The interview focuses mainly on the theme of contracts Tax stability. thus, the author shows how its development has been in our system in recent years related to mining investment in our country and from the General Mining Act. He also takes a position with regard to measures to promote investment presented by the Government. Finally, the author emphasizes the importance of stability contracts primarily to provide certainty to investors. / La entrevista se centra principalmente en el tema de los contratos de estabilidad tributaria. De esta manera, el autor indica cómo ha sido su desarrollo en nuestro ordenamiento en los últimos años en relación con la inversión minera en nuestro país y a partir la Ley General de Minería. Asimismo, señala su posición con respecto a las medidas para promover la inversión que presentó el Gobierno. Finalmente, el autor enfatiza la importancia de los contratos de estabilidad sobre todo para brindar seguridad jurídica a los inversionistas.

No description available.

No description available.

LL.M. (International Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

LLM / Department of Mercantile Law

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Abrantes da Silveira.pdf: 1052725 bytes, checksum: 0f1e6967436e266962dcb6a3a126c988 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / The objective of this dissertation is to discuss the scope the statement prescribed by § 1 of Article 20 of the Federal Constitution, which ensured the States, the Federal District and municipalities, as well as the direct administration offices of the Union, under the law, a participation in the outcome of the exploitation of mineral resources in its territory or financial compensation for such exploitation. The aim is to define the institutions known as Financial Compensation for the Exploration of Minerals - CFEM, Public Participation in the result of exploitation of mineral resources and the called Royalty, seeking to trace the legal law and the legal regime that is to be applied to each institute. It examines the laws that regulated the infra constitutional statement mentioned above, and set up the financial burden called Financial Compensation for Exploiting Mineral Resources - CFEM. Thus, it was as defined positive law system as an object of study, demonstrating, however, essential to address the integration of various sub-legal, as the subsystem of Environmental Law, the Mining Law, the Financial Law, Tax Law, among others. Finally, we conclude that the infraconstitutional legislature established an real participation by the exploitation of mineral resources, asset of original patrimonial revenue, Institute of Financial Law. However, by constitutional mandate, these revenues are distributed directly to federal entities, therefore for them this is transferred revenue / O objetivo da presente dissertação consiste em discutir o alcance do enunciado prescrito pelo §1º, do artigo 20 da Constituição Federal que assegurou aos Estados, ao Distrito Federal e aos Municípios, bem como a órgãos da administração direta da União, nos termos da lei, uma participação no resultado da exploração desses recursos minerais no respectivo território ou uma compensação financeira por essa exploração. Busca-se definir os institutos conhecidos como Compensação Financeira sobre a Exploração Minerária CFEM, a Participação no resultado da exploração dos recursos minerais e o denominado Royalty, procurando demarcar a natureza jurídica, bem como, o regime jurídico que deverá ser aplicado a cada instituto. Procura analisar as legislações infraconstitucionais que regulamentaram o enunciado constitucional já mencionado, e que instituiu o encargo financeiro denominado de Compensação Financeira pela Exploração de Recursos Minerais CFEM. Para tanto, foi delimitado o sistema do direito positivo como objeto de estudo, demonstrando-se, porém, indispensável abordar a integração de diversos subsistemas jurídicos, como o subsistema do Direito Ambiental, do Direito Minerário, do Direito Financeiro, do Direito Tributário, dentre outros. Por fim, concluímos que o legislador infraconstitucional instituiu uma verdadeira participação pela exploração dos recursos minerários, receita originária patrimonial da União, instituto do Direito Financeiro. Porém, por determinação constitucional, essas receitas são distribuídas diretamente aos entes federados, tratando-se, para estes, de receita transferida

In this article, the author analyzes strengths and weaknesses of the domain systems of minerals, allowing us knowing the system adopted for our Constitution. Then, the author evaluates the characteristics and legal nature of mineral exploration concession and exploitation. After that, he will examine in detail the mining procedure govern by the GeneralMining Law and its Regulations, which allow domestic and foreign investors to obtain themining concession title. Finally, he will offer proposals in each of the methods related to the mining concession and its procedures in the public administration. / Mediante el presente artículo el autor analiza los defectos y virtudes de los sistemas de dominio de los minerales, permitiéndonos conocer el sistema que adopta nuestraConstitución Política, para seguidamente analizar las características y naturaleza jurídicade la concesión minera por exploración y explotación. Posteriormente, analizará de maneradetallada cada una de las etapas del procedimiento ordinario minero regulado por el TextoÚnico Ordenado (TUO) de la Ley General de Minería y sus Reglamentos, que permitirá a losinversionistas nacionales y extranjeros obtener el título de concesión minera, para finalmenteanalizar, brindar sugerencias y recomendaciones en cada uno de los procedimientos administrativos conexos o vinculados a la concesión minera por exploración y explotación.

This research explored the nature of conflict that arose in Xolobeni, a small area in the Mbizana Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and the environmental politics emanating from the arguments that supported development rather than environmental protection. The proposed mining project was known as the Xolobeni mining development project within the Amadiba Tribal Authority, an area dominated by Pondos or (Mpondos). The Xolobeni area is located between the Mzamba and Mtentu Rivers, covering some 2 867 hectares, and extends for 20km along the coast of the Mbizana Local Municipality, in the Alfred Nzo District Municipality. In 2005, the Minister of the National Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), now known as the Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources, announced that an Australian company, Transworld Energy and Minerals (TEM) will establish a mining development project in Xolobeni to mine red sand dunes which are contained within five blocks, each named after the river at its southern boundary. These blocks were Mtentu, Sikombe, Kwanyana, Mnyameni and Mphalane. According to the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002), the Department of Minerals and Energy is the sole custodian of the mining licence and therefore the only Department that issues mining licences. The research investigated the nature of conflict that erupted in Xolobeni after this announcement, resulting in the formation of two groups namely, the Amadiba Crisis Committee (ACC) which represented the communities who were against the mining project in the area and the Xolobeni Local Community (Xolco) which was a Black Economic Empowerment company that represented the communities that supported the mining project and was to receive 26 percent of the proceeds from the mining company. The purpose of the Amadiba Crisis Committee was to channel complaints and grievances of local residents emanating from the mining development project and other development to all relevant authorities so that the Constitutional rights of residents can be respected. The research also investigated the role of each stakeholder in the proposed mining project, namely, local communities in the area, environmentalists, councillors, the National Department of Minerals and Energy, the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Eastern Cape Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA), the traditional authority and the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature Portfolio Committee on Economic Development and Environmental Affairs. Central to this research was the level of consultation during the proposed mining project. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used to collect data in Xolobeni. Interviews were conducted with the two opposing groups and other various stakeholders including the chieftaincy, environmentalists, councillors and officials in the Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA). The researcher used questionnaires in order to get the views of the targeted participants. Eighty questionnaires were distributed among the targeted participants but only forty five were returned. Some of the participants were reluctant to participate in this study because the mining project had not taken place. Secondary data from the Departments of Environment of Affairs nationally and provincially revealed that the Department of Minerals and Energy through its Minister, Bulelwa Sonjica, awarded the mining licence despite recommendations of both Departments not to do so. The Minister of the new Department of Mineral Resources, Susan Shabangu, withdrew the licence and gave three months to Transworld Energy and Minerals to address the outstanding issues raised in the environmental impact assessment (EIA). The data collected revealed that the proposed mining project affected all communities in the Amadiba Tribal Administrative area. The research also illustrated how the Xolobeni community organised themselves and protested against development that intended to force them to relocate from their ancestral land without proper consultation. Issues of sustainable development and environmental protection also formed part of the discussions in this research. While the mining project had stalled, it emerged that the majority of respondents in the area did not want the mining project to proceed.

Whilst the mining industry has stimulated the economic growth of South Africa, its activities have also impacted on the social and environmental well-being of the communities and ecosystems in which it operates. Environmental degradation often severely affects the livelihoods of people in rural areas, who are often impoverished. Hondeklip Bay, a small fishing community in the Northern Cape, has been affected by the mining activities of the adjacent Hondeklip Bay Mine. The purpose of this paper is to identify whether impoverished residents affected by the detrimental effects of mining activity have rights to enforce the protection of their environment. These environmental rights pertain to an environment that is safe and not harmful to one's health and well-being. Environmental obligations of the mines as illustrated in terms of applicable legislation, and legal recourse available to the residents affected by the infringement of their environmental rights are furthermore explored. / Jurisprudence / LL.M

明代礦業是中國礦業發展興衰成敗的關鍵期，在物質文化、商品經濟帶動下，此時各界都對工業原料的獲取感到興趣，明代官方與民間也不例外，官方政策無論是封禁或鼓勵開採，著眼點都是在確保「普天之下莫非王土」的礦利之權；而民間開採風氣亦屢禁不絕，亦即官民均在坑冶中進行活動，形同「坑冶競利」的較勁現象。 明代礦政發展可分三期觀察：(1)明初洪武至宣德年間(1368-1435)是明代礦業穩定發展期。朱元璋立國主張謹慎發展銅鐵開採事業，嚴禁金銀等貴重金屬的開採，但繼任者明成祖朱棣則支持開採弛禁，積極推動開礦事業，因此明代放寬對鐵冶開採的限制，不過對於金銀等貴重金屬開採則出現爭論，時開時禁，反倒成為明代礦業政策中最為鮮明的特色。(2)明正統至萬曆年間(1436-1620)是礦法與礦課調整時期。自明英宗朱祈鎮即位後，政府嚴格加強礦政管理，發布禁約，犯者即調軍剿捕，直到萬曆朝中期，官方還陸續針對《大明律》所欠缺的礦法，修改金銀銅錫等礦法條例細則，以因應社會的變遷。為求開礦增課，官方對於民間的非法採冶活動作了讓步，並改變明初定額課徵的規定，實施官三民七或官四民六的抽分制。但因皇室財政相當倚重礦銀收入，部分地區被強制改採官民對半抽分制，或實施「包派」、「包砂」、「包課」等名目不一的礦稅制度，弊端層出不窮，反而得不償失。(3)明天啟至崇禎年間(1621-1644)是封礦與開採弛禁時期。受到萬曆朝礦稅使事件影響，後來朝野各界均不主張開礦，但晚明財政的危機、邊鎮軍餉匱乏，急需鑄造錢幣礦料等因素，促使朝廷逐漸放寬採礦禁令，進而同意各地擴大開採貴重礦物，並翻譯頒布《坤輿格致》等礦書。 帶給明代礦政最致命的傷害，莫過於「礦盜」的活躍。自明初起，有關當局欲傾全力去圍堵防範，可是官方以暴制暴的鎮壓方式，反倒促成葉宗留等礦徒公開稱王造反，成為明代最為眾人所知的礦盜事件。為了穩定礦區生產與秩序，中央曾特派戶部官員、內臣與錦衣衛特使，以及巡按監察御史等專人留駐礦區監督；地方則派有按察僉事、副使、布政使參議等巡視礦場官員；軍事層級上又派任都指揮僉事管理礦區治安，並在礦場附近留有衛所、民兵戍守。 採礦所得誘惑甚高，礦冶業的蓬勃，多少也衝擊到地方社會的常態秩序。明代中期以後，原在浙江、福建交界等地活動的礦徒，逐漸轉往南直隸、浙江、江西交界等地發展；也有一些江西、福建等地的流民，因人口壓力下的生存競爭，陸續進入福建、江西、廣東交界，在粵東山區內進行季節性的採冶工作，形成獨特的地域社會。由於礦徒事件與倡亂區域明顯擴大，官方遂將地方礦政事權漸歸督撫來統籌管理，嚴格執行禁令，並且還特設總督處理浙直江西軍務事，以統攝三省礦防軍兵，清查轄區所有的礦場地點，以阻絕礦徒的活動。 另一方面，礦防兵力主要是借重地方民兵，甚至還招撫礦徒入營效力，但這項招募礦兵、採行招撫的作法，也帶給地方社會負面的影響。在浙江義烏，地方十室九空，成為地方上的一大隱憂。在廣東惠州地區，招撫未能得宜，礦徒事件有增無減，顛覆日常的社會秩序，地方士民不滿官方政策，激發民間的地域認同，出現了類似《定氛外史》等關心地域的作品，進而強烈抵制官府地方行政區劃的變動。 明代的礦徒問題，始終未能妥善解決，地方社會自然不願配合政府的開礦政策。明代官民在坑冶間相互競利，卻兩敗俱傷，沒有一方是嬴家。礦務執行的爭議、開礦引發的恐慌、礦徒倡亂事件的不絕，最終都讓明代礦政畫下了休止符。