明代礦業是中國礦業發展興衰成敗的關鍵期，在物質文化、商品經濟帶動下，此時各界都對工業原料的獲取感到興趣，明代官方與民間也不例外，官方政策無論是封禁或鼓勵開採，著眼點都是在確保「普天之下莫非王土」的礦利之權；而民間開採風氣亦屢禁不絕，亦即官民均在坑冶中進行活動，形同「坑冶競利」的較勁現象。 明代礦政發展可分三期觀察：(1)明初洪武至宣德年間(1368-1435)是明代礦業穩定發展期。朱元璋立國主張謹慎發展銅鐵開採事業，嚴禁金銀等貴重金屬的開採，但繼任者明成祖朱棣則支持開採弛禁，積極推動開礦事業，因此明代放寬對鐵冶開採的限制，不過對於金銀等貴重金屬開採則出現爭論，時開時禁，反倒成為明代礦業政策中最為鮮明的特色。(2)明正統至萬曆年間(1436-1620)是礦法與礦課調整時期。自明英宗朱祈鎮即位後，政府嚴格加強礦政管理，發布禁約，犯者即調軍剿捕，直到萬曆朝中期，官方還陸續針對《大明律》所欠缺的礦法，修改金銀銅錫等礦法條例細則，以因應社會的變遷。為求開礦增課，官方對於民間的非法採冶活動作了讓步，並改變明初定額課徵的規定，實施官三民七或官四民六的抽分制。但因皇室財政相當倚重礦銀收入，部分地區被強制改採官民對半抽分制，或實施「包派」、「包砂」、「包課」等名目不一的礦稅制度，弊端層出不窮，反而得不償失。(3)明天啟至崇禎年間(1621-1644)是封礦與開採弛禁時期。受到萬曆朝礦稅使事件影響，後來朝野各界均不主張開礦，但晚明財政的危機、邊鎮軍餉匱乏，急需鑄造錢幣礦料等因素，促使朝廷逐漸放寬採礦禁令，進而同意各地擴大開採貴重礦物，並翻譯頒布《坤輿格致》等礦書。 帶給明代礦政最致命的傷害，莫過於「礦盜」的活躍。自明初起，有關當局欲傾全力去圍堵防範，可是官方以暴制暴的鎮壓方式，反倒促成葉宗留等礦徒公開稱王造反，成為明代最為眾人所知的礦盜事件。為了穩定礦區生產與秩序，中央曾特派戶部官員、內臣與錦衣衛特使，以及巡按監察御史等專人留駐礦區監督；地方則派有按察僉事、副使、布政使參議等巡視礦場官員；軍事層級上又派任都指揮僉事管理礦區治安，並在礦場附近留有衛所、民兵戍守。 採礦所得誘惑甚高，礦冶業的蓬勃，多少也衝擊到地方社會的常態秩序。明代中期以後，原在浙江、福建交界等地活動的礦徒，逐漸轉往南直隸、浙江、江西交界等地發展；也有一些江西、福建等地的流民，因人口壓力下的生存競爭，陸續進入福建、江西、廣東交界，在粵東山區內進行季節性的採冶工作，形成獨特的地域社會。由於礦徒事件與倡亂區域明顯擴大，官方遂將地方礦政事權漸歸督撫來統籌管理，嚴格執行禁令，並且還特設總督處理浙直江西軍務事，以統攝三省礦防軍兵，清查轄區所有的礦場地點，以阻絕礦徒的活動。 另一方面，礦防兵力主要是借重地方民兵，甚至還招撫礦徒入營效力，但這項招募礦兵、採行招撫的作法，也帶給地方社會負面的影響。在浙江義烏，地方十室九空，成為地方上的一大隱憂。在廣東惠州地區，招撫未能得宜，礦徒事件有增無減，顛覆日常的社會秩序，地方士民不滿官方政策，激發民間的地域認同，出現了類似《定氛外史》等關心地域的作品，進而強烈抵制官府地方行政區劃的變動。 明代的礦徒問題，始終未能妥善解決，地方社會自然不願配合政府的開礦政策。明代官民在坑冶間相互競利，卻兩敗俱傷，沒有一方是嬴家。礦務執行的爭議、開礦引發的恐慌、礦徒倡亂事件的不絕，最終都讓明代礦政畫下了休止符。

Inom ekonomistyrning utgår ekonomer oftast från att målöverensstämmelse existerar och att de anställda arbetar utifrån de uppställda målen med perfekt information. Men informationsasymmetri finns överallt och kan leda till ökade kostnader, att fel uppstår och försenade leveranser. Detta är särskilt intressant inom gruvindustrin eftersom den karakteriseras av komplexitet vilket ökar svårigheter med att förmedla styrningen. Frågan blir; under vilka förutsättningar uppstår informationsasymmetri inom styrning och målöverensstämmelse samt hur kan asymmetrin reduceras inom gruvindustrin? Syftet med examensarbetet blir därmed att öka förståelse och analysera hur informationsasymmetri påverkar ekonomistyrning och målöverensstämmelse inom gruvindustrin samt hur asymmetrin kan reduceras. Arbetet utgår ifrån principal-agent teorin som grundas på antaganden om informationsasymmetri och egen nyttomaximering. Utifrån den målkonflikten grundas hypoteserna om de begrepp som ökar och reducerar målöverensstämmelse genom ökad och minskad informationsasymmetri. De olika teoretisk begreppen som undersöktes var missanpassad information, opportunism, återkoppling, internutbildning och tid. Examensarbetet utfördes genom att använda oss av Cavaye (1996) modell för flerstudieansats (eng. Multifaceted research approach) där vi har först gjort Studie 1 som grundas på kvalitativa intervjuer för att få mer information om företaget och industrin. Sedan i Studie 2 testas begreppen genom en kvantitativ enkät som skickades ut till personer inom företaget utifrån ett strategisk urval. Resultatet från undersökningen var att hypoteserna bekräftades och att agenterna anser att målen är viktiga och internutbildning var de starkaste faktorerna för att reducera informationsasymmetri och öka målöverensstämmelse. / In management control systems economist usually assume perfect information and goal congruence from the top to the bottom of the organization. But information asymmetry is everywhere and often leads to increased costs, missed deadlines and other mistakes. This is particularly interesting in the mining industry as it’s characterized by complexity which increases the difficulty of communicating the control system throughout the organization. The research question then becomes; under which circumstances does information asymmetry occur in control systems and goal congruence and how can the asymmetry be reduced in the mining industry? The purpose of the study is therefore to increase the understanding and analyze how information asymmetry impact control systems and goal congruence in the mining industry and how the asymmetry can be reduced. The study is based on the principal-agent theory is based on the assumptions of information asymmetry and self-interest between the two parties. Based on that goal conflict our hypothesis of the variables that increase and reduce goal congruence through increased and decreased information asymmetry is formed. The investigated variables were miss adapted information, opportunism, feedback, workplace education and time. The study was conducted by using Cavaye (1996) model for multifaceted research approach by starting off with Study 1, which was based on qualitative interviews to get more information about the company and the mining industry. Study 2 later tested the variables impact by conducting a quantitative study though the use of a survey that was sent to people of interest within the company though a strategic selection. The result of the study was that the hypotheses were confirmed and that workplace education training and valuing the importance of the goals where the most important variables to reduce information asymmetry and increase goal congruence.

In 2011 the mining industry purchased 14.5% of the electrical energy generated by Eskom. During 2011 in South Africa, dewatering pump systems on gold mines were the fourth largest electrical energy consumer on South African mines therefor making dewatering pumps ideal candidates to generate significant financial savings. These savings can be realised by controlling time-of-use (TOU) schedules. Previous studies concentrated on the impact of improving a pumping scheme of a single mineshaft. This dissertation will focus on the operations of a complete dewatering system consisting of multiple mineshafts. The case study will consist of a gold mine complex comprising of five different shafts - each with its own reticulation system – as well as the larger interconnected water reticulation system. Various pumping options were investigated, simulated and verified. The interaction between shafts was determined when load-shifting was scheduled for all the shafts taking each shaft’s particular infrastructure into account. The underground dewatering system was automated and optimised based on the simulation results. Mine safety protocols were adhered to while optimal pump operational schedules were introduced. / Thesis (MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

In 2011 the mining industry purchased 14.5% of the electrical energy generated by Eskom. During 2011 in South Africa, dewatering pump systems on gold mines were the fourth largest electrical energy consumer on South African mines therefor making dewatering pumps ideal candidates to generate significant financial savings. These savings can be realised by controlling time-of-use (TOU) schedules. Previous studies concentrated on the impact of improving a pumping scheme of a single mineshaft. This dissertation will focus on the operations of a complete dewatering system consisting of multiple mineshafts. The case study will consist of a gold mine complex comprising of five different shafts - each with its own reticulation system – as well as the larger interconnected water reticulation system. Various pumping options were investigated, simulated and verified. The interaction between shafts was determined when load-shifting was scheduled for all the shafts taking each shaft’s particular infrastructure into account. The underground dewatering system was automated and optimised based on the simulation results. Mine safety protocols were adhered to while optimal pump operational schedules were introduced. / Thesis (MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1.pdf: 238744 bytes, checksum: 9707f0e187a14e701f816c60b68b4f86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The present work evaluates the environmental practices in the sector of the greater metallic mining industry of Peru. This sector this dominated by the presence of transnational companies. These transnational companies are regulated by two different realities of environmental norms. The first is composed the corporate norms where the companies' headquarters are located. The second reality is the regulation by the country where the subsidiary is located, in this case Peru. These are two very discordant realities. With the internationalization of environmental concerns, due importance must be given to Corporate Social Responsibility. This is because transnational companies need to maintain an international image. This image can be vulnerable to negative critiques in case of heterogeneity, since the companies' environmental standards must be the same as the rest of the world. Peru does not have a Department of Environment. Nevertheless there exists a National Council of the Environment (CONAM). This is a decentralized public organization, assigned to the area of the Presidency of the Ministers' Council. In this case study, two transnational companies of the greater peruvian mining industry are analyzed. The no existence of public policies in the social realm is observed. Because of this, the conclusions of this study are orientated towards fomenting the creation and application of public policies for two socio-environmental problems: first, the generation of secondary employment, and second, recovery of the environmental liabilities. / El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo conocer las prácticas socio-ambientales en el sector de la gran minería metálica de Perú, este sector esta dominado por la presencia de empresas transnacionales. Estas empresas transnacionales, se depararan con dos realidades de regulamentación ambiental, siendo la primera las Normas Corporativas donde se encuentra la matriz y, la segunda, la regulamentación del país donde está ubicada la subsidiaria, en este caso Perú, siendo estas dos realidades muy discordantes entre ellas. Con la internacionalización del tema ambiental, se da la debida importancia a la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, ya que las empresas transnacionales están presionadas a mantener una imagen internacional, la cual puede ser vulnerable a críticas negativas en caso de heterogeneidad, ya que sus estándares ambientales deben ser los mismos en cualquier parte de mundo. En el presente trabajo se enfatiza las prácticas socio-ambientales de las empresas transnacionales en relación con las comunidades circundantes, siendo un tema poco difundido en la minería peruana. La disconformidad de las comunidades frente a los proyectos mineros constituye el mayor problema social actual, dicho problema genera la paralización de las actividades mineras. El Perú no tiene un Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, sin embargo existe un Consejo Nacional del Ambiente (CONAM), que es un organismo público descentralizado, adscrito al ámbito de la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros. En esta investigación, se interpreta la función del Ministerio de Energía y Minas de Perú, ya que es un ente que incentiva la promoción de la inversión privada en el sector minero, por otro lado, mediante la Dirección General de Asuntos Ambientales del Ministerio de Energía y Minas aplicalas guías de gestión ambiental emitidas por el CONAM. Finalmente, en el estudio de caso, se analiza dos empresas trasnacionales de la gran minería peruana, aplicando entrevistas y un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas para poder conocer sus prácticas socio-ambientales. Se desarrolla un análisis de los resultados obtenidos, utilizando el referencial teórico para situar la realidad peruana, en una realidad internacional. Por los datos obtenidos, con referencia a las prácticas sociales de las empresas transnacionales estudiadas, podemos interpretar que estas empresas no se encajan totalmente en los parámetros internacionales de auto-regulamentación. Observamos la inexistencia de políticas públicas orientadas a la parte socio-ambiental, por este motivo, las conclusiones de esta investigación son orientadas a la creación y aplicación de políticas públicas a dos problemas socio-ambientales; el primero, generación de empleo indirecto y el segundo, recuperación de los pasivos ambientales. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer as práticas socio-ambientais no setor de mineração do Peru. Setor que esta dominada pela presença de empresas transnacionais que se encontram com duas realidades de regulamentação de meio ambientais muito discordantes, a primeira, as normas corporativas onde se encontra a matriz e, a segunda, a regulamentação do país onde esta a subsidiaria, neste caso o Peru. Com a internacionalização do tema socio-ambiental, se dá a devida importância ao tema da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa, já que as empresas transnacionais estão pressionadas a manter uma boa imagem internacional, que pode ser vulnerável a criticas negativas em relação à heterogeneidade, já que suas praticas socio-ambientais têm que ser as mesmas em qualquer parte do mundo. Na presente dissertação se enfatiza as praticas socio-ambientais das empresas com relação às comunidades circundantes, sendo um tema pouco difundido na mineração peruana. As desconformidades das comunidades frente aos projetos de mineração constituem o maior problema social atual, gerando a paralisação das atividades nesse setor. O Peru não tem Ministério do Meio Ambiente, embora exista um Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAM) que é um organismo público descentralizado e, esta aderido ao âmbito da Presidência do Conselho de Ministros. Nesta investigação se analisa a função do Ministério de Energia e Minas do Peru, já que ele é um ente que incentiva a promoção de investimento privada no setor de energia e minas e, por outro lado, mediante a Direção Geral de Assuntos Ambientais do Ministério de Energia e Minas aplica a guia de gestão ambiental emitidas pelo CONAM. Finalmente, no estudo de caso, são analisadas duas empresas transnacionais maiores do setor de mineração peruano, aplicando entrevistas e um questionário com perguntas abertas para poder conhecer suas praticas socio-ambientais. Desenvolve-se uma análise dos resultados obtidos no estudo de caso, utilizando o referencial teórico para situar a realidade peruana, numa realidade internacional. Pelos dados obtidos, podemos interpretar que as empresas estudadas não se encaixam totalmente nos parâmetros internacionais do auto-regulamentação. Observamos a falta de políticas públicas sócio-ambiental, é por esse motivo, a conclusão desta investigação propõe a criação e aplicação de políticas públicas a dois problemas socio-ambientais, o primeiro, a geração de emprego indireto e a segunda, a recuperação dos passivos ambientais.

Legislators are placing increased pressure on mining companies to improve their safety performance. The importance of safety leadership is highlighted by its role in safety culture and improving safety performance. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the impact of a coaching program on safety leadership. The main constructs namely safety culture, safety leadership and coaching was conceptualised along the humanistic paradigm, with theoretical definitions and models. In this study, safety culture is employees’ shared attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values about safety that affect their behaviour in the workplace. Safety leadership is the interpersonal influence that a leader exercises to achieve the organisation’s safety performance goals. Coaching is an interpersonal interaction that aims to improve individual performance through increased selfawareness and action plans. A theoretical model was developed to explain the elements that constitute effective safety leadership. A coaching program was developed based on executive coaching and leadership development principles. The empirical investigation was conducted in an organisation in the South African mining industry. A nested mixed methods design was followed. In the quantitative study, a 360 degree survey was employed to assess the ratings of a purposive sample (n=54) along eight dimensions before and after the coaching. Data was analysed with descriptive and inferential analysis. Results showed statistically significant improvements on accountability, collaboration, and feedback and recognition after the coaching. The results reflected differences in 360 degree ratings according to gender, race, job level, age and geographical location. The most significant improvements were for females, Africans, management, age 51-60 years, and site 2. In the qualitative study, a semi-structured interview was employed to study four cases to investigate managers’ personal experiences and changes in attitude toward safety. Data was analysed utilising thematic analysis. The findings revealed that coaching was a positive experience and contributed to changing managers’ attitudes toward safety. The research added to the field of organisational behaviour by presenting a theoretical model that enhances the understanding of safety leadership, the development of a coaching program and providing empirical evidence that the principles of coaching and leadership development can be applied to improve safety leadership. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Admin. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

El presente trabajo analiza los principios teóricos y conceptuales que componen el modelo “The Golden Stakeholder Circle”. La metodología empleada en este artículo corresponde al desarrollo de un paradigma naturalista e interpretativo, porque se estudia la gestión de las relaciones de las partes interesadas y se trata de comprender, analizar e interpretar la fenomenología de los conflictos sociales, centrándonos en la estructura del modelo, con el fin de comprender a cabalidad sus partes y generar nuevos conocimientos a partir del estudio de la literatura del modelo. Por ello se optó por recolectar y analizar el material bibliográfico empleado por Cesar Saenz para la elaboración de su modelo. Asimismo, se decidió analizar y comparar los datos e información sobre las teorías y conceptos empleados en dicho modelo con estudios y artículos de investigación en donde se desarrollaron casos en contextos similares y que exploraron algunas de las líneas de investigación que el autor empleó para construir su modelo. Finalmente, se complementó la información de los alcances del modelo con los aportes y descubrimientos de los otros estudios. / This work analyzes the theoretical and conceptual principles that make up the model “The Golden Stakeholder Circle”. The methodology used in this article corresponds to the development of a naturalistic and interpretive paradigm, because the management of stakeholder relationships is studied and it is about understanding, analyzing and interpreting the phenomenology of social conflicts, focusing on the structure of the model, in order to fully understand its parts and generate new knowledge from the study of the model's literature. For this reason, it was decided to collect and analyze the bibliographic material used by Cesar Saenz for the elaboration of his model. Likewise, it was decided to analyze and compare the data and information on the theories and concepts used in said model with studies and research articles where cases were developed in similar contexts and that explored some of the lines of research that the author used to build his model. Finally, the information on the scope of the model was complemented with the contributions and discoveries of the other studies. / Trabajo de investigación

The increasing global demand for critical raw minerals is increasing the demand for expansion of the mining industry, requiring quicker issuance of environmental and mining permits while maintaining sustainability standards. Social License to Operate (SLO) is crucial for gaining local support for mining projects. The EU's increased influence on member statesmineral policies through the Critical Raw Mineral Act (CRMA) could lead to local power shifts and conflicts. This study examines how CRMA affects local power dynamics and conflicts, focusing on two mining projects in Sweden to investigate the local impacts of the EU's CRMA and its effect on SLO. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study applies MacPhail et al.'s (2022) theoretical framework, focusing on process legitimacy, value compatibility, and expected distributional outcomes. The findings indicate that CRMA may negatively impact SLO and may lead to reduced power for indigenous populations and increased conflicts among stakeholders. The study highlights the need for inclusive, transparent, and fair permitting processes to secure SLO and minimize conflicts, emphasizing the importance of integrating indigenous rights and values in political decisions and permitting processes to support democratic and sustainable development in the mining industry.

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet. / In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer.

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet. / In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer.