Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es frühe Risikofaktoren von aggressivem Verhalten bei Kleinkindern in einer Stichprobe von Teenager-Müttern und ihren Babys aus sozial schwachen Verhältnissen (high risk sample) zu identifizieren. In den zurückliegenden zwei Jahrzehnten haben Wissenschaftler immer wieder auf die Bedeutung von Strategien hingewiesen, die es ermöglichen, Kinder und Babys mit einem Risiko für aggresives Verhalten zu identifiezieren. Eine frühe Identifizierung ist besonders wichtig, weil schon Babys und Kinder eine signifikante Psychopathologie besitzen können und u. U. von einer Behandlung profitieren. Außerdem postulieren einige Entwicklungstheorien, dass der Ursprung einer späteren Psychopathologie schon in Verhaltensmustern in den ersten Lebensjahren erkannt werden kann. Dies scheint insbesondere für aggressives Verhalten zu gelten. Deshalb besteht grosses Interesse daran, relevante Faktoren in der frühen Kindheit zu identifizieren, die es erlauben aggressives Verhalten im weiteren Verlauf der Kindheit vorauszusagen. <br /> <br /> Methodik<br /> 60 Teenager-Mütter im Alter zwischen 14 und 20 Jahre und ihre Kleinkinder im Alter zwischen 12 und 17 Monaten aus sozial schwachen Verhältnissen wurden untersucht (high risk sample). Die Teenager-Mütter füllten Fragebögen über ihre Kleinkinder (The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment [ITSEA], Carter & Briggs-Gowan, 1993) und über sich selber aus (The Parenting Stress Index [PSI], Abidin, 1990, The Symptom CheckList-90-Revised [SCL-90-R], Derogatis, 1986, The Demographic Qüstionnaire, Zelenko et al., in press). Die Kleinkinder nahmen weiters an zwei objektiven Laboruntersuchungen teil (The Strange Situation Procedure, [SS], Ainsworth, 1978, The Bayley Scales of Infant Development Assessment, [BSID-II], Bayley, 1993).<br /> Die Studie untersuchte folgende Beziehungen: (1) Psychosoziale Funktionen der Mutter mit berichteter (berichet von Mutter anhand des ITSEA) und beobachteter Aggression und negativer Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern (beobachtet während des BSID-II und SS), (2) berichtete Aggression und negative Emotionalität mit beobachteter Aggression und negative Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern, (3) negative Emotionalität mit Aggression bei Kleinkindern, (4) Emotionsregulation mit Aggression und negativer Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern, und (5) eine mögliche Interaktion zwischen Emotionsregulation und negativer Emotionalität in Beziehung zu Aggression bei Kleinkindern. Zusätzlich wurde die Frage untersucht, ob Geschlecht einen Einfluss hat auf die oben genannten fünf Beziehungen.<br /> <br /> Ergebnisse<br /> Mütter mit höheren Depressionenswerten und Stresswerten berichteten signifikant mehr negative Emotionalität und tendenziell mehr Aggressionen bei ihren Kleinkindern als Mütter mit niedrigeren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten. Keine signifikanten Beziehungen konnten festgestellt werden zwischen Depressionswerten und Stresswerten der Mutter und objektiv beobachteten Aggressionen und negativer Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern. Die Beziehung zwischen beobachteter und berichteter negativer Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern war schwach signifikant. Keine signifikante Beziehung konnte jedoch zwischen beobachteter und berichteter Aggression bei Kleinkindern gezeigt werden. Sowohl berichtete als auch beobachtete negative Emotionalität korrelierte signifikant mit berichteter und beobachteter Aggression bei Kleinkindern. Eine signifikante Beziehung zwischen Emotionsregulation und negativer Emotionalität und Aggression bei Kleinkindern konnte aufgezeigt werden. Kleinkinder mit schwacher Emotionsregulation zeigten signifikant mehr negative Emotionalität und Aggressionen als Kleinkinder mit starker Emotionsregulation. Kleinkinder mit hohen negativen Emotionswerten und schwacher Emotionsregulation zeigten signifikant mehr Aggressionen als Kleinkinder mit hohen negativen Emotionswerten und starker Emotionsregulation und Kleinkindern mit niedrigen negativen Emotionswerten und schwacher oder starker Emotionsregulation. <br /> Das Geschlecht des Kleinkindes hatte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf folgende Beziehungen: Mütter mit höheren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten berichteten signifikant mehr Aggressionen und negative Emotionalität bei ihren Töchtern, jedoch nicht signifikant mehr Aggressionen und negative Emotionalität bei ihren Söhnen als Mütter mit niedrigeren Depressionswerten und Stresswerten. Das Geschlecht des Kleinkindes hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Beziehung zwischen Depressionswerten und Stresswerten der Mutter und beobachteter Aggression und negativer Emotionalität bei Kleinkindern. Ein interessantes Ergebnis ergab sich hinsichtlich Geschlecht und Emotionsregulationsverhaltensweisen. Buben mit höheren Aggressionswerten schauten signifikant weniger zu ihrer Mutter und signifikant weniger in die Umgebung als Buben mit niedrigeren Aggressionswerten. Mädchen mit höheren Aggressionswerten schauten signifikant mehr zu ihrer Mutter, signifikant mehr in die Umgebung und signifikant mehr auf Spielzeuge als Mädchen mit niedrigen Aggressionswerten.<br /> <br /> Schlussfolgerung<br /> Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung haben Implikationen für die Einschätzung und die Behandlung von Aggressionen bei Kleinkindern. Erstens, die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es unter Umständen wichtig sein könnte verschiedene Messverfahren (Mutter Report und objektive Messverfahren) zu verwenden, um Kleinkinder zu diagnostizieren, die ein erhöhtes Risiko aufweisen im Laufe ihres Lebens Aggressionen zu entwickeln. Zweitens, Ergebnisse identifizierten mütterliche negative Attributionen als einen möglichen Risikofaktor für späteres Aggressionsverhalten bei Kindern. Zukünftige Studien sollten die Beziehung zwischen Aggressionsverhalten im Kleinkindalter und Aggressionen im späteren Leben untersuchen. Ein weiteres interessantes Ergebnis ergab sich hinsichtlich Emotionsregulation. Kleinkinder mit hoher negativer Emotionalität und schwacher Emotionsregualtion zeigten die meisten Aggressionen. Für die Behandlung und die zukünftige Erforschung von Kleinkindaggressionen sollten die drei Konstrukte (Emotionsregualtion, negative Emotionalität und Aggression) miteinander kombiniert werden und nicht alleine untersucht werden. / The primary focus on the present study was to identify early risk factors for infant aggression in a sample of high risk, low-income teenager mothers and their infants. Despite the amount of research on externalizing behavior, relatively little is known about its development in early childhood. Because chronically aggressive school-age children tend to be those who first display symptoms during preschool years, an examination of the early manifestations of aggressive behavior and the development of measurements for infants is needed. The present study explored a model of infant aggression development that emphasized infant aggression developing largely through the interaction of infant&prime;s dispositional characteristics with their caregiving environment.<br /> The study addressed the following relations: (1) Maternal psychosocial functioning with reported and observed infant aggression and negative emotionality, (2) reported measurements of infant aggression and negative emotionality with observed infant measurements of infant aggression and negative emotionality, (3) infant negative emotionality and infant aggression, (4) infant emotion regulation with infant aggression and negative emotionality, (5) the interaction between emotion regulation and negative emotionality in relation to infant aggression, and (6) attachment classification with infant aggression and negative emotionality. Finally, the question of whether these six relations would differ by gender was also addressed.<br /> Maternal psychosocial functioning was assessed with self-reported measurements. Infant aggression, negative emotionality and emotion regulation were measured during two standardized assessments, the Strange Situation and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Assessment and maternal reported with the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. <br /> Several interesting findings emerged. One of the main findings concerned maternal attribution and its possible role as a risk factor for later externalizing behaviors. That is, mothers, especially depressed and stressed mothers, tended to report higher levels of infant aggression and negative emotionality than was noted by more objective observers. This tendency was particularly evident in mothers with girl infants. Another important finding concerned emotion regulation. Even at this early age, clear differences in emotion regulation could be seen. Interestingly, infants with high negative emotionality and low emotion regulation were observed to be the most aggressive. Also significant relations emerged for infant negative emotionality and aggression and vise versa. Thus, for purposes of treatment and scientific study, the three constructs (emotion regulation, negative emotionality, and aggression) should be considered in combination. Investigating each alone may not prove fruitful in future examinations. Additionally, different emotion regulation behaviors were observed for girl and boy infants. Aggressive girls looked more at the environment, their toys and their mother, whereas aggressive boys looked less at the environment and their mother and explored their toys more, although looked at the toys less. Although difficult to interpret at this point, it is nonetheless interesting that gender differences exist at this young age in emotion regulatory behaviors.<br /> In conclusion, although preliminary, findings from the present study provide intriguing directions for future research. More studies need to conducted focusing on infant aggression, as well as longitudinal studies following the infants over time.

<p>Children with autism typically present with sensory processing difficulties that affect their ability to relate to people. This qualitative study focused on exploring the sensory processing of children with autism and their mothers, using a frame of reference of sensory integration theory. The purpose of the study was to help mothers gain knowledge and understanding into their own sensory processing so that they could develop a better understanding of their child&rsquo / s sensory processing in order to facilitate better mother-child relationships. An evaluation tool, the Sensory Profiles by Dunn (1999) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile by Brown &amp / Dunn (2002) was used as the instrument for gathering information on sensory processing. The population consisted of ten sets of mothers and their children with autism who attend Vera School for Learners with Autism. The Sensory&nbsp / rofiles was completed to investigate the phenomenological issues regarding the sensory modulation aspects of the parent-child relationship. Each mother received individual feedback on their own and their child&rsquo / s sensory processing. Two focus groups were then conducted with the mothers to determine the value of the information gained from the&nbsp / rofiles. Data consisted of two audio taped feedback from the focus group. Data was analysed for emerging themes. The three major themes that emerged were, (a) You realize&nbsp / ow similar you are to your child, (b) I also have needs (c) They walk away and leave you with this wreck of a child. The findings of the study suggest that an understanding of&nbsp / ensory processing can influence the mother-child relationship positively.</p>

Janine Antoni's object- and performance-based works draw from multiple influences including feminism and conceptualism, and in these works the artist has fashioned an investigation of the self through the examination of the mother/child dyad, creating a more than fourteen-year body of work about these relationships that explore the implications of feminine imagery. Antoni’s works are an effort to distinguish her body as a feminine subject-object, but also to identify with as well as separate herself from the mother. While she is a conceptual artist, Antoni puts great emphasis on materiality. For her, the concept defines itself within the materials, and it is the process of the making that interests her most, empowering what is traditionally overlooked, forgotten, or disempowered. As she alternately separates from and connects with the mother and the foremothers of the artistic heritage that have surely contributed to establishing this identity, Antoni allows new images of the female to be made visible in a culture where they have traditionally been lacking.

<p>Children with autism typically present with sensory processing difficulties that affect their ability to relate to people. This qualitative study focused on exploring the sensory processing of children with autism and their mothers, using a frame of reference of sensory integration theory. The purpose of the study was to help mothers gain knowledge and understanding into their own sensory processing so that they could develop a better understanding of their child&rsquo / s sensory processing in order to facilitate better mother-child relationships. An evaluation tool, the Sensory Profiles by Dunn (1999) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile by Brown &amp / Dunn (2002) was used as the instrument for gathering information on sensory processing. The population consisted of ten sets of mothers and their children with autism who attend Vera School for Learners with Autism. The Sensory&nbsp / rofiles was completed to investigate the phenomenological issues regarding the sensory modulation aspects of the parent-child relationship. Each mother received individual feedback on their own and their child&rsquo / s sensory processing. Two focus groups were then conducted with the mothers to determine the value of the information gained from the&nbsp / rofiles. Data consisted of two audio taped feedback from the focus group. Data was analysed for emerging themes. The three major themes that emerged were, (a) You realize&nbsp / ow similar you are to your child, (b) I also have needs (c) They walk away and leave you with this wreck of a child. The findings of the study suggest that an understanding of&nbsp / ensory processing can influence the mother-child relationship positively.</p>

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

本研究旨在探討漢語母子對話中孩童問句的語言形式和語用功能，以及其問句和母親回應之間的關係。研究語料來自於一對以漢語為母語的母子在日常生活的對話，孩童的年紀約為二至三歲。研究將孩童問句的語用功能分為四類：詢問訊息(informational)、請求行為(directive)、對話修補(conversational)以及針對自我(self-directed)。母親針對孩童問句所作的回應分為三類：直接回應(answers)、非直接回應(non-answer responses)與無回應(no answers)。研究發現漢語孩童大量依賴疑問詞問句和語助詞問句，而隨著年紀增長，孩童的問句語言形式也更趨多元。研究也發現孩童多使用問句來詢問訊息，而孩童使用問句執行對話修補功能的比例也隨著年紀增長而有所增加，另外，執行此項功能的問句的語言形式也隨年紀增長而越加豐富。最後，研究發現孩童問句多伴隨母親的回應，而母親的回應有時會重複孩童問句或以問句形式出現鼓勵孩童參與對話。 / The study aims to investigate forms and functions the child’s questions and their relations to the mother’s responses in Mandarin mother-child conversations. The data examined are from one mother-child dyad. The child is around two and three years old. The pragmatic functions of the child’s questions are categorized into four types: informational, directive, conversational and self-directed. The mother’s responses to the child’s questions are categorized into three types: answers, non-answer responses and no answers. The results show that the child mostly uses wh-questions and sentence-final particle questions. As the child grows older, the question forms he uses become more various. In addition, the child uses questions mainly to ask for factual knowledge. The child’s questions which repair the breakdown of the conversation are significant as the child grows older. The result suggests that the child gradually becomes a skillful conversationalist. Last, the data reveals that the child’s questions are mostly followed by the mother’s responses, and the mother’s responses may be related to the pragmatic functions of the child’s questions. The mother’s responses also exhibit some characteristics in child-directed speech in order to encourage the child’s participation in verbal interactions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. S. 72-83: Bibliografi.

Diss. Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Typescript. Bibliography: p. 113-123.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to compare the maternal emotional state and its relationship with risk for child development in mother/baby dyads coming from a program of Newborn Hearing Screening (NHS), considering the result in the first step of this program (pass or fail in NHS). The second objective was to analyze the association between obstetric, demographic, socioeconomic factors and maternal psychosocial with the presence/absence of risk to child development at the ages of zero to four incomplete months of babies who presented "fail" result in the first stage of Neonatal Hearing Screening (NHS). It was performed a quantitative and descriptive study with comparative data about the behavioral manifestations of the mother-baby interactive process. The sample consisted by 169 babies aged zero to four incomplete months of age, who performed the NHS in a University Hospital reference in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul and their mothers, from September 2012 to July 2013. Considering the first objective, the babies were distributed in the control group (CG) and study group (SG). The CG was composed of 84 babies who presented results of "pass" in the first step of NHS program and the SG was composed of 85 babies with "fail result in the same step and their mothers. Also, for the second objective was studied socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric and maternal psychosocial variables and its relation to the presence / absence of risk to child development, only in SG. The procedures for data collection consisted of an interview with the mothers on socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric, and psychosocial information about the constitution of the motherhood experience. Furthermore, to investigate the maternal emotional state was applied the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). To assessment of babies occurred the application and filming of the first phase (0-4 months) the protocol of Indicators of Risk in Child Development (IRDI). Statistical analysis was due to the application of non-parametric tests and for the estimation of logistic regression models. The results showed that there was correlation between the babies fails in NHS and the absence of IRDI in mothers without emotional disorder. Furthermore, the mothers of babies who presented a result "fail" in NHS showed anxiety levels between mild and moderate. In the NHS, the levels of maternal depression were not associated with outcome "fail" in the NHS. It was also observed that there was an association between IRDI altered and the "fail" result in the NHS in anxious mothers or depressive. It was also verified that there is an association between the presence of risk to child development and socioeconomic, demographic and obstetric variables in the context of the NHS retest. In NHS, the risk to child development is multifactorial, being that the condition in the NHS retest can become a potentiating agent for difficulties in the establishment of mother/baby dyads visualized through IRDI, NHS in mothers with levels of depression/anxiety altered, as mothers without these emotional disorders. Further this, the socioeconomic, demographic and obstetric conditions may also present risks to child development in babies who failed the NHS. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar e investigar o estado emocional materno e sua relação com o risco ao desenvolvimento infantil em díades mãe-bebê oriundas de um programa de TAN, considerando o contexto de "passa", bem como, o resultado "falha" na primeira etapa de avaliações auditivas do bebê. O segundo objetivo foi analisar a associação entre os fatores obstétricos, demográficos, socioeconômicos e psicossociais maternos com a presença/ausência de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil de bebês que apresentaram resultado "falha" na primeira etapa da TAN. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo e descritivo com caráter comparativo sobre as manifestações comportamentais do processo interativo mãe-bebê. A amostra foi composta por 169 bebês de zero a quatro meses incompletos de idade, que realizaram a TAN em um Hospital Universitário de referência no interior do Rio Grande do Sul e suas respectivas mães, no período de setembro de 2012 a julho de 2013. Considerando o primeiro objetivo, os bebês foram distribuídos em grupo controle (GC) e grupo estudo (GE). O GC foi constituído por 84 bebês que apresentaram resultado "passa" na primeira etapa do Programa de TAN e o GE foi composto de 85 bebês que apresentaram resultado "falha" na mesma etapa e suas respectivas mães. Além disso, para o segundo objetivo foi estudado as variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, obstétricas e psicossociais maternas e sua relação com presença/ausência de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil, apenas no GE. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados constaram de uma entrevista com as mães sobre informações socioeconômicas, demográficas, obstétricas, psicossociais e a respeito da constituição da experiência da maternidade. Além disso, para investigar o estado emocional materno foi aplicado o Inventário de Ansiedade (BAI) e Depressão de Beck (BDI). Para avaliação dos bebês ocorreu a aplicação e filmagem da primeira fase (0-4 meses) do Protocolo de Índices de Risco ao Desenvolvimento Infantil (IRDIS). A análise estatística deu-se pela aplicação de testes não paramétricos e pela estimação de modelos de regressão logística. Os resultados demonstraram que existe uma correlação entre o bebê apresentar resultado falha na TAN e a presença de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil. A maioria das díades apresentou (presente) os IRDIS, contudo, houve ausência desses indicadores entre as mães de bebês com falha na TAN com maior freqüência do que entre díades cujos bebês haviam passado na TAN, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significativa. Além disso, as mães dos bebês que apresentaram resultado "falha" na TAN demonstraram com maior freqüência níveis de ansiedade entre leve e moderado. No entanto, os níveis de depressão materna não foram associados ao resultado "falha" na TAN. Observou-se também, que existiu associação entre IRDIS alterados e o resultado "falha" na TAN em mães ansiosas ou depressivas. Verificou-se também que existe uma associação entre presença de risco ao desenvolvimento infantil e variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e obstétricas no contexto do reteste da TAN. Portanto, o risco ao desenvolvimento infantil é multifatorial, sendo que a circunstância do reteste da TAN pode alterar os IRDIS e tornar-se um agente potencializador de dificuldades no estabelecimento do vínculo mãe/bebê, somado a questões emocionais maternas. Acrescenta-se ainda, que as condições socioeconômicas, demográficas e obstétricas também podem oferecer riscos ao desenvolvimento infantil em bebês que falharam na TAN.