tillsammans med handlingsalternativet defend resulterar i ett gestaltningsförslag som på ett hållbart sätt hanterar de väntade havsnivåerna.

Ireland is facing a great challenge in meeting renewable energy requirements, where due to past circumstances and decisions, the nation state is now heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels. Given the contribution of these imported fossil fuels to global climate change, price instability and supply insecurity, Ireland is under a pressing need to face up to the dilemma of an unsustainably fueled economy. This thesis explores how the EU policy process is helping Ireland to achieve the goals it has set with the EU and how these are being incorporated into the drivers of wind power development in Ireland. This research sought to uncover the dynamic of this relationship - the goodness of fit - through an assessment of three mechanisms of change, namely: Discourses, Directives and Finances, which were drawn on from the theoretical approach of Europeanisation. By doing a combined assessment of these three channels and their influence, this thesis provides a greater understanding of the ways in which the development of wind power in Ireland is influenced by the EU level. The thesis finishes with a concluding discussion on the importance of the national level in this process, as well as the importance of social and community engagement, which despite being previously seen as important, has to date largely manifested as a tokenistic gesture in Ireland. This thesis reasserts it as a common and crucial thread of the renewable energy transition that continuously arose as being pre-eminent during this study.