Orientadores: Monica Sanches Yassuda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T14:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_FabianaCastilloRoda_M.pdf: 1906824 bytes, checksum: eae2560df34d2b9c45cc4eb33fd9444c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A memória é uma habilidade fortemente associada à qualidade de vida e ao bem-estar do idoso e de sua família, pois é vital para sua independência e autonomia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal estudar os efeitos do treino de memória episódica em uma população idosa brasileira saudável. Para alcançar esse objetivo foram recrutados 57 idosos, a partir de 60 anos de idade e com escolaridade entre 4 e 8 anos, sem indício de depressão e demência. Esses idosos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (GCOs= 26) e grupo experimental (GEXs=31). Os participantes do grupo controle participaram do pré e pós-teste e receberam treino posteriormente. Os participantes do grupo experimental participaram do pré-teste, de 5 sessões de treino de memória episódica, nas quais foram instruídos a categorizar listas de supermercado e listas de figuras e realizaram o pós-teste na 6° sessão. As medidas do pré e pós-teste para ambos os grupos incluíram a recordação de uma prancha de 18 figuras, a prova Códigos da bateria WAIS-III, avaliação do uso de estratégia através do auto-relato (pergunta aberta e fechada) e através do cálculo da medida de Bousfield direto do protocolo. Resultados indicaram que o treino de memória episódica envolvendo a aprendizagem e prática com a estratégia de categorização promoveu uma melhora no desempenho da memória episódica e um maior uso da estratégia treinada. Pôde-se verificar a manutenção da plasticidade da memória em uma população idosa entre a faixa etária de 60-69 anos e em idosos com mais de 70 anos / Abstract: Memory is a cognitive ability that is strongly associated with quality of life and well-being of older adults and their families, because it is vital to independence and autonomy. The present study had as its main goal to verify the efficacy of an episodic memory intervention offered to a population of healthy Brazilian older adults.To reach this goal 57 older adults, 60 and older with 4 to 8 years of formal education with no signs of depression or dementia, were invited to participate. Participants were randomly divided into two control (n=26) and two experimental groups (n=31). Control participants completed pre and pos test and afterwards received training. Experimental participants completed pre test five training sessions (when they learned to categorize grocery lists and pictures) and post test. Assessment measures for both groups included memory recall of 18 pictures, WAIS-III Digit Symbol, an open question about strategy use, and a check list question about possible strategies used, as well as the Bousfield measure of categorization. Results indicated that episodic memory training involving learning and practice of categorization can lead to higher strategy use and performance in this population, Results suggest presence o memory plasticity in Brazilian older adults 60-69 years old and above 70 / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestre em Gerontologia

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I denna studie studerades effekten av minneskedjemetoden på svenska studerandes förvärv av ordförråd. Ett experiment genomfördes med 19 elever i två klasser för 14 franska ord. Den ena klassen instruerades att använda minneskedjemetoden, medan den andra fick instruktioner om att använda listmodellen. Grupperna testades efter en vecka. Resultatet visade att minneskedjegruppen presterade bättre på åtta av de totalt tolv orden på ordtestet en vecka senare. Detta resultat motsvarade inte resultaten från liknande studier utförda av Wang et al. (1992) och Carney & Levin (1998). I analysen diskuteras aspekter som kan ha påverkat resultatet. En undersökning genomfördes också med frågor om vilka minnesstrategier eleverna använde före experimentet. Resultatet från undersökningen visade att den vanligaste strategin bland studenterna var listmodellen. Slutsatserna är att minneskedjemetoden var effektiv för svenska gymnasieelever och att skapa en interaktiv mental bild inklusive nyckelordet och översättningsordet är avgörande för metodens effektivitet. / The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the keyword method on Swedish student’s vocabulary acquisition. An experiment was conducted with 19 students in two classes for 14 French words. One class was instructed to use the keyword method, while the other was instructed to use the rote rehearsal method. The groups were tested after one week. The result showed that the keyword group performed better on the word test one week later. This result did not correspond with the results from similar studies conducted by Wang et al. (1992) and Carney & Levin (1998). In the analysis, aspects are discussed that may have affected the result. A survey was also conducted with questions about which mnemonic strategies the students used before the experiment. The result from the survey showed that the most frequent strategy among the students was the rote rehearsal method. The study demonstrates that the keyword method was more efficient for Swedish high school students and that creating an interactive mental image including the keyword and the translation word is crucial for the effectiveness of the method.

En el presente trabajo se ha indagado en las opiniones de los alumnos acerca de adquirir reglas gramaticales en el aula de ELE con el uso de mnemotecnia (imágenes mentales). Hoy en día muchos alumnos en la escuela sueca aprenden de manera diferente y usan estrategias diferentes para aprender reglas gramaticales y palabras, por ejemplo, las estrategias visuales, auditivas, quinésicas, táctiles (Reiss, 1987). Este dato, junto con las recomendaciones de La Agencia Nacional Sueca para la Educación sobre qué es considerado como método eficaz para el aprendizaje en el ámbito escolar (Skolverket, 2019; Skolverket, 2015) son dos razones principales para llevar a cabo un estudio en el que se presenta un método mnemotécnico completo con el objetivo de que los alumnos puedan aprender algo (un ítem gramatical) con más facilidad. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo mediante dos clases en un instituto con alumnos del paso 4 de español. La primera clase consistió en una presentación y un momento de práctica del ítem gramatical el condicional, además, incluyó una presentación del método mnemotécnico elegido para memorizar oraciones. La segunda clase consistió en una prueba del condicional y una encuesta acerca las opiniones y uso de la mnemotecnia.Los resultados de la encuesta muestran que los alumnos tienen una actitud positiva hacia el uso de mnemotecnia y quieren estudiar cómo podrían aprender en una manera más eficaz, no obstante, en la realización de la prueba la mayoría de los alumnos optaron por no usar el método mnemotécnico. En el análisis de las tres técnicas del método mnemotécnico, hay tendencias que muestran de que son apropiadas como estrategias en el ámbito escolar y que los alumnos han aceptado dos de las tres técnicas. Sin embargo, la técnica rechazada impide una memorización fiable, por la que la asimilación de todas las tres técnicas es necesaria. Es decir, el uso de mnemotecnia es parcialmente ventajoso, según las opiniones de los alumnos en este estudio. / The current study investigates the opinions of students about acquiring grammatical rules in the SFL classroom with the use of mnemonics (mental images). Today many students in Swedish schools learn differently and use different strategies to learn, e.g. visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile stragegies (Reiss, 1987). This fact, toghether with the Swedish National Agency for Education´s recomendations on what is considered to be an affective method for learning in school settings (Skolverket, 2019; Skolverket, 2015) are two main reasons for carrying out a study in which a complete mnemonic method is presented with the aim of making it easier for students to learn something (a gramatical item). This study has been finalized during two classes in one high school with students at level 4 of Spanish. The first class consisted of one presentation and one moment of practice of the grammatical item the conditional, also, it consisted in a presentation of the chosen method mnemonics for memorizing sentences. The second class consisted of a test of the conditional and of one questionnaire about the opinions and the use of mnemonics. The results of the questionnaire show that the students have a positive attitude towards the use of mnemonics, and they want to study how to learn with more efficiency, however, in completing the test most of the students choose not to use the method mnemonic. In the analysis of the three techniques of the mnemonic method, there are tendencies that shows that they are appropriated as strategies in the school environment and that the students have accepted two of the three techniques. However, the rejected technique prevents a reliable memorization, for that an assimilation of all the three techniques is necessary. That is to say, the use of mnemonics is partially beneficial, accordingly to the opinions of the students of this study.

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This study focuses on the work of Marcel Jousse, the 20th century French anthropologist, linguist, educationist and theologian who discovered and developed the Anthropology of Language, the study of human memory and expression, and their mutual transation. As central underpinning theory of the Anthropology of Language, Jousse identified the anthropology of Geste and Rhythm manifest in the Oral Style as gestual-visual/oral-aural mnemonic. In Memory, Memorisation and Memorisers in Ancient Galilee, the account of the transmission of the Besorah-Gospels in the intra-ethnic and extra-ethnic Galilean-Hellenic diaspora. Jousse demonstrates (I) the fidelity and accommodating fluidity of mnemonic Oral Style expression as support of human memory; (2) the role of the Metourgeman-Sunergos as interpreter-translator and scripter of the Besorah-Gospels; (3) the role of the Counting-necklaces constructed by Kepha-Peter and Shaoul-Paul as ordering and mnemonic support in the recounting the Deeds and Sayings of the Rabbi Ieshou"a of Galilee. In this thesis three kinds of translation are addressed. (I) It is about the translation of invisible and visceral memory into the visible and audible expression thereof in speech and movement for the purposes of learning, understanding and recording of the oral socio-cultural archive: Stylology manifest in rhythmo-stylistics, rhythmo-pedagogy and rhythmo-catechism; (2) it is about the translation of speech and movement into writing of two kinds: the recording of dictated texts in writing, (Memory, Memorisation and Memorisers in Ancient Galilee) and the putting-into- writing of memorised formulaic recitation, viz. rhythmo-stylistics, rhythmo-pedagogy and rhythmo-catechism; (3) it is about the translation of a specific and specialised technical texts from one (kind of) language to another: Memory, Memorisation and Memorisers in Ancient Galilee and Glossary of Joussea Concepts, Terms and Usage. The products of this study are: (I) a critical investigation and contextualised account of the perspective of Marcel Jousse on the operation of the invisible visceral metaphor called memory into the visible and audible expression thereof in speech and movement for the purposes of learning, understanding and recording of the oral socio-cultural archive in rhythmo-mnemonic expression (2) a proposed work-in-progress model for the presentation and analysis mnemonic Oral-style texts, viz. rhythmo-stylistics, rhythmo-pedagogy and rhythmo-catechism; (3) an annotated translation of Dernieres Dictees Memory, Memorisation and Memorisers in Ancient Galilee; (4) a glossary of specialised technical terms to be used in the interpretation of the works of Marcel Jousse compiled from Jousse's texts already translated into English: Jousse developed a specialised and complex terminology to explain his view of the origin and operation of mnemonic human expression. The Glossary documents this terminology, and demonstrates the translation of the concepts, and their usage by Jousse. This study is presented in three parts: Part One: Translations on and at the oral-literate interface; Part Two: Memory, Memorisation and Memorisers in Ancient Galilee - an annotated translation; Part Three: Glossary of Joussean Concepts Terms and Usage . / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

Aging, also in the absence of pathological conditions, is associated with cognitivedecline, especially in so called fluid abilities, such as episodic memory andexecutive functions. Due to an ongoing demographic shift, a larger part of thepopulation will reach higher ages, and more people will be affected by age-relatedcognitive decline. Finding ways of counteracting this development have the potentialof having large benefits for both individuals and society. It has long beenknown that living in environments that are rich in terms of cognitive challengescan affect cognitive ability in old age. In this regard, intervention studies in whichthe amount of cognitive stimulation is manipulated can therefore generate insightsto the causality of such effects in specific cognitive functions. Cognitive trainingas means to counteract negative effects of aging on cognition has received a lot ofscientific interest in the last decades.This focus of this thesis is cognitive training interventions, which is studiedfrom several perspectives. In Study i, the aim was to investigate the extent towhich executive functions can be strengthened by training in younger and olderadults, and to which degree such training generalize to other measures of cognition.Although a large body of research has been investigating training of workingmemory and executive functions in recent years, the results are diverse, and fewhave been targeting executive functions broadly with training programs based ontheoretical models of executive functions. Study i showed that despite a broadtraining program targeting three executive functions (updating, shifting and inhibition),it did not lead to transfer beyond the very near in old adults. The youngerhowever showed transfer effects to measures of working memory.In Study ii, the focus was on studying how the effects survive across time.There is limited knowledge about long-term effects of process-based training andthe results showed that the training effect was stable after 1.5 years, while only thenearest transfer effect was still significant in both younger and older adults.Study iii focused on individual factors affecting gain and maintenance thereofin a sample of older individuals. We used a strategy-based intervention focusingon episodic memory performance with a number-consonant mnemonic which is amnemonic for memorizing digit-codes. A different set of predictors was observedfor baseline episodic memory performance and training gain. Those that are betteroff in terms of episodic memory performance, also gain more in the episodic memorycriterion task. Further, a higher rate of processing speed was also important.Lastly, better verbal knowledge also influence gain beyond the other factors. Theresults have both theoretical implications regarding how plastic cognitive functionsare, and practical, in terms of how to best design training programs. / Över hela världen blir vi äldre. År 2050 kommer en femtedel av jordens befolkningvara 60 år eller äldre, att jämföra med en knapp tiondel år 1950. Det är förstås enpositiv utveckling men en åldrande befolkning innebär också att vi står inför flerautmaningar. En sådan rör det kognitiva åldrandet. Vi vet att åldrande kan leda tillnedgång i vissa kognitiva förmågor, såsom det episodiska minnet samt exekutivafunktioner. Episodiskt minne är vår förmåga att komma ihåg upplevda händelserknutna till tid och rum. Exekutiva funktioner är ett begrepp som inbegriper vårförmåga att hålla en plan aktiv medan vi utför den, utan att distraheras av tankareller externa störningsmoment. Genom att studera effekter av träning hos yngreoch äldre vuxna på sådana kognitiva funktioner kan vi få kunskap om till vilkengrad de kan förbättras och om denna förbättringspotential är olika beroende påålder. Vi vet sedan tidigare att människor som under sin livstid lever ett kognitivtstimulerande liv också till viss del är skyddade mot nedgång i kognition underåldrandet. Träningsstudier kan ge kunskap om kausaliteten i sådana fynd.Studie i i denna avhandling behandlar träning av exekutiva funktioner föryngre och äldre vuxna. Träningsprogrammet konstruerades utefter en teoretiskmodell som beskriver exekutiva funktioner som bestående av förmågan att inhiberastörande stimuli eller överlärda responser, förmågan att uppdatera informationi arbetsminnet, och förmågan att skifta mellan att utföra olika uppgifter. Resultatenvisade att de yngre kunde generalisera träningseffekten också till otränadearbetsminnesuppgifter, medan de äldre endast visade förbättring på otränade uppgiftersom hade stora likheter med de tränade.I Studie ii undersöktes hur mycket av träningseffekterna som kvarstod ettoch ett halvt år efter träningen. Resultaten visade att både för yngre och äldreså kvarstod effekten på tränade uppgifter samt en av uppgifterna som hade stortöverlapp med träningsuppgifterna, för både unga och äldre.I Studie iii studerades ett strategibaserat träningsprogram för episodisktminne. Fokus låg på att undersöka vilka individuella kognitiva faktorer sompåverkar förbättring som följd av träning. Resultaten visade att de med högre förmågai kognitiv bearbetningshastighet samt verbal förmåga var de som hade bästförutsättningar för förbättring.Resultaten från dessa studier är av både teoretisk relevans i och med att deökar förståelsen för träningsbarheten av exekutiva funktioner, samt har praktiskrelevans för utformning av träningsprogram.

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For sixty-five years hardly anyone in the English-speaking world was aware of the anthropological theories of Marcel Jousse, a twentieth century Jesuit scholar. In 1990, Jousse's seminal work, Le style oral rythmique et mnemotechnique chez les verbo-moteurs. (The rhythmic and mnemotechnique oral style of the verbo-motors), was translated into English and given the name The Oral Style. His anthropologie du geste, called in this study the anthropology of geste, presented his discovery of the universal anthropological laws governing human expression: mimism, bilateralism and formulism. Jousse had sought to understand the anthropological roots of oral style, in particular the phenomenal memory of oral style peoples. In this dissertation, Jousse's theories are summarised and his anthropological laws are used to determine whether three eucharistic prayers of the Roman rite contain elements of oral style expression. The Roman Canon, Eucharistic Prayer 1 and Eucharistic Prayer for Children 1 are set out in binary and ternary balancings. An attempt is made to show that written style expression, an inheritance from the Greeks, houses in its extraordinary complexity the very oral style elements it appears to have superseded. The assertion made is that written style, with its predilection for subordination, actually conserves, preserves and perpetuates oral style balancings, not only in the simple sentence (what Jousse calls the propositional geste), but also in clauses, phrases, words, and sound devices. Support is given to T. J. Talley's view that the Jewish nodeh lekah (thanksgiving) and not the berakah (blessing) is the prayer source that influenced the structure of the early Christians' eucharist (thanksgiving in Greek). The expressions of thanksgiving that are a distinguishing feature of anaphoras from the 1st century AD onwards, continue to shape the eucharistic prayers today. This is offered as one reason why, in a reconstruction of Eucharistic Prayer for Children 1 presented at the end of Chapter 5, it is possible to balance one recitative with another, and the recitation of one prayer component with another. The dissertation concludes by recommending that oral studies of the Christian liturgies of East and West be pursued as they have much to contribute to the orality-literacy debate not only in the matter of liturgical language but also in gaining an appreciation of other gestes of worship. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.