孔子學院是中國軟實力政策的展現。它創設的是目的為了向世界推廣中國文化與漢語，增進世界各國對中國的瞭解，目前全球已設有443所孔子學院與648間孔子課堂。 俄羅斯是中國最友好的朋友之一，也是重要的政治、經濟、戰略夥伴。因為兩國的關係不斷地發展，俄羅斯人對漢語的興趣也越來越高。為滿足俄羅斯人的需要，中國遂把在俄羅斯設立孔子學院列為積極推動的項目。俄羅斯目前已經有18所孔子學院與5間孔子課堂。 本論文的題目是『孔子學院在莫斯科：國家的形象與在地認知』，旨在瞭解在俄羅斯漢語教師與學生對孔子學院的觀感為何。 本論文所採用用的研究方法為面對面訪問跟次級資料分析。 分析的結果顯示，大部分受訪者持正面的看法，並對孔子學院給予高度評價，以及認為孔子學院對中俄關係的發展產生很重要的作用。雖然有一些人認為，孔子學院是中國政府情報機關的部分，但是總的印象是正面的。中國在俄羅斯成功地建立其自身的良好形象，而孔子學院是它以達到其目的使用的工具之一。 / Abstract Confucius Institute (CI) is one of China's soft power policy initiatives. It aims to promote Chinese language and culture all over the globe, enhance the world's understanding of China. Today there are already 443 Confucius Institutes and 648 Confucius Classrooms in the world. Russia is one China’s closest friends and allies, as well as its important political, economic and strategic partner. Due to the continuous development of the bilateral relations, Russian people are more and more interested in Chinese language. To meet their need in studying Mandarin, China is actively promoting the establishment of the Confucius Institute there. Now there are already 18 Confucius Institutes and 5 Confucius Classroom 5 in Russia. The name of this thesis is: "Confucius Institutes in Moscow: national image and local perception." It aims at understanding what kind of attitude Russians, who teach or study Chinese either at the CI or somewhere else, have towards the Confucius Institute. Besides, it was also important to understand whether Sino-Russian relations play a crucial role in shaping people’s attitude towards the CI. Throughout the research the author used primary data sources (field work, interviews), as well as secondary data sources. Field research was conducted only in Moscow, the rest of the information about the development of the CIs in Russia is observed through the secondary data sources (reports, newspapers, journals). Results of the analysis indicate that the majority of Russian people, on the example of Moscow, have favorable attitude towards the Confucius Institute. Although in general there are also those who are skeptical about this initiative in Russia, stating that China is using the CIs as a part of its intelligence network, but the overall impression is positive. The PRC managed to create a favorable image of itself in Russia, and the Confucius Institute is one of the tools it uses in order to reach its aim.

This diploma thesis is focused on period of Prague Spring 1968 and it also marginally follows its development in the following years 1969 and 1970. The thesis deals with the district of České Budějovice and studies all the key events of the year 1968 in this district and especially in its capital town. Regional events are researched and compared in the context of the whole Czechoslovakian Republic. Besides the description of the important events, the thesis is also focused on the everyday life of the town?s inhabitants in the time of the Soviet occupation. During the author?s research the records from the State Regional Archives Třeboň (the fund of South Bohemian Regional Committee of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ? JKV KSČ) and the State District Archives České Budějovice (the fund of Town?s National Committee České Budějovice ? MěNV České Budějovice - and the chronicles) were used. The author of this thesis also worked with the period and contemporary newspapers as well as six eyewitnesses of the described events. The knowledge learned from the archive records is completed with the pieces of information from the literature. Attention in this diploma thesis is paid especially to the politics of JKV KSČ and MěNV České Budějovice in the time of the Prague Spring reforms, organizations such as KAN and K 231, daily newspaper Jihočeská pravda after the abolition of censorship, occupation of České Budějovice and other towns in the district by the Soviet forces, victims of the occupation and the events that occurred in the autumn of 1968, especially the incidents that happened during the Great October Socialist Revolution celebration.

Au lendemain de la Révolution, on observe en Russie l’apparition de nombreux groupes d’avant-garde qui, d’une certaine manière, prolongent tous les groupes antérieurs. Les jeunes poètes qui perpétuent alors le paradigme avant-gardiste forment certains des groupes qui sont au cœur de cette recherche: les expressionnistes (dont Ippolit Sokolov, Boris Zemenkov, Sergej Spasskij, Gurij Sidorov), le Parnasse de Moscou (dont Boris Lapin, Evgenij Gabrilovič), les fouistes (dont Boris Perelešin, Boris Nesmelov, Nikolai Lepok), les émotionnalistes (dont Mixail Kuzmin, Anna Radlova, Konstantin Vaginov), les rienistes (dont Rjurik Rok, Sergej Sadikov, Susanna Mar, Aècij Ranov, Oleg Èrberg), et les biocosmistes (dont Aleksandr Svjatogor, Aleksandr Jaroslavskij). Ce travail cerne leur activité théorique, philosophique et poétique, suit leurs pas dans la vie artistique de l'époque, reconstitue le contexte intellectuel et culturel. Les années 1920 sont, de manière générale, la période où les cultures russe et allemande se témoignent le plus d'intérêt réciproque et un nombre important de contacts s'établit entre les artistes. L'analyse de leur poésie et de leurs manifestes permet de cerner le phénomène de l'expressionnisme russe, comme mouvement indépendant, et de montrer leur proximité typologique. Quant aux rienistes, on peut les rapprocher des dadaïstes européens. Enfin, les biocosmistes prolongent les idées du cosmisme russe dans une perspective révolutionnaire et utopique. Longtemps négligés, ces groupes apportent la preuve de l'unité vaste et complexe de l'avant-garde russe. Pourtant, leur apport ne fait aucun doute. / Just after the Revolution, in Russia there emerged numerous avant-garde groups that, in a way, continue all previous groups. Young poets who then perpetuate the avant-garde paradigm form certain groups that are at the heart of this research: the Expressionists (including Ippolit Sokolov, Boris Zemenkov, Sergei Spassky, Gury Sidorov), Parnassus of Moscow (including Boris Lapin, Yevgeny Gabrilovich), the Fouists (including Pereleshin Boris, Boris Nesmelov, Nikolai Lepok), the Emotionalists (including Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Radlova, Konstantin Vaginov), the Nichevoki (including Ryurik Rok, Sergei Sadikov, Susanna Mar, Aetsy Ranov, Oleg Erberg), and Biocosmists (including Alexander Svyatogor, Alexander Yaroslavsky). This work identifies their theoretical, philosophical and poetic activities, following their steps in the artistic life of that time and reconstructs the intellectual and cultural context. The 1920s are, generally, the period when Russian and German cultures reflect greater mutual interest and a large number of contacts is established among artists. The analysis of their poetry and their manifests identifies the phenomenon of Russian Expressionism as independent movement and shows their typological affinities. As regards the Nichevoki, they can be compared to the European Dadaists. Finally, the Biocosmists continue the ideas of Russian Cosmism in a revolutionary and utopian perspective. Long neglected, these groups provide evidence of large and complex body of the Russian avant-garde. Nevertheless, their contribution is certain.

Rapporten avser ett produktutvecklingsprojekt hos ett företag. Företaget har ett problem avseende kontaktering i deras handhållna batteridrivna produkter, problemet har varit aktuellt att lösa under längre tid. Problemet yttrar sig i form av diverse olika tekniska, elrelaterade, sporadiska fel till följd av tillverkningsteknikens begränsningar i form av toleranssättning. När fullgod kontaktering (fullständigt hoptryckta kontaktdon) inte uppnås resulterar det också i att batteriet inte sitter helt inspänt och konstruktionen upplevs som racklig vilket minskar kvalitetsintrycket av produkten i sin helhet. Företaget kan, med modern tillverkningsteknik, inte garantera att batteriet placeras in i deras produkter på ett sätt som leder till fullgod kontaktering. Eftersom nolltolerans för variation i distanser och geometrier från produktion inte är realistiskt behöver företaget en ny konceptinriktning som tillåter normala avvikelser utan att skapa elektriska problem. Projektet har haft snäva ramar, krav och avgränsningar som har krävt en metodisk produktutvecklingsprocess. Kravbilden innefattar total kompabilitet med samtliga batterier i produktsortimentet, kontaktering med nolldistans i gränssnittet mellan produkt och batteri samt potential för fullständig universalitet i företagets olika produkter. Lösningen får dessutom inte öka komponentantalet eller monteringstiden avsevärt. Lösningen som tagits fram klarar variationer i distanser upp till fem millimeter och tillåter en svarande linjär rörelse i samband med placering av batteri. Oavsett vilka distanser, från det produktions tolererade intervallet, som en given produkt besitter uppnås fullgod kontaktering och batteriet spänns fast vilket minskar spel i placering av batteriet och ökar kvalitetsintrycket. Projektets ramar ledde till en lösning som både är kompakt och kan platsa i hela det handhållna sortimentet och som är fullständigt universell. Företaget har visat stort intresse för lösningen som anses besitta potential och lösningen kan komma att implementeras i företagets produktsortiment. / This paper describes a product development project at a company. The company has a technical issue regarding connection between the battery and a given unit in their handheld electrical range of products. The problem consists of a range of sporadic, technical electrical issues because of the inherent limitations of the manufacturing processes due to tolerance of variations in the produced units and it has been relevant to solve for some time. When the connection between a product and its battery isn’t apposite it results in a rattling battery which makes for a less appealing product. Modern methods of manufacturing don’t allow zero tolerance for variation from production and so, the company needs a new direction that allows for normal variations without them causing various electrical issues. The project has been affected by strict requirements and demarcations that have made for a strict, methodical product development approach.The requirements consist of an absolute compatibility with the range of batteries used with the Company’s handheld electrical products, connection with a zero-tolerance distance in the interface between the product and the battery and the potential for universal implementation in the Company’s various products. The resulting system is also not allowed to increase the number of components, or the time spent assembling the units in a substantial way. The resulting system developed can accommodate variations of a magnitude of five millimetres and allows a responsive linear movement when a battery is placed in its socket. Regardless of the magnitude of tolerated variations from production, the solution allows for a zero-distance connection in the interface between the battery and the unit. The system also holds the battery in place which diminishes the battery rattling and improves the impression of the products quality. The framework of the project led to a solution that can fit in the entire handheld product range meaning the solution is fully universal. The company has shown interest for the system and considers it to have potential for future implementation.