Being the capital of the young Republic, transformation of Ankara&rsquo / s urban environment into a modern one was one of the objectives of the Early Republican period. In the study, the transformation of urban culture is traced through everyday life of the inhabitants and lived spatiality in the new and old/traditional parts of the city. Urban culture clearly manifests itself in urban public spaces by means of everyday life and lived spatiality. It is not only the elite but the humble income social groups which are the main agents/actors of the transforming urban culture. In Ankara, gradual appropriation of a modern life style takes place in the urban public spaces but these spaces do not have to be part of the grand narrative of nation-building. Cultural places (Sergievi, theaters, movie theaters, people&rsquo / s houses), recreation places (parks, coffee shops, restaurants), shopping areas, streets and boulevards, districts are spaces of everyday life and new spatial and bodily practices flourish in these spaces. The reality of the city shelters both the new/modern, the old, and the spontaneously developing urban environments which equally participated in the transformation process. The research is based on memory in the study. Written documents, newspapers, literary constructions, memoirs and interviews with the old inhabitants of the city are the main sources. According to the analyses made on the obtained data, Ankara was a fruitful medium for creation of a modern urban culture during the mentioned period and middle social groups were the main components of this transformation process.

The aim of this essay is to examine how people living in the Swedish countryside looked upon changes in the interiors through modernization in 1850-90. For the first time, there was an abundance of objects available in stores in the countryside that the majority of the population had money buy. Many novelties were introduced in the interior decoration of ordinary peoples´ homes. This study focuses on the introduction and use of wallpaper and is based on a questionnaire about wallpaper sent from the Nordiska museet, National museum of Culture history in Sweden, to people all over Sweden in 1948. 148 people responded to the questions about use and attitudes toward wallpaper during the second half of the 19th century. My theoretical perspective is cultural diffusion, the spread of cultural items, more specific the diffusion of innovations from larger to smaller places, often influenced by social elites, hierarchical diffusion, and between individuals, contagious diffusion. The analytical perspective used for the analysis is based on the concepts of basic and variable modernity, initiated by the historian Sven-Eric Liedman. Basic modernity describes the structural modernization in society as a whole within the fields of economy, technology and natural sciences. The variable modernity represents the different attitudes, likes and dislikes, opinions, viewpoints and cultural differences every individual possesses, the attitudes that decide how and if the modernity is received in each household. My intent has been to ascertain the factors that made production and distribution of relatively cheap wallpaper all over Sweden possible, pinpoint the most important driving forces for creating an interest in wallpaper within the villages, discover how wallpaper was introduced in the individual homes of farmers and how wallpaper was received. The use of wallpaper in the interiors has been examined in order to find out if, and how the modernization affected and was affected by the way people were living their lives within the home.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005.

This study aims to examine if the modernization losers' thesis is applicable in Sweden today in regards to explaining differences in xenophobia. The material that is being examined is from the Swedish division of the European Social Survey round 7 from 2014. The results show some support for some parts of the theory, but are too complex to be generalized to the population. But the study show that education have a negative correlation with xenophobia, which is significant and therefore reliable. Problems with the study is, however, brought up and questioned and also the applicability of the theory which gives some guidelines to further and more specific studies. / Denna studie ämnar undersöka huruvida teorin om modernitetens förlorare går att applicera på dagens Sverige för att förklara skillnader i grad av främlingsfientlighet. Datamaterialet som undersökts är från den svenska delen av European Social Survey round 7 från år 2014. Resultaten ger visst stöd för delar av teorin, men visar sig alltför komplexa för att kunna generaliseras till populationen. Ju högre utbildningsgrad, desto lägre grad av främlingsfientlighet är dock ett signifikant och tillförlitligt resultat. Det tas också upp problem i såväl studiens genomförande som teorins applicerbarhet och riktlinjer ges för mer specifika studier som bör göras i framtiden.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF KWANG WOO NOH, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Mass Communication and Media Arts, presented on August 25, 2009, at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. TITLE: MEMORIES OF RAPID TRANSFORMATION: RETROSPECTION AND NOSTALGIA IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH KOREAN CINEMA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Deborah Tudor, Ph.D. The recent tendency of returning to history in Korean cinema corresponds with the conjuncture of democratization and globalization from 1992, which is an antithesis of the former conjuncture: modernization and military dictatorship from 1961 to 1992. Through the rapid economic development, Korea's economy reached its apex in the mid 1990s. However, Asian economic crisis of 1997 - 1998 accelerated the economic decline. The democratization and the economic crisis provided Korean filmmakers with a motivation to re-examine the past. The research contained herein will focus on these Korean reexaminations of the past. With regard to this re-examination, Korean cinema employed two main trends. Some films refer to historical and political moments, and suggest a relationship between such moments and Korean destiny. Other films deal with personal stories from the 1960s to 1990s. Both trends provide not only retrospection of the rapid transformation but also nostalgia for the past despite differences of subject matters and genre. Film studies pertinent to the subject include political criticism in U.S. film studies of ideology, historians' and film scholars' approaches to film representation of the history and the past, as well as New German cinema and post-Franco Spanish cinema. Methodology will incorporate textual analysis, followed by an examination of four films in retrospective trend, as well as four films in the nostalgic trend. For the purpose of analysis, eight films, released from 2000 to 2007, are examined. In terms of subject matter, all films are connected to Korea from the 1960 to the 1990s. In the first trend of films of historical reference, four films will be examined: The President's Barber(Im Chan-sang, 2004), The President's Last Bang (Im Sang-soo, 2004), Peppermint Candy (Lee Chang-dong, 2000), and Memories of Murder (Bong Joon-ho, 2003). The President's Barber covers the era from the last days of Rhee Syng-man regime through the Student Revolution of April 19, 1960, through the military coup on May 16, in 1961, to the assassination of Park Chung-hee on October 26, 1979, through the life of a fictional barber who served the president. The President's Last Bang (Im Sang-soo, 2004) dramatizes the assassination of Park Chung-hee. With its reverse chronological narrative progress, Peppermint Candy (Lee Chang-dong, 2000) traces how the Kwangju massacre of May 1980 influenced Korean society. Finally Memories of Murder (Bong Joon-ho, 2003) treats the expansion of capitalism during the 1980s within the form of mystery and thriller film. Four films that tell personal stories are chosen: The Classic (Kwak Jae-yong, 2003), My Mother the Mermaid (Park Heung-Shik, 2004), Once Upon A Time in A High school: The Spirit of Jeet Kune Do (Yu Ha, 2003) and Friend (Kwak Kyung-taek, 2001). All but My Mother the Mermaid adopt the form of "high teen film" for their genre conventions. Once Upon A Time in A High School: The Spirit of Jeet Kune Do (Yu ha, 2003) is a coming-of-age film set in a high school located in Kangnam, a newly developed periphery of Seoul in the late 1970s. The Classic and Friend compare adolescence and maturity by putting episodes from main characters' high school days in the middle of storyline. Whether they are set in a remote island or a high school in an urban area, these films depict not only the bitterness and poignancy of growing up but also show diverse aspects of, or responses to, the rapid socio-economic transformation of South Korea.

[pt] Considerando que o direito tem sido mobilizado no processo de modernização brasileiro como instrumento de soberania do Estado, a tese discute as oportunidades emancipatórias abertas pelo constitucionalismo democrático da Carta de 1988. A ideia é demonstrar que a disputa pelo sentido da Constituição se transfigurou na própria pauta civilizatória, conduzida de maneira horizontal e plural pela cidadania através do acesso à Justiça. Este seria o sentido da judicialização da política. Todavia, nem sempre os Tribunais assumem o papel de mediador ou representante da soberania popular na sua luta por direitos constitucionalizados. Esse trabalho chama de ativismo judicial a postura imperial da Justiça no que diz respeito à sua capacidade de estabelecer uma agenda política de âmbito nacional, por se considerar o principal, senão o único, intérprete do compromisso constitucional. Sob essas condições, é possível perceber o retorno da ação demiúrgica da soberania monolítica do Estado, todavia, operacionalizada no âmbito da jurisdição constitucional. Essa pesquisa discute e critica as inflexões judicializantes e ativistas do Supremo Tribunal Federal. / [en] Considering that the Brazilian modernization process has been used the law as State s sovereignty instrument, this work discusses the emancipatory opportunities disclosed by the democratic constitutionalism of the 1988 Charter. The goal is to show that the dispute for the meaning of the Constitution ends up being its own civilizational agenda, steered horizontally and plurally by the citizenship through right s litigation. That would be the definition of the judicialization of politics. However, not always the Courts take over this role as the citizenship s mediator or representative. The research will call judicial activism the imperial attitude of the Justice regarding its own ability to establish a national political agenda, because it considers itself as the major if not the only interpreter of the constitutional commitment. Under these circumstances it is plausible to realize the return of the demiurgic action of the monolithic State s sovereignty, however, implemented by the judicial review. This work discusses both judicial and activist inflexions of Brazil s Supreme Court.

Esta dissertação trata das transformações ocorridas no município de Dom Pedrito, no Rio Grande do Sul, com foco na relação cidade-campo. Para tanto, foram levantadas as peculiaridades do local, desde a formação histórica e ocupação do território, quando a pecuária era a principal atividade desenvolvida no campo, até os dias atuais, quando o agronegócio assumiu a posição de destaque na produção agrícola. Além de dados populacionais e da produção municipal, organizados em séries históricas, a pesquisa aborda as transformações na paisagem do campo e da cidade. O campo é atualmente caracterizado pelas presenças das lavouras de arroz e soja, que assumem papel importante na paisagem e na economia do município. A cidade, outrora importante como suporte da produção pecuária, hoje se encontra descolada da produção do campo, estabelecida sob uma lógica verticalizante. As mudanças são identificadas como peculiaridades locais do processo de urbanização brasileira, que teve na modernização do campo um dos pilares. Identificamos assim um espaço que se encontra em transformação, no qual campo e cidade respondem a um tempo diferente. O campo, menos rugoso, é hoje dotado de novas formas realizadas sobre uma antiga estrutura, e a cidade encontra-se perdida em um anacronismo entre as antigas formas e os processos que se desencadearam no campo, exigindo novos objetos para a resposta do local às necessidades da produção agrícola moderna. As metamorfoses do espaço são analisadas tendo por base a questão da técnica predominante em cada período histórico, estabelecendo os processos espaciais de horizontalidades e verticalidades, que estão bem demarcados na realidade de ontem e hoje. A pesquisa conclui que atualmente o município de Dom Pedrito passa por uma reconfiguração territorial, conduzida pela modernização do campo, com impacto direto na cidade local. O espaço local responde assim ao período técnico-científico-informacional. O entendimento dos problemas e das possibilidades da cidade requer um esforço de análise que considere as técnicas remanescentes junto das novas, permitindo que a renovação seja entendida como potencialidade que incorpore a vida da cidade à produção de riqueza local. / This master’s dissertation addresses the changes which occurred in the town of Dom Pedrito, Rio Grande do Sul, and focuses on the town-countryside relationship. Therefore, we have brought up the peculiarities of this place, since its historical formation and occupation, when cattle breeding was the main activity in the countryside, until currently, when agribusiness has taken the leading position in agricultural production. Besides population and production data, the research addresses the changes in the landscape of the town and of the countryside. The countryside is currently characterized by the presence of rice and soybean production, which assume an important role in the local landscape and economy. The town, once important in supporting livestock production, is nowadays distant from field production, handed down vertically. The changes are seen as local peculiarities of the Brazilian urbanization process, which had one of its pillars in the modernization of agriculture. We identify a dynamic space, in which countryside and town respond to a different time. The countryside, with less roughness, nowadays has new shapes held on an old structure, and the town is lost in an anachronism between the old shapes and the processes that have taken place in the countryside, and required new objects so that the place can meet the needs of modern field production. The changes of space and time are analyzed based on the techniques used in each period, by establishing the spatial processes of horizontality and verticality, which are well marked in the past and present time. The research concludes that currently Dom Pedrito goes through a territorial reconfiguration, driven by the modernization of the countryside, with direct impact in the local town. The local space responds to the technical, scientific and informational period. To understand the problems and the possibilities of the town requires an analysis that takes into account the remaining and the new techniques to allow innovation to be understood as a power that places the town into the production of local wealth.

As transformações recentes da atividade agrícola no Brasil foram engendradas pelas mudanças na estrutura econômica ocorridas nas últimas décadas, em especial durante os anos de 1960 e 1970. O processo conhecido como modernização da agricultura, ao propor um modelo pautado em uso intensivo de insumos industriais, máquinas, equipamentos, produtos químicos, métodos e técnicas de preparo e cultivo do solo, impactou nas formas tradicionais de agricultura e consequentemente nas trajetórias percorridas pelos produtores em suas unidades de produção. Neste contexto, o eixo central deste estudo é a reconstituição das trajetórias desenvolvidas nas unidades de produção agrícolas do município de Passo Fundo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Através da compreensão da história e da lógica de evolução das propriedades, foram analisadas as trajetórias desenvolvidas pelos produtores nas unidades agrícolas até o presente momento. Neste sentido, este estudo alia a noção de trajetórias das unidades de produção agrícola com a abordagem dos sistemas agrários e as tipologias dos sistemas de produção. Como resultado central, foi identificada uma aparente homogeneização dos sistemas de produção implementados em significativa parcela das unidades de produção do município. Os produtores implantaram, em seus sistemas produtivos, cultivos produzidos, sobretudo, em consonância com as políticas de Estado desenvolvidas para a agricultura. No entanto, há que se ressaltar que, mesmo aderindo aos cultivos hegemônicos, parte significativa das unidades de produção em estudo não se distanciou totalmente de formas alternativas de produção, para subsistência e geração de renda, contribuindo, desse modo, para sua permanência na atividade agrícola. / The recent transformations, in the agricultural activity in Brazil, were produced by the changes in the economic structure which occurred during the last decades, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s. The process known as modernization of agriculture, in proposing a model based on the intense use of industrial inputs, machinery, equipment, chemical products, methods and techniques of preparing and cultivating the soil had an impact in the traditional ways of agriculture and as a consequence on the path covered by the products in the production units. In this context, the aim of this study is the reconstitution of the trajectory developed by units of agricultural products in Passo Fundo, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. By understanding history and the logic of the property evolution, the path developed by the products, in the agricultural units, was analyzed until now. In this way, this study links the notion of the path of the units of agricultural production with the approaching of agrarian system and the production system typologies. As a general result, an apparent homogenization of the production systems, used in a significant part of the units of production in the area, was identified. The producers used, in their productive systems, produced cultivation, above all, in accordance with the state political system developed towards agriculture. However, it is valid to highlight that, even being in accordance with the hegemonic cultivation, a significant part of the studied production units was not so far away from the alternative forms of production, as a way of subsistence and income generation, contributing, this way, to the maintenance of the agricultural activity.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as características da modernização militar da Índia para o Comando do Espaço e para a Batalha Aeronaval no Oceano Índico. O destaque ao âmbito espacial, aéreo e naval se justifica pela prioridade que o país atribui a esses campos em suas metas de modernização. O conceito base de modernização militar é sintetizado na digitalização das plataformas de guerra para incremento da Consciência de Situação do teatro de operações e para proporcionar capacidade de Ataque de Precisão. Essa ideia é complementada pela constituição de um perfil de forças que tenha massa e pela internalização das tecnologias adquiridas, ou indigenização. A hipótese principal é que a modernização indiana tem se realizado de acordo com um Modelo Híbrido. Em tal modelo há a ênfase nos meios espaciais, aéreos e navais para operações principalmente no Oceano Índico, combinada com a manutenção estrutural e organizacional das Forças Armadas do país. Este padrão é uma convergência do conceito de modernização apresentado pelos Estados Unidos na Guerra do Golfo de 1991 com as necessidades demonstradas após a Guerra do Kargil de 1999, e com os fundamentos tradicionais e a função social das forças militares do país. Do modelo híbrido são derivadas hipóteses auxiliares para o Comando do Espaço e para a Batalha Aeronaval. Em relação ao primeiro caso, atribuiu-se a categoria de Modelo Intermediário Público-Privado, que reflete o nível, a sustentabilidade econômica e o viés social do programa espacial, ajustado aos propósitos militares e regionais do país na Ásia meridional. No segundo, da Batalha Aeronaval, foi empregado o termo Modelo Heterogêneo Defensivo, relativo à conjugação de aeronaves e embarcações de origens e gerações distintas, e ao pragmatismo no estabelecimento de parcerias internacionais para aquisição de plataformas e transferência de tecnologia. A modernização militar indiana tem privilegiado o Comando do Espaço e a Batalha Aeronaval para projetar força em áreas do Oceano Índico, se deslocando de sua área de interesse histórica, a fronteira terrestre com o Paquistão. Como não há uma definição da zona operacional oficial no Índico declarada pelo governo do país, procurou-se defini-la a partir dos documentos doutrinários e estratégicos e das capacidades militares do país. Assim, se estabeleceu uma Área Vital, da qual a Índia depende para a manutenção de suas linhas de comunicações internacionais e crescimento econômico, e uma Área Operacional, onde ocorreria a Defesa Avançada. A modernização espacial e aeronaval, e a atuação na área vital e operacional com redundância de meios têm por objetivo garantir supremacia na porção norte do Índico. / This research aims to analyze the characteristics of the military modernization of India to the Space Command and the Air-Sea Battle in the Indian Ocean. The highlight to the space, air and naval dimensions is justified by the priority that the country concedes to these fields in their modernization goals. The military upgrading core concept is summarized in the digitization of war platforms to increase the Situational Awareness of theater operations and to provide Precision Attack capability. This idea is complemented by the creation of a profile of forces that has mass and the internalization of the acquired technologies, or indigenization. The main hypothesis is that the Indian modernization is performed according to a Hybrid Model. In such a model there is emphasis on space, air and naval assets to military operations primarily in the Indian Ocean, combined with the structural and organizational maintenance of the Armed Forces of the country. This pattern is a convergence of the concept of modernization introduced by US in the 1991 Gulf War with the requirements demanded after the Kargil War of 1999 and with to the traditional bases and the social function of the military forces of the country. Of the hybrid model are derived auxiliary hypotheses for the Space Command and the Air-Sea Battle. Regarding the former, was attributed the category of Public-Private Intermediary Model, which reflects the level, economic sustainability and social bias of the space program, adjusted to the military and regional purposes of the country in South Asia. In the second, the Air-Sea Battle, was used the term Heterogeneous Defensive Model due the combination of aircraft and vessels from different origins and generations, and due the pragmatism in establishing international partnerships to acquire platforms and technology transfer. The Indian military modernization has privileged the Space Command and the Air-Sea Battle to project force in areas of the Indian Ocean, moving away from their historic area of interest, the land border with Pakistan. As there is no official definition of the operational zone in the Indian Ocean declared by the India government, was an objective its definition by considering the doctrinal and strategic documents and the military capabilities of the country. Therefore, it established a Vital Area, of which India depends on to maintain its international lines of communication and economic growth, and an Operational Area, where occur the Advanced Defense. The modernization of Space and Air-Naval assets and the acting in the vital and operational area with military platforms in redundancy aims to ensure supremacy in the northern part of the Indian Ocean.

A presente tese teve por objetivo compreender as transformações das dinâmicas produtivas e da agricultura do rural da microrregião de Erechim através da produção do espaço, destacando as contradições expressas por experiências alternativas ao modelo produtivo hegemônico. O método de análise desenvolvido intercala momentos qualitativos e quantitativos e constitui-se em quatro etapas, denominadas descrição, história do espaço, aproximação com a realidade concreta e interpretação da produção do espaço. Em relação aos resultados, inicialmente propôs-se a classificação das paisagens rurais na microrregião de Erechim, tipificando a partir das inter-relações entre sociedade-natureza a "terra plana" e a "terra dobrada". No que se refere à periodização dos modos de apropriação da natureza e das relações de produção identificou-se quatro momentos. No primeiro registram-se as interações das populações indígenas com o espaço, nas quais a agricultura cumpre principalmente o papel de subsistência das comunidades. Outro momento caracteriza-se pela penetração de populações "brancas" na atual microrregião de Erechim e a consequente transformações da agricultura. Estabelecem-se roças e práticas de extrativismo itinerante de erva-mate em meio a relações com o mercado. A demarcação de lotes e a chegada de imigrantes conformam o terceiro momento de organização do espaço. Estabelece-se a propriedade privada da terra, diversificam-se as atividades agrícolas e consolidam-se as redes de circulação de mercadorias entre camponeses e o mercado. O quarto momento inicia com a introdução dos princípios e das relações típicas da modernização da agricultura. Refere-se ao momento de especialização produtiva, de conformação de complexos agroindustriais e a subordinação dos camponeses ao mercado. Além desses resultados, observou-se a diversidade de estratégias de reprodução familiar na microrregião. A adoção dessas estratégias relaciona-se com os cenários de dependência, privação e marginalização enfrentados pelos agricultores. As atividades produtivas, as redes de relação e as paisagens rurais resultam também das significações produzidas pelos agricultores. Em termos dos resultados obtidos corrobora-se a hipótese de que o espaço rural da microrregião de Erechim é organizado e produzido por lógicas empresariais relacionadas a complexos agroindustriais, conformando paisagem e redes em função dessas relações, às quais os camponeses estão subordinados, embora um grupo pouco expressivo desses agricultores desenvolva atividades produtivas alternativas. / This thesis was aimed to understand the transformation of the productive dynamics and the rural agricultural of the microregion of Erechim through the production of space, highlighting the contradictions expressed by alternative experiences to the hegemonic production model. The method of analysis developed merges qualitative and quantitative moments and consists of four steps, called description, history of space, approximation to reality and interpretation of the production of space. Regarding the results, it was initially proposed the classification of rural landscapes in the microregion of Erechim, typifying the "flat land" and the "folded land" from the interrelations between society and nature. Four moments were identified regarding the periodization of modes of appropriation of nature and production relations. In the first moment, the interactions of indigenous peoples with the space in which agriculture mainly fulfills the role of subsistence for the communities was recorded. Another moment is characterized by the penetration of the "white" population in the current microregion of Erechim and consequent agricultural transformations. Plantations were established and itinerant extractive practices of the yerba mate were established in the midst of market relations. The demarcation of lots and the arrival of immigrants make up the third moment of space organization. The private ownership of land was established, the agricultural activities were diversified and the circulation networks of goods between farmers and the market were consolidated. The fourth period begins with the introduction of the principles and typical relations of the modernization of agriculture. It refers to the time of the specialization of production, conformation of agro-industrial complexes and the subordination of farmers to the market. In addition to these results, there was the diversity of family reproduction strategies in the microregion. The use of these strategies relate to the dependency scenarios, deprivation and marginalization faced by farmers. The productive activities, networks of relationship and the countryside landscape are also results of the meanings produced by farmers. In terms of results the hypothesis confirms that the rural areas of the microregion of Erechim is organized and produced by the business logic related to the agro-industrial complexes, shaping landscape and networks to these relations, to which the farmers are subordinated, although an inexpressive group of these farmers develop alternative productive activities.