Thesis (M Speech Path)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated: (1) the effect of two visual modalities (wordless picture book and animated video) on the narratives of typically developing 9 year old children, and (2) the effect of dynamic assessment on the quality of narratives in both visual modalities. Twenty nine typically developing children between the ages of 8 years 5 months, and 9 years 4 months were selected from a higher socio-economic population. Participants were exposed to a wordless picture book and an animated video. Participants’ narrative performance was measured in terms of micro- and macro-structure variables in each visual modality, and before and after dynamic assessment in each visual modality. Micro-structure variables included productivity (total number of words, total number of T-units), syntactic complexity (mean length of T-unit) and lexical diversity measures (total number of different words). Macrostructure variables included goal-attempt-outcome (GAO) sequences, and inclusion of GAO elements (goal, attempt or outcome). Results indicated that: (i) both visual modalities elicited narratives of similar quality in terms of micro- and macro-structure variables, and (ii) participants’ narratives improved after dynamic assessment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het (1) die effek van twee visuele modaleite (‘n woordlose prentboek en animasie video) op die narratiewe van tipiese ontwikkelende 9 jarige kinders bestudeer, asook (2) die effek van dinamiese assessering op die kwaliteit van narratiewe in beide visuele modaliteite. Nege-en-twintig tipiese ontwikkelende kinders tussen die ouderdom van 8 jaar 5 maande, en 9 jaar 4 maande is vanuit ‘n hoër sosio-ekonomiese populasie geselekteer. Deelnemers is blootgestel aan ‘n woordlose prentboek en ‘n animasie video. Deelnemers se narratiefvaardighede ten opsigte van mikro- and makro-struktuur veranderlikes in elke visuele modaliteit, asook voor en na dinamiese assessering in elke visuele modaliteit is gemeet. Mikro-struktuur veranderlikes het gefokus op produktiwiteit (totale aantal woorde, totale aantal Teenhede), sintaktiese kompleksiteit (gemiddelde lengte van T-eenheid) and leksikale diversiteit (totale aantal verskillende woorde). Makro-struktuur veranderlikes het gefokus op doelwit-poging-uitkoms (DPU) strukture, en die insluiting van DPU elemente (doelwit, poging of uitkoms). Die resultate het aangedui dat: (i) beide visuele modaliteite narratiewe van soortgelyke kwaliteit in terme van mikro- en makro-sruktuur veranderlikes ontlok het, en (ii) dat deelnemers se narratiewe verbeter het na dinamiese assessering.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / To analyze the roles of CCTA, MPI, and CC to formulate a sequential clinical algorithm to use in patients with chest pain, risk factors for CAD, and an abnormal EKG. The goals of the study are to streamline and refine workup, to decrease radiation exposure to patients, and to contain costs. 39 patients underwent CCTA, MPI, and CC within 30 months of each other. CCTA was used to categorize mild, moderate, or severe CAD. MPI used SSS, SDS, TID, and formal reading to define mild, moderate, or severe physiologic ischemia. CC and coronary intervention cine films were analyzed to define and treat anatomical CAD medically or by intervention. Results: There was strong correlation between CCTA, CC, and treatment type (p<0.0001). CCTA was able to stratify all patients with mild or severe ischemia to appropriate treatment groups, and to reduce the need for MPI. With moderate ischemia from CCTA, the additional use of MPI could have reduced the need for 16/18 (89%) patients who underwent CC to undergo further testing. No patients with mild or moderate CAD by CCTA, followed by mild to moderate physiologic ischemia by MPI, needed CC or intervention. 37/39 patients (95%) could have avoided one or more tests using our algorithm. CCTA followed by MPI may be used in symptomatic patients with risk factors for CAD and an abnormal EKG to stratify mild and moderate CAD, and to thereby avoid cardiac catheterization. Our algorithm could lead to savings in healthcare expenditures, save patients from unnecessary invasive procedures, decrease radiation exposure, and total cost.

This research began with the Hill Inventory. Cognitive style preference variables were classified as one of following four types: Theoretical Codes, Qualitative Codes, Social-Cultural Codes or Reasoning Modalities. A consumer behavior perspective was then used to form an alternative structure for the Hill Inventory variables. The following three constructs were proposed: Evaluation Codes, Perceptual Codes, and Reasoning Modalities. The purpose of this research was to assess the structural form and measurement validity of the Hill Inventory. Specific steps taken to accomplish this objective included: developing confirmatory factor and structural equation models; using the LISREL software package to analyze the model specifications; and assessing the validity of the questions used to measure the variables. A descriptive research design was used to compare the model specifications. The research instrument consisted of eight statements for each of twenty-eight variables for a total of 224 questions. Five-point response choices were described by the words: often, sometimes, unsure, rarely, or never. The sample consisted of 285 student subjects in marketing classes at a large university. Data analysis began by comparing the distributions of the data to a normal case. Parameter estimates, root mean square residuals and squared multiple correlations then were obtained using the LISREL VI software package. The chi-square statistic was used to test the hypotheses. This statistic was supplemented by the Tucker-Lewis index which used a null model for comparisons. The final step in data analysis was to assess the reliability of the measurements. This study affected the potential usage of the Hill Inventory for consumer behavior research. The major conclusion was that the measurement of the variables must be improved before model parameters can be tested. Specific question sets on the inventory were identified that were most in need of revision.

The aim of this work is to use contemporary notation to build theory of Rosser logic, explain in detail its relation to Peano arithmetic, show its Kripke semantics and finally using plural self-reference show the proof of arithmetical completeness. In the last chapter we show some of the properties of Rosser sentences. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Student Number : 9903082V - MSc (Med) dissertation - Faculty of Health Sciences / Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia where it is a major risk factor for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently available therapy is only effective in a small subset of chronic carriers. The development of novel treatment modalities for the management of HBV therefore remains an important global medical objective. Sequence plasticity of the HBV genome is limited by its small size and the overlapping nature of its open reading frames (ORFs). These features make HBV an ideal target for therapy based on nucleic acid hybridization. The use of ribozymes (RNA enzymes) and antisense molecules to inhibit gene expression is well documented. The recent discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has added to the arsenal of therapy based on nucleic acid hybridization. RNAi is the process whereby short RNA duplexes (called short interfering RNA or siRNA) mediate the sequence-specific post-transcriptional silencing of genes homologous in sequence to the siRNA. siRNA function by guiding a protein complex (RNA Induced Silencing Complex or RISC) to target mRNA for degradation or translational repression. The protein X ORF (HBx ORF) is a conserved region of the HBV genome and is common to all viral transcripts. HBx is required for infection by the virus and plays an important role in the establishment of chronic infections in vivo as well as in the development of HCC. RNAi targeted against the HBx ORF may therefore prove useful as treatment of chronic HBV infection. Plasmid based expression cassettes capable of endogenously generating short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to the HBx ORF were constructed. The shRNA function as substrates for the RNAi machinery and are processed into siRNA. The ability of the expression cassettes to knockdown markers of HBV gene expression was tested in a human hepatoma cell line. A panel of 10 U6 promoter-driven shRNA expression vectors was generated. The U6 promoter (an RNA polymerase III promoter) is normally involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNA and as such is ideal for the generation of shRNA of precisely defined length. Three cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven shRNA expression cassettes incorporating ribozymes that produce defined hairpin sequences were also generated. The CMV promoter (an RNA polymerase II) promoter is involved in the transcription of large messenger RNA. Two hammerhead ribozymes lying 5’ and 3’ of the shRNA encoding sequence were incorporated into the cassette. Cis-cleavage by the ribozymes releases a shRNA of defined length thereby overcoming the limitations imposed by extraneous sequences from CMV promoter-driven transcription. U6 promoter-driven shRNA expression vectors efficiently knocked down markers of HBV replication in liver cells. The CMV promoter-driven expression vectors were incapable of inhibiting HBV gene expression; however shRNA generated in vitro from these vectors mediated efficient knockdown of HBV replication. shRNA-mediated inhibition of gene expression therefore holds promise as a novel treatment strategy for the management of HBV and other mobile genetic elements.

Os estudos voltados à tradução têm se expandido sobremaneira nos últimos anos, bem como o interesse dos estudiosos pela convergência de diferentes áreas com as quais a tradução dialoga em suas múltiplas interfaces entre elas a Tradução Especializada, a Tradução Literária, a Terminologia, a Terminologia Diacrônica e a Linguística de Corpus. Diante dessa profusão de pontos de vista, o presente estudo foi conduzido de modo a estabelecer um diálogo muito próximo entre a tradição dos estudos tradutórios de Terminologia em textos especializados e os recentes estudos tradutórios de Terminologia em textos não-técnicos (ZAVAGLIA et al., 2010). Defendemos, nesta pesquisa, com base no aporte teórico proposto pela TCT de Cabré (1999) e pela Etno-terminologia de Barbosa (2006), que a livre circulação de termos das áreas de especialidade em textos não-especializados, a exemplo da literatura, não é recente, o que, segundo nosso entendimento, demanda uma documentação terminológica por parte do tradutor leigo prévia ao ato tradutório. Utilizando como corpus de estudo a peça de teatro francesa Les Plaideurs de Jean Racine de 1668, ainda sem tradução para o português do Brasil, conduzimos este trabalho seguindo um roteiro que se inicia com a coleta de candidatos a termos jurídicos relacionados ao Ancien Régime presentes na peça auxiliados pelas técnicas da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004), a confecção de fichas terminológicas bilígues (AUBERT, 1996) e (CAMACHO, 2004) que determinam as delimitações conceituais dos candidatos levantados por meio de uma pesquisa em Terminologia Diacrônica, finalizando-se com propostas de equivalentes em português do Brasil para as unidades terminológicas levantadas em língua francesa segundo os parâmetros teóricos trazidos por Aubert (1998, 2006) com suas Modalidades de Tradução. Ao final desta pesquisa, pudemos constatar que cabe também ao tradutor de textos não-técnicos uma atenção especial à profusão de registros que podem existir nesses tipos de textos, aqui exemplificados por meio da literatura universal e clássica, o que traz a necessidade de trabalho conjunta entre as áreas da Terminologia e da Tradução, rompendo com parâmetros estritamente formais. / Translation studies have been greatly expanding during the last few years as well as the interest of researchers in the convergence of Translation itself and other different areas such as Specialized Translation, Literary Translation, Terminology, Diachronic Terminology and Corpus Linguistics. Given this profusion of points of view, this study aimed at establishing a very close dialogue between the traditional association of translation studies and terminology of specialized texts and the recent association of translation studies and terminology of non-technical texts (ZAVAGLIA et al, 2010). According to the proposals by Cabré (1999) and Barbosa (2006), we argue that the free movement of specialized areas terms in non-specialized texts such as literature is not something new which, in our opinion, demands a terminological documentation by the nontechnical text translator before the act of translation. Using Jean Racines French play Les Plaideurs (1668) as our corpus of study not yet translated into Brazilian Portuguese , legal terms related to the Ancien Régime present in the play were firstly collected aided by the techniques of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004). Secondly, based on the foundations of Diachronic Terminology, bilingual terminological records (AUBERT, 1996 & CAMACHO, 2004) were elaborated, which determined the conceptual boundaries of the collected candidates. Finally, proposals of equivalents in Brazilian Portuguese were suggested according to Auberts Modalities of Translation (1998, 2006). At last, we found that it is also necessary that the nontechnical text translator gives special attention to the variety of language registers that may exist in these types of texts, exemplified here by means of universal and classic literature, which brings the need for joint working between the areas of Terminology and Translation, breaking strictly formal parameters.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer os critérios de autenticidade científica de validade, reprodutibilidade e a sensibilidade do FSKT10s e do FSKTmult para o taekwondo. O objetivo secundário foi construir uma tabela normativa para classificação do desempenho físico gerado no FSKT. O estudo foi conduzido em seis etapas, contendo amostras de praticantes ou atletas de diferentes níveis competitivos. Visando investigar a validade lógica do FSKT, foi apresentado um questionário para 94 sujeitos que tivessem alguma experiência com a modalidade. O objetivo do questionário foi conhecer a opinião a respeito do entendimento sobre as instruções, viabilidade de aplicação e predominância energética. Os participantes julgaram que o teste é \'fácil\' ou \'muito fácil de entender\', \'viável\' ou \'muito viável\' de aplicar e que ambos os testes medem predominantemente a condição anaeróbia. Quanto maior o grau de instrução, maior a frequência de resposta de que o FSKT10s é predominantemente anaeróbio, enquanto para o FSKTmult a maior frequência de resposta no grupo não graduado mede predominantemente a condição aeróbia e o grupo pós-graduado julgou que o teste mede predominantemente a condição anaeróbia. Na etapa seguinte 13 atletas de taekwondo do sexo masculino participaram em duas sessões experimentais para determinar a validade de critério entre a luta e o FSKT. Não foram encontradas associações entre as variáveis da luta e o FSKT. Não foram identificadas diferenças significantes para o lactato pico após FSKTmult e após luta, mas houve diferença estatística entre a luta e o FSKT10s. O objetivo seguinte foi determinar a validade de constructo. Foram avaliados 153 homens agrupados em não competidores (n= 53), competidores de nível regional/estadual (n= 55) e de nível internacional/nacional (n= 45) e 42 mulheres agrupadas em competidoras de nível regional/estadual (n= 21) e de nível internacional/nacional (n= 21). Houve superioridade dos competidores de nível nacional/internacional em comparação aos não competidores. As competidoras de nível regional/estadual diferiram do grupo de nível nacional/internacional. A etapa seguinte foi conduzida com 14 atletas para determinar a reprodutibilidade relativa e absoluta do FSKT em teste e reteste. Para a reprodutibilidade relativa foram observados valores de CCI entre 0,63 e 0,95. O EPM ficou entre 0,60 e 3,99 enquanto o SWC0,6 ficou entre 0,73 e 4,83 para as diferentes séries do FSKT. Na etapa seguinte foi determinada a sensibilidade do FSKT de 8 atletas após nove semanas de treinamento de taekwondo e de força/potência muscular. Foi observada melhora do desempenho gerado em todas as variáveis analisadas, exceto para o índice de decréscimo de chutes (IDC). Por fim, 115 homens e 70 mulheres praticantes/atletas familiarizados com o FSKT executaram cada teste uma vez. Após análise dos dados foi elaborada a tabela com cinco escalas (classificação, percentil: muito bom, >=95; bom, >75; regular, 25-75; ruim, <25; muito ruim, <=5) para as seguintes variáveis FSKT10S, FSKTmult (séries 1-5) e IDC. A conclusão é que o FSKT pode ser uma ferramenta utilizada por técnicos e treinadores visando medir o desempenho físico. Diferentes critérios de autenticidade científica foram apresentados no presente estudo, o que ajudará a tomar decisões mais confiáveis quando de sua aplicação. Também será possível classificar o desempenho dos praticantes/atletas via tabela normativa / The purpose of the present study was stablishing the authenticity criteria scientific of validity, reliability and the sensibility of FSKT10s and the FSKTmult for taekwondo. The secondary purpose was building a normative table to classify physical performance generated by FSKT. The study was conducted in six parts, content sample of practitioners or athletes in different competitive levels. Aiming to investigate the logical validity of FSKT, was presented a questionnaire for 94 subjects that would have any experience with the modality. The purpose was to know the opinion about the understanding of the instructions, feasibility of application and energetic predominance. The participants judged that the test is \"easy\" or \"very easy\", \"viable\" or \"many viable\" of apply and that both tests measure predominantly the anaerobic condition. The higher the level of education, higher is the response frequency of that the FSKT10s is predominantly anaerobic, while for FSKTmult the higher response frequency in the no-graduate group measure predominantly the aerobic condition and the postgraduate group judge that the test measure predominantly the anaerobic condition. In the next step 13 male taekwondo athletes participated in twice experimental sessions to determine a validity criterion between match and the FSKT. No associations were found between match variables and FSKT. No statistically significant difference were identified for the peak blood lactate concentration post FSKT and match, but there was statistical difference between the match and FSKT10s. the next objective was to determine the construct validity. 153 subjects were evaluated grouped in non-competitors (n= 53), regional/state competitors (n= 55) and national/international competitors (n= 45) and 42 women grouped in regional/state level competitors (n= 21) and international/national level (n= 21). There was a statistically significant difference with the superiority of national/international competitors compared to non-competitors. The regional/state level competitors differed from the national/international level group. The next step was conducted with 14 athletes to determine the relative and absolute reliability of FSKT test-retest. Regarding relative reliability, ICC values between 0.63 and 0.95 were observed. The EPM was between 0.60 and 3.99 while the SWC0.6 was between 0.73 and 4.83 for the different FSKT series. The next step was to determine the sensitivity of the FSKT of 8 athletes after nine weeks of taekwondo and strength training. It was observed an improvement in the performance generated in all variables analyzed except for the kicks decrement index (KDI). Finally, 115 mens and 70 womens practitioners/athletes familiar with the FSKT performed each test once. After analyzing the data, the table was elaborated with five scales (classification: \'Excellent\': >=95th percentile, \'Good\': 75th percentile up to 94th percentile, \'Regular\': 25th percentile up to 74th percentile, \'Poor\': 6th percentile up to 24th percentile, \'Very poor\': <=5th percentile) for the following variables FSKT10S, FSKTmult (series 1-5 and total) and IDC. The conclusion is that the FSKT can be a tool used by coaches and technicians to measure physical performance. Different criteria of scientific authenticity were presented in the present study, which will help to make more reliable decisions. It will also be possible to classify the performance of the practitioners/athletes, based on the classifications of the normative table

Cette recherche porte sur les nouveaux éditeurs indépendants littéraires qui sont apparus en Argentine, au Chili et en Colombie notamment depuis la fin des années 1990. Ces petits éditeurs, dominés par les mêmes acteurs transnationaux, subsistent dans un contexte où les aides publiques sont faibles en s’inscrivant du côté du pôle de production restreinte pour affirmer leur valeur symbolique et le caractère passionnel et vocationnel de leur profession. Ceci leur permet de se différencier du secteur de l’édition dominante considérée comme étant de plus en plus régulée par l’exigence de rentabilité et étant alors perçue comme moins culturelle. L’activité de ces petits éditeurs reste toutefois menacée par d’importantes difficultés économiques et des problèmes d’insertion sur le marché éditorial. A partir d’une enquête réalisée auprès de 25 maisons d’édition des trois pays, nous interrogeons en premier lieu le rôle des principes théoriques — tels que la notion d’indépendance éditoriale et de diversité culturelle — dans l’articulation de l’idée selon laquelle le livre, en tant que bien à contenu symbolique, doit échapper à l’économicisation générale des biens singuliers. Ensuite, sont analysées les conditions d’émergence des structures éditoriales ainsi que les modes d’action employés pour pérenniser l’activité de ces entités. De cette analyse découle l’étude des positionnements et des mouvements à l’intérieur du champ ainsi que leurs incidences dans les circuits hégémoniques et alternatifs du livre leur permettant de se singulariser et de pérenniser leur activité par leurs choix organisationnels, éditoriaux et commerciaux. / This research examines small independent literary presses that have emerged in Argentina, Chili, and Colombia mainly since the 1990’s. These presses, dominated by the same transnational publishing corporations, subsist in a context where public subsidies are scarce. They are characterized by their conception of books being primarily cultural goods and by the vocational aspects of their profession. This perspective allows them to differentiate themselves from a publishing industry that is perceived as being more and more regulated by requirements of financial profitability. Notwithstanding, small presses continue to face important economic difficulties and have to confront themselves to the complexity of integrating the book market.Based on the analysis of 25 small presses from the three countries mentioned above, this work aims to examine how theoretical principles — like the concepts editorial independence and cultural diversity, for instance — help articulate the idea that the book, understood as a cultural and symbolic good, has to draw away from economic financialization. Above all, this research analyses the conditions of emergence of small presses and the courses of action and strategies used to perennialize their publishing activity. This analysis reveals the diverse positions and movements of these presses in the publishing field as well as the repercussion that they have in the dominant and ‘indie’ circuits, which allow them to differentiate and stand out by their different organizational, editorial and commercial strategies.

Massagem para bebês é um recurso que produz efeitos benéficos para a criança e gratificantes tanto para quem recebe quanto para quem realiza a massagem. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o aprendizado de massagem para bebês por meio de duas intervenções educacionais diferentes, e a adesão à massagem por parte das mães. Para tanto, o primeiro passo foi elaborar e validar um manual de massagem para bebês e, posteriormente, avaliar as formas de intervenção educacional e a adesão das mães à utilização da massagem. A elaboração do manual de massagem para bebês foi realizada após revisão bibliográfica e a validação do mesmo, foi realizada junto a 24 peritos que avaliaram nove critérios e, a 40 mães submetidas à avaliação teórico-prática, divididas em grupos de acordo com o grau de instrução. Nesta etapa, após avaliação dos peritos foram necessárias modificações no texto e nas figuras contidas no manual. A validação ocorreu junto a dois grupos de mães: Grupos A (formação de ensino médio e curso técnico) e Grupo B (formação de ensino fundamental). De modo geral, as mães do Grupo B apresentaram maior dificuldade quanto aos conteúdos teórico e prático em relação às do Grupo A. A avaliação do aprendizado e da adesão foi realizada com 40 mulheres primigestas divididas em: Grupo Curso - participaram de um curso e receberam o manual e, Grupo Manual - somente receberam o manual. O aprendizado teórico foi avaliado por meio de testes e o prático, pela execução da seqüência de massagem. Para avaliar a adesão, as mães responderam a uma entrevista três meses após o parto. Como resultados podemos observar que, no teste teórico, o Grupo Curso apresentou um desempenho satisfatório em relação ao Grupo Manual. Todas as mães reproduziram a seqüência de massagem proposta, sem feedback da pesquisadora. Com relação à adesão, utilizaram seqüência completa de massagem 70% das mães do Grupo Manual e 55% das mães do Grupo Curso. Os grupos utilizaram a técnica com finalidade de produzir principalmente efeitos fisiológicos, seguidos dos comportamentais. A massagem foi utilizada com freqüência, principalmente durante situações cotidianas sugeridas no manual. Na primeira etapa, pode-se concluir que a participação dos peritos e das mães foi decisiva na qualidade do manual original que se mostrou um instrumento eficaz para ensino de massagem em bebês. Na última etapa, não houve diferenças acentuadas na aprendizagem e na adesão entre os grupos Curso e Manual / Massage for babies is a resource that produces beneficial effects for the child and gratifying so much for who receives as for who accomplishes the massage. This dissertation has for objective to evaluate the massage learning for babies through two different education interventions, and the adherence to the massage by mothers. For this, the first step was to elaborate and to validate a massage manual for babies and, later, to evaluate the forms of education intervention and the adhesion of the mothers to the use of the massage. The elaboration of the massage manual for babies was accomplished after bibliographical revision and the validation of the same, it was accomplished by 24 experts that evaluated nine criteria and, by 40 mothers submitted to the evaluation theoretical-practice, divided in groups in agreement with the instruction degree. In this stage, after evaluation by experts were necessary modifications in the text and in the illustrations contained in the manual. The validation happened with two groups of mothers: Group A (formation in college and technician course) and Group B (formation in fundamental degree). In general, the mothers of the group B presented larger difficulty as for the theoretical as the practical contents, in relation to the ones of the Group A. The evaluation of the learning and of the adherence it was accomplished by 40 women primiparas divided in: Group Course - they participated in a course and they received the manual and, Manual Group - they only received the manual. The theoretical learning was evaluated through tests and the practical, for the execution of the massage sequence. To evaluate the adherence, the mothers answered an interview three months after the childbirth. As results can observe that, in the theoretical test, the Group Course presented a satisfactory acting in relation to the Manual Group. All of the mothers reproduced the massage sequence proposed, without the researcher\'s feedback. Regarding to the adherence, 70% of the mothers of the Manual Group used the complete succession of the massage and 55% of the Group Course. The groups used the technique with purpose of producing mainly physiologic effects, following by the behavioral effects. The massage was used frequently, mainly during daily situations suggested in the manual. In the first stage, it can be ended that the participation of the experts and of the mothers it was decisive in the quality of the original manual that was shown an effective instrument for massage teaching in babies. In the last stage, there were not differences accentuated in the learning and in the adherence between the Groups Course and Manual

Dentro do domínio teórico da Semiótica da Escola de Paris, o crer e o saber são concebidos como modalidades que se articulam em um único e mesmo universo cognitivo e que encontram distinção pelo modo de relacionamento e valorização que estabelecem com o objeto cognitivo. Inicialmente abordadas sob uma perspectiva eminentemente categorial, como a de Greimas (1983), que descreve o ato epistêmico por meio de termos alocados nas categorias previstas no quadrado semiótico e de operações juntivas, elas passam posteriormente por certa reformulação teórica, notadamente a feita por Zilberberg (1988), que privilegia os aspectos tensivos aderidos aos termos. Com base, de forma central, nessas noções, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as oscilações tensivas associadas às operações cognitivas do sujeito, o funcionamento, a distinção, a hierarquização e o intercruzamento do saber e do crer no interior do fazer interpretativo humano, a incidência do crer no âmbito da produção de conhecimento e as condições de verdade na ciência enquanto prática discursiva. Para tanto, procuramos fomentar uma discussão teórica acerca desse tema, reunindo, além dos textos paradigmáticos de Greimas e Zilberberg, formulações de outros semioticistas que também se debruçaram sobre a questão do crer e do saber, como Fontanille (1982) e (1987), Pottier (1983), Landowski (1983), Coquet (1983) e Geninasca (1983). A fim de ensejar tais reflexões, empreendemos a análise, munidos dos procedimentos metodológicos e das ferramentas de investigação textual providas pelos autores supracitados, de três objetos que põem em jogo as modalidades crer e saber, exploram-nas tematicamente e extraem alguns efeitos de sentido de sua oposição, sobreposição, exacerbação, atenuação e falta: o conto Funes, o memorioso (1944), de Jorge Luis Borges, o longa-metragem Doubt (2008), de John Patrick Shanley, e um breve poema recitado por Antonio Abujamra no programa televisivo Provocações. Ao realizarmos este estudo, buscamos ainda fazer face à previsão de Greimas e Courtés, encontrada em seu Dicionário de Semiótica (1979), que aponta o crer, por sua centralidade no fenômeno humano de produção discursiva, como tema pertinente para a pesquisa semiótica dos anos a virem. / In the framework of French Semiotics, knowing and believing are conceived as articulated modalities at the same and unique cognitive universe and that can be discriminated by the type of relationship and valuation they establish with the cognitive object. Initially treated by a categorical perspective, as Greimass (1983), who describes the epistemic act by means of the semiotic square terms and junctive operations, they suffer a theoretical reformulation by Zilberberg, who privileges tensive aspects associated to the terms. Based on these notions, this study aims to investigate tensive oscillations linked to subject cognitive operations, understand in each way knowing and believing operate and cross each other in the cognitive dimension, and also how they can be discriminated and placed on hierarchy. We also intend to discuss how believing takes part in sciences and the conditions of truth in science as a discursive practice. Keeping this in mind, we promote a theoretical debate about these modalities, resorting to, besides Greimas and Zilberberg, authors that also thought and wrote about knowing and believing, as Fontanille (1982) e (1987), Pottier (1983), Landowski (1983), Coquet (1983) e Geninasca (1983). In order to give rise to those reflections, and based on the methodological procedures and approach text tolls provided by the aforementioned authors, we undertake the analysis of three objects that thematically explore the modalities knowing and believing and extract some sense effects from their opposition, overlap, exacerbation, attenuation and lack: the short story Funes the memorious (1944), by Jorge Luis Borges, the movie Doubt (2008), by John Patrick Shanley, and a brief poem recited by Antonio Abujamra at a television show named Provocações. By the fulfillment of this study, we also aim to tackle Greimas and Courtés prediction, at their Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage (1979), that points out the concept of believing, for its centrality at the human phenomenon of discursive production, as a relevant theme for the semiotics research of the years to come.