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Skogen som livsmiljö : En rättsvetenskaplig studie om skyddet för biologisk mångfaldForsberg, Maria January 2012 (has links)
Globally, species are being eradicated at an accelerated rate, up to 1000 times faster than the rate of natural species loss. This is primarily due to the reduction and degradation of species habitats. As biodiversity decreases, ecosystems risk losing significant ecological processes and functions, such as natural water purification. As a response to this pressing environmental problem, the international community has set a goal of halting the loss of biological diversity by 2020. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the current legal protection for biological diversity in forests and demonstrate how the goal of halting the loss of biodiversity can be implemented through law. In order to identify where legal measures might fall short of their goal or protecting biodiversity, the point of departure for this study has been to identify certain ecological structures of forest ecosystems that can be said to be of major importance for the conservation of biological diversity. The chosen structures represent not only levels on a spatial scale, but also reflect the need for separate regulatory techniques, if protection of biological diversity is to be formulated appropriately. One important legal issue addressed in this dissertation is how the legal protection of these ecological structures can be strengthened in relation to property rights. Furthermore, management of natural resources must address the complexity and uncertainties of ecosystems. How the legal system can meet such uncertainties, while ensuring legal certainty, is one of the topics addressed in this thesis. Adaptive management has been said to be a necessary tool for handling the complex and dynamic nature of ecosystems in the absence of complete knowledge or understanding of their functioning. Such management is also essential to handle the conflict of preserving biological diversity while meeting increasing demands on forest resources. By introducing legal requirements for adaptive environmental planning, I believe, the sustainable use of forest resources can more likely be ensured.
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Nya krav på miljöbedömningar av planer och program : En väg mot effektivare samhällsplanering och hållbar utveckling?Alm, Eva January 2005 (has links)
Den 21 juli 2001 trädde Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv, om bedömning av vissa planers och programs miljöpåverkan, i kraft. Syftet med direktivet var att säkerhetsställa en hög nivå på miljöskydd, genom att utföra miljöbedömningar på vissa planer och program som kan antas medföra en betydande miljöpåverkan. När ny lagstiftning ska implementeras brukar det vanligtvis uppkomma implementeringsproblem och det var något som jag misstänkte skulle uppkomma även i detta fall. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att ta reda på hur arbetet har fortlöpt med att implementera de nya bestämmelserna som har haft sin upprinnelse från EU:s direktiv. Informationsflödet kring de nya bestämmelserna har också studerats. För att uppfylla syftet utfördes en intervjuundersökning med tre tjänstemän på olika administrativa nivåer för att ta reda på deras uppfattning om problem respektive styrkor med de nya bestämmelserna som härrört från EU:s direktiv, samt hur de tyckte att informationsflödet kring de nya bestämmelserna hade fungerat. Två analyser utfördes sedan i uppsatsen: en jämförande analys där svar från min intervjustudie sattes i förhållande till fem ståndpunkter som jag valt ut från regeringens proposition Miljöbedömningar av planer och program 2003/04:116, samt en analys där tre nyckelbegrepp inom implementeringsteorin har satts i förhållande till intervjuresultaten. Vissa av ståndpunkterna i regeringens proposition visade sig vara väl optimistiska, i alla fall i förhållande till intervjusvaren. En del implementeringsproblem verkar också vara ofrånkomliga, framförallt var respondenterna missnöjda med hur informationsflödet kring de nya bestämmelserna hade fungerat. De nya bestämmelserna kan säkerligen bidra till en mer hållbar utveckling men jag tror att det kommer att ta tid innan bra rutiner för att arbeta med dem har hittats.
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The significance of the default : A study in environmental law methodology with emphasis on ecological sustainability and international biodiversity lawJóhannsdóttir, Aðalheiður January 2009 (has links)
The legal operationalisation of ecological sustainability concerns all levels of legal control. The ensuring of full biodiversity is an indispensible component of ecological sustainability. At the same time, biodiversity losses continue to be a serious problem in many regions of the world. The international community has responded to this dilemma by strengthening international biodiversity law as well as agreeing upon a particular biodiversity target. The aim is to reduce biodiversity losses at all levels by the year 2010. From a legal point of view this seems unproblematic. When, however, the international legal order is viewed as an overarching control system, composed of several multi-levelled and interacting international and national legal systems (controlling programs), questions on whether the order can actually work for biodi-versity seem inevitable. By applying and developing further environmental law methodology (ELM) the study argues that some fundamental principles of the international legal order are either diminishing or counteracting the possible realisation of ecological sustainabil-ity and the 2010 biodiversity target of halting and reversing the biodiversity loss. This, as will be argued, is due to rule of law and to how the default actually functions in the international legal system. In line with the above, the prime objective of the study is to develop and elaborate a theory framework on which the theory of the significance of the default is based; second, to evaluate and discuss some fundamen-tal principles of the international legal order and international biodiversity law in the light of the theory, and finally to evaluate and discuss the possible realisation of ecological sustainability and the 2010 target. The study’s method is to a certain extent pluralistic, but it is basically an adapted version of ELM.
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The smoking dragon : A study of how China frame their climate change policyWahrby, Johan January 2007 (has links)
In the international climate change negotiations it has been hard to find a sustainable agreement about how to address the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. This is because the issue is very complicated and comprises many social and economic aspects. Because of the struggling in the international negotiations is it necessary to analyze how the climate change issue is understood in different regions and countries of the world. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how actors within the climate policy sphere in China frame the climate change issue. In the near future, China will become the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide and with a population of 1.3 billion people; China is one of the key countries in the international climate negations. The thesis analyses how two key actor groups - decision makers and scientists connected to the Chinese climate change administration - frame the climate change issue in semi-structured interviews. The respondents frame the climate change issue as a large obstacle for a future Chinese development, both economically and socially. To address climate change in China the respondents think that technology innovations and transfer of technology from the developed countries will be very important. Therefore the respondents think it is vitally important to continue with the international climate negotiations in the future.
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Bergvärme som energikällaBack, Natalii January 2008 (has links)
2008-05-26 Bedrock heat as an energy source The sun has warmed up the bedrock and this heat can be used for warming up houses. Approximately 100 – 200 meters down in the bedrock the temperature of the heat is stable. This is a source of energy that can be used by installing a heat pump system. The ground source heat pumps are low maintenance and can last for many years. There is also a pollution risk for the groundwater and therefore the wells in the area. Before the ground source heat pump can be installed the municipality need to give permission, according to the environmental code. To install the system without permission is a crime against the environmental code. A requirement when applying for permission to install the heat pump system is to get the neighbours to agree with the place for the bore hole. The neighbour can appeal against the environmental and health authorities’ decision to give permission to install the ground source heat pump system. However there needs to be more research done regarding the environmental effects that may occur in the future, if the ground source heatpump system continues to increase as rapidly as today.
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Preventive action in the protection of the Baltic Sea : Do the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan and An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 advocate preventive action in protecting the Baltic Sea?Lundgren, Lina January 2008 (has links)
The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis. As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view. The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.
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IPPC-direktivets inverkan på den svenska rätten : En europarättslig studie i miljö, god förvaltning och processuell autonomiOttosson, Daniel January 2009 (has links)
Föremål för denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är det EG-rättsliga IPPC-direktivet om samordnade åtgärder för att förebygga och begränsa föroreningar. Syftet har varit att undersöka direktivets implikationer på den svenska rätten. Fokus har legat på direktivets processuella delar som anknyter till principerna om god förvaltning, samt den processuella och institutionella autonomin. Uppsatsen har visat på att direktivet innefattar flera aspekter av god förvaltning som inverkar på den svenska rätten, men även att många av dessa redan innan genomförandet varit en del av den svenska rättsordningen. Samtidigt har uppsatsen visat på att direktivet inte nämnvärt begränsar medlemsstaternas processuella eller institutionella autonomi. Inom ramen för miljörätten, som IPPC-direktivet är ett uttryck för, har det dessutom undersökts hur rätten till en god miljö erkänns inom olika rättsordningar, med betoning på EU och dess medlemsstater, och hur den är kopplad till god förvaltning. Likaså har en europeisering av förvaltningsrätten diskuterats i uppsatsen.
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Preventive action in the protection of the Baltic Sea : Do the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan and An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 advocate preventive action in protecting the Baltic Sea?Lundgren, Lina January 2008 (has links)
<p>The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis.</p><p>As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view.</p><p>The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.</p>
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Vattendirektivets inverkan på miljökvalitetsmålen Ingen övergödning & Ett rikt odlingslandskap : Nationellt, Regionalt, LokaltLagmyr Kempe, Catharina January 2006 (has links)
Den här studien är grundad på intervjuer med personer som arbetar med miljömål, både de nationella och de miljömål som Ramdirektivet för vatten vill genomföra. Jag har intervjuat sammanlagt 7 respondenter från Naturvårdsverket, Jordbruksverket, Vattenmyndigheten för norra Östersjön, Länsstyrelsen i Södermanland och Flens kommun. Genom att göra dessa intervjuer hoppades jag på att få svar på de frågor som är underställda mitt syfte. Vilka är: - Når all information om Vattendirektivet ut till alla instanser som är berörda och får de informationen i tid inför sitt handlingsplansarbete? -Hur samarbetar de olika instanserna över de nationella, regionala och lokala gränserna med att göra handlings- och åtgärdsplaner? -Och har då Sverige större möjlighet att nå upp till de miljömål vi har satt upp om Vattendirektivet implementeras i handlingsplanerna? Mitt syfte är att se hur Vattendirektivet påverkar arbetet med att nå de två miljökvalitetsmålen Ett rikt odlingslandskap och Ingen övergödning på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Genom att analysera resultaten både ur implementeringsteorin och ur ett rättsligt perspektiv kom jag fram till att den information som finns ut till berörda myndigheter har stannat på länsstyrelsenivå och har ej gått ut till de som arbetar med handlingsplanerna. De enda som har använt sig av Vattendirektivet i handlingsplansarbetet är Naturvårdsverket när de arbetade fram handlingsplanerna för Ingen övergödning. Bland annat på grund av detta finns det inte så mycket samarbete mellan myndigheterna. För att en implementering ska kunna genomföras krävs information och samarbete. Tillämparen ska förstå beslutet, kunna genomföra det och de ska också vilja genomföra beslutet skriver Anders Sannerstedt. Det framkom att de flesta respondenterna trodde att implementeringen av Vattendirektivet skulle hjälpa dem att nå våra nationella miljökvalitetsmål, åtminstone de mål som går att sätta gränsvärden i, därför att EG´s direktiv är rättsligt bindande och att miljökvalitetsnormer blir införda i miljöbalken. Enligt Lena Gipperth så måste miljökvalitetsnormer införas om vi ska nå Vattendirektivets miljömål. Än så länge har inte Ramdirektivet för vatten påverkat uppnåelsen av de två miljömålen Ett rikt odlingslandskap och Ingen övergödning. Mer information och resurser ut till berörda myndigheter, för att få igång ett intresse, behövs för att implementeringen av Vattendirektivet ska komma igång. / ISRN i pdf-filen är felaktigt. Det korrekta ISRN visas nedan.
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En kvalitetsanalys av EU:s direktiv om förnybar energiHesselgren, Anna January 2008 (has links)
There's no doubt today that mankind has contributed to the changing climate by her use of fossil fuels. This must change in the nearby future. The European leaders are expressing concern that renewable energy sources are not being used to their full potential. The 2001/77/EC Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources was accepted in 2001 to encourage the development of energy production from renewable sources, which is considered a step towards the fulfillment of the goal of the Union, that 12% of the gross energy consumption should come from renewable energy sources by the year 2010. The objective of this thesis is to illuminate the common legislation of the EU regarding renewable energy with regard to goal fulfillment, judicial quality, conflicts with other goals of the EU and other faults. The objective is reached by a hermeneutic study in which interpretation of written text is the main method. To analyze whether the EU stimulates the usage of renewable energy within the union I have applied a method used in audits. I have analyzed an empirical material and drawn conclusions using an inductive method. It is difficult to make specific demands on the legislation of member states because the circumstances vary heavily depending on external factors and other laws. The laws of the European Union must conform to a large number of criteria to be considered rational and legitimate. They must be in line with the basic goals of the union, serve the purpose of the legislator, not violate any human rights and be coherent with other legislation. Directive 2001/77/EC complies with the fundamental goals of the union. It also complies fully with basic human rights, particularly the right to a good environment, which is included in the third generation human rights. The directive does not however meet all the political rationalities because it does not serve all intended political purposes. The directive was accepted as an important step for the union to reach the goals of the Kyoto protocol. It is, however, clear that the goals for the year 2010, as presented in the directive and the Kyoto protocol, will not be reached unless the use of renewable energy sources sees a drastic increase.
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