The lack of respect for authority and discipline of teachers on the part of the learners is a factor contributing to low morale and sense of neglected status to teachers. These factors prevent true realisation of the idealism with which educators initially entered the profession, as they are faced with the realities in schools. The need for security and geborgenheit lay the foundation for security in the workplace of educators. The need for physical safety is described in this dissertation on the basis of contextual and theoretical frameworks, to a better understanding of teachers' insecurities. The need to experience geborgenheit appeals to the discipline of Education Law, which focuses inter alia on psychological security through an analysis of legal sources. It contributes to achieve the overall objective of this study, namely to determine the perceptions of educators regarding the impact of student misconduct on their security. Several factors, namely school-related factors, labour law factors as well as society related factors that learners come into contact with every day, contributes to misconduct by some learners. It therefore compels all stakeholders in education to become involved in the education of the students and not to perceive education as a "one-man job". From an employment perspective, the promotion of a safe environment, where learners and educators experience geborgenheit, a prerequisite for their physical and psychological security. This will contribute to the holistic performance of the educational task by the teacher for the benefit of the learners. / MEd (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The lack of respect for authority and discipline of teachers on the part of the learners is a factor contributing to low morale and sense of neglected status to teachers. These factors prevent true realisation of the idealism with which educators initially entered the profession, as they are faced with the realities in schools. The need for security and geborgenheit lay the foundation for security in the workplace of educators. The need for physical safety is described in this dissertation on the basis of contextual and theoretical frameworks, to a better understanding of teachers' insecurities. The need to experience geborgenheit appeals to the discipline of Education Law, which focuses inter alia on psychological security through an analysis of legal sources. It contributes to achieve the overall objective of this study, namely to determine the perceptions of educators regarding the impact of student misconduct on their security. Several factors, namely school-related factors, labour law factors as well as society related factors that learners come into contact with every day, contributes to misconduct by some learners. It therefore compels all stakeholders in education to become involved in the education of the students and not to perceive education as a "one-man job". From an employment perspective, the promotion of a safe environment, where learners and educators experience geborgenheit, a prerequisite for their physical and psychological security. This will contribute to the holistic performance of the educational task by the teacher for the benefit of the learners. / MEd (Education Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In my first chapter, I use a novel dataset of customer reviews from Amazon.com to study the impact of managerial myopia on product market reputation. Using exogenous variation due to the timing of CEO equity vesting events, I show that short-term incentive shocks predict declines in reputation. A changing product market lineup and a deterioration of existing products are two mechanisms through which reputation is affected. The effect is larger when the CEO has other short-term concerns and when the firm has a low reputation in the product market. However, higher advertising expenses mitigate the negative reputational effect among consumers. Using an alternative empirical methodology, I find that higher short-term ownership in the firm is also associated with declining product market reputation, while higher long-term ownership is associated with increasing reputation. My second chapter uses a different setting to examine the consequences of personal wealth incentives. We test whether household wealth shocks affect professional misconduct by financial advisors. We use a panel of advisors' home addresses and examine within-advisor variation relative to other advisors who work at the same firm and live in the same ZIP code. We show that advisors increase misconduct following declines in their homes' values. The increased misconduct is due, in part, to willful actions, such as churning. We show that advisors' housing returns explain misconduct targeting out-of-state customers, breaking the link between customer and advisor housing shocks. Further, the results are stronger for advisors with lower career risk from committing misconduct.

Conflict of interest allegations became a prominent part of the political and public sector in the 1980s and 1990s in Australia and elsewhere. The arena of policing was not immune, and in Victoria, the Ombudsman drew particular attention to the problem and expressed concern about the rise in public complaints relating to alleged conflicts of interest on the part of police officers. Against this background, permission was granted by Victoria Police for a major study of conflict of interest complaints against police officers within their jurisdiction. Access was granted to all public complaint case files where conflict of interest was the focus of the allegations, from the period 1988???1998. A total of 377 usable complaints files were examined, involving 539 police officers. Through extensive examination and analysis of these complaint case files, a comprehensive map of the particular kinds of interest involved, the nature of the conflicts with official police duties, and the particular contexts within which conflicts of interest emerged, was developed. Analysis of the case files identified 25 different types of problems related to conflict of interest. These were spread across the private and public realms of police officers??? involvements. Previous studies of conflict of interest have focused largely on the opportunities for misconduct arising in the public realm of police work and police duty, largely neglecting attention to the private realm of the relationships and involvements of a police officer that give rise to conflicts of interest. In this study, the specific private interests that gave rise to problems were able to be identified in 35 percent of all cases. Three broad problem areas were identified: (i) outside employment, private business interests, political, social, and sporting interests and involvements; (ii) family-based involvements, especially those involving family law problems; and (iii) problematic personal relationships, including relationships with criminals, informers, and persons of ill repute. These conflicts of interest were related to a range of breaches of official police duty, including the misuse of police authority for personal or family benefit, the use of police position to facilitate personal relationships, and inappropriate disclosure of confidential police information. When the conflict of interest identified related specifically to a police officer???s official or public role as a member of the police force, the main types of misconduct identified included three broad areas: (i) the use and abuse of police powers and authority; (ii) the use and abuse of police resources, including information; and (iii) the receipt of gratuities and breaches of the law. These problems were shown to play out in a range of ways, encompassing such behaviours as misuse of the police identity, inappropriate accessing of police information, involvement in investigations where the police officer concerned has a personal interest in the matter, failing to take appropriate police action against friends, family, or associates, the exercise of improper influence in civil matters, and engagement in harassment and discrimination. This study offers some important conceptual developments in relation to the notion of conflict of interest, focusing on the importance of the distinction between a conflict of interest and an associated breach of duty. The study noted that it is often erroneously assumed by police that if there is no breach of duty evidenced, then there is no problem of conflict of interest. The study also offers an important insight into the oversight and accountability processes involved in Victoria Police, emphasising the importance and effectiveness of the oversight role of the office of the Victorian Ombudsman. Evidence also suggests that the internal review processes within Victoria Police are by-and-large stringent, and that senior police management are genuinely interested in making police officers more accountable for their actions. However, it is concluded that both front-line operational police officer and police management often have a limited understanding of conflict of interest, and problems attendant to conflicts of interest. The study???s insights into the problem of conflict of interest are significant insofar as this problem is related to police misconduct???ranging from minor to serious???of various kinds. Attention to the problem of conflict of interest may be an important element in preventing ???upstream??? police misconduct and corruption.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

During the past number of years the press in Namibia has been regularly publishing reports linking educators to some unacceptable conduct. The apparent increase in the frequency of educator misconduct coupled with relevant research in education law prompted this research to be carried out. Recent research shows that good labour relations promote mutual respect between employer and employee. In education, the good labour relations help to promote the achievement of the national goals on education. The aim of this research was to determine the nature and frequency of educator misconduct in public or government schools in Namibia. The research was also conducted to establish the extent to which educator misconduct affected learning and teaching in the schools as well as the effects on the well-being of the learners and other stakeholders in education. It was also aimed in this research to analyse the respective roles of those individuals, organisations or bodies, such as teacher unions, who are responsible for the management of educator misconduct. The findings from the review of policy documents, text books, journal articles and newspaper articles and the empirical research pointed out a high frequency of educator misconduct. Participants recommended that the supervisors and the employers have to do much more to curb the upsurge of educator misconduct. Educator misconduct was blamed for harmful effects to the learning and teaching of learners, as well as the wellbeing of other stakeholders. The research revealed that legislation plays an important role in the management of educator misconduct. Being consistent with the guidelines from legislation, jurisprudence and the common law regarding management of educator misconduct was established to be essential to ensure fairness to both learners and educators. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

During the past number of years the press in Namibia has been regularly publishing reports linking educators to some unacceptable conduct. The apparent increase in the frequency of educator misconduct coupled with relevant research in education law prompted this research to be carried out. Recent research shows that good labour relations promote mutual respect between employer and employee. In education, the good labour relations help to promote the achievement of the national goals on education. The aim of this research was to determine the nature and frequency of educator misconduct in public or government schools in Namibia. The research was also conducted to establish the extent to which educator misconduct affected learning and teaching in the schools as well as the effects on the well-being of the learners and other stakeholders in education. It was also aimed in this research to analyse the respective roles of those individuals, organisations or bodies, such as teacher unions, who are responsible for the management of educator misconduct. The findings from the review of policy documents, text books, journal articles and newspaper articles and the empirical research pointed out a high frequency of educator misconduct. Participants recommended that the supervisors and the employers have to do much more to curb the upsurge of educator misconduct. Educator misconduct was blamed for harmful effects to the learning and teaching of learners, as well as the wellbeing of other stakeholders. The research revealed that legislation plays an important role in the management of educator misconduct. Being consistent with the guidelines from legislation, jurisprudence and the common law regarding management of educator misconduct was established to be essential to ensure fairness to both learners and educators. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Conflict of interest allegations became a prominent part of the political and public sector in the 1980s and 1990s in Australia and elsewhere. The arena of policing was not immune, and in Victoria, the Ombudsman drew particular attention to the problem and expressed concern about the rise in public complaints relating to alleged conflicts of interest on the part of police officers. Against this background, permission was granted by Victoria Police for a major study of conflict of interest complaints against police officers within their jurisdiction. Access was granted to all public complaint case files where conflict of interest was the focus of the allegations, from the period 1988???1998. A total of 377 usable complaints files were examined, involving 539 police officers. Through extensive examination and analysis of these complaint case files, a comprehensive map of the particular kinds of interest involved, the nature of the conflicts with official police duties, and the particular contexts within which conflicts of interest emerged, was developed. Analysis of the case files identified 25 different types of problems related to conflict of interest. These were spread across the private and public realms of police officers??? involvements. Previous studies of conflict of interest have focused largely on the opportunities for misconduct arising in the public realm of police work and police duty, largely neglecting attention to the private realm of the relationships and involvements of a police officer that give rise to conflicts of interest. In this study, the specific private interests that gave rise to problems were able to be identified in 35 percent of all cases. Three broad problem areas were identified: (i) outside employment, private business interests, political, social, and sporting interests and involvements; (ii) family-based involvements, especially those involving family law problems; and (iii) problematic personal relationships, including relationships with criminals, informers, and persons of ill repute. These conflicts of interest were related to a range of breaches of official police duty, including the misuse of police authority for personal or family benefit, the use of police position to facilitate personal relationships, and inappropriate disclosure of confidential police information. When the conflict of interest identified related specifically to a police officer???s official or public role as a member of the police force, the main types of misconduct identified included three broad areas: (i) the use and abuse of police powers and authority; (ii) the use and abuse of police resources, including information; and (iii) the receipt of gratuities and breaches of the law. These problems were shown to play out in a range of ways, encompassing such behaviours as misuse of the police identity, inappropriate accessing of police information, involvement in investigations where the police officer concerned has a personal interest in the matter, failing to take appropriate police action against friends, family, or associates, the exercise of improper influence in civil matters, and engagement in harassment and discrimination. This study offers some important conceptual developments in relation to the notion of conflict of interest, focusing on the importance of the distinction between a conflict of interest and an associated breach of duty. The study noted that it is often erroneously assumed by police that if there is no breach of duty evidenced, then there is no problem of conflict of interest. The study also offers an important insight into the oversight and accountability processes involved in Victoria Police, emphasising the importance and effectiveness of the oversight role of the office of the Victorian Ombudsman. Evidence also suggests that the internal review processes within Victoria Police are by-and-large stringent, and that senior police management are genuinely interested in making police officers more accountable for their actions. However, it is concluded that both front-line operational police officer and police management often have a limited understanding of conflict of interest, and problems attendant to conflicts of interest. The study???s insights into the problem of conflict of interest are significant insofar as this problem is related to police misconduct???ranging from minor to serious???of various kinds. Attention to the problem of conflict of interest may be an important element in preventing ???upstream??? police misconduct and corruption.

An observational study was conducted to describe the presence of plagiarism in medical thesis in 2008 performed at a public university in Peru. Search for plagiarism in 33 thesis introductions using a Google search algorithm, characterizes of the study type and we search in electronic form if the thesis mentor have published articles in scientific journals. We found evidence of plagiarism in 27/33 introductions, 37.3% (171/479) of all the paragraphs analyzed had some degree of plagiarism, literal plagiarism was the most frequent (20/27) and journals were the most common sources of plagiarism (19/27). The characteristics of the studies were observational (32/33), cross-sectional (30/33), descriptive (25/33) and retrospective (19/33). None of the authors had published in a scientific journal, and only nine of his tutors of them had at least one publication. No association was found between the characteristics of the thesis and the presence of plagiarism. In conclusion, we found a high frequency of plagiarism in theses analyzed. Is responsibility of medical schools take the necessary actions to detect and avoid plagiarism among their students. / Revisión por pares.

Bakgrund:Under de senaste decennierna har medvetenheten om barnmisshandel samt utvecklingen av förebyggande politik kring detta ökat. Ambulanssjuksköterskor har en unik möjlighet att upptäcka dessa barn som misstänks fara illa då de är först på plats vid ett akut sjukdomstillstånd och kan se tecken i hemmiljön som kan leda till en orosanmälan. Det kan leda till ett minskat lidande för barnen men för att det ska kunna ske bör en medvetenhet om vad en orosanmälan innebär finnas. Syfte:Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelser av att göra en orosanmälan av barn som far illa.   Metod:En studie med tio stycken kvalitativa intervjuer gjordes. En öppen fråga med möjlighet till följdfrågor ställdes utifrån en intervjuguide. Materialet analyserades på en latent nivå utifrån Lundman och Hällgren Graneheims kvalitativa innehållsanalys.   Resultat:Resultatet redovisas utifrån tre huvudkategorier; Misstankar väcks, Påverkan på orosanmälansamt Samarbete och Öppenhet. Av dessa kategorier framkom sju underkategorier som beskrev informanternas upplevelser. Det framkom att brist på kunskap angående identifieringen av barn samt en okunskap kring vad ens egenansvar innebär, finns. Rädslan för repressalier kan ses som en anledning till att orosanmälan inte görs.   Slutsats:Utbildning i ämnet barn som far illa är av stor vikt för att kunna identifiera de utsatta barnen. En rädsla för repressalier kan vara anledningen till att orosanmälningar inte görs men skulle kunna öka om möjlighet till anonymitet i utförandet finns. Mer utbildning och stöttning i ämnet behövs. / Background: In recent decades, awareness of child abuse and the development of preventive policies has increased. Ambulance nurse have a unique opportunity to identify children who may be in a vulnerable situation as they are the first at the scene in the event of acute illness and can pick up signs in the home environment which could lead to suspicions of neglect being reported.This may result in less suffering for the children concerned, but in order for this to happen, it is important to be aware of the implications of making a report. Purpose:The purpose of the study was to describe the ambulance nurses’ experiences of reporting suspicions of child neglect. Method:The study is based on ten qualitative interviews. One open question with the possibility of follow-up questions were posed, based on an interview guide. The material was analyzed on a latent level based on Lundman and Hällgren Graneheim's qualitative content analysis Result: The results are reported based on three main categories: Suspicions arise, Impingement of reporting child neglect andCooperation and Transparency.Seven subcategories, that best described the informants experiences, were then selected. It was found that lack of knowledge regarding the identification of children as well as an ignorance of what one's own responsibility implies exists. The fear of reprisals can be seen as a reason for not reporting on suspicion of child neglect. Conclusion: Education in the subject child neglect are important for identifying the exposed children. A fear of reprisals may be the reason why no report on child neglect is made but could increase, if there is an opportunity for anonymity in the implementation. More education and support on the subject is needed.