Global ETD Search

1	Ochrana životního prostředí a Světová obchodní organizace / Environmental protection and the World Trade Organization Šmídlová, Klára January 2014 (has links) Environmental protection and the World Trade Organization Klára Šmídlová Abstract The theme of this diploma thesis is the relationship of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the environmental protection. In its three chapters, this paper carries out an analysis of the historical aspects of this relationship and also of the questions, which are being solved in the present. The first chapter outlines the evolution of the relationship between the international trade and the environmental protection since 1947 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was concluded. The second part of the paper focuses on the analysis of the provisions of the particular WTO agreements, which approach the issue of the environmental protection in different ways. The case law established by the WTO bodies during solving of the disputes between the member states is especially emphasised in analysis of the provisions of the WTO agreements. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the research of the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environmental agreements, above all those making use of the trade measures to achieve their goals.
2	A interface entre os tratados multilaterais ambientais e as regras de comércio internacional da Organização Mundial do Comércio Niencheski, Luísa Zuardi January 2013 (has links) A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties. Organização Mundial do Comércio Comércio internacional Tratados internacionais Multilateral environmental agreements Conflict of norms and jurisdiction World trade organization
3	A interface entre os tratados multilaterais ambientais e as regras de comércio internacional da Organização Mundial do Comércio Niencheski, Luísa Zuardi January 2013 (has links) A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties. Organização Mundial do Comércio Comércio internacional Tratados internacionais Multilateral environmental agreements Conflict of norms and jurisdiction World trade organization
4	A interface entre os tratados multilaterais ambientais e as regras de comércio internacional da Organização Mundial do Comércio Niencheski, Luísa Zuardi January 2013 (has links) A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties. Organização Mundial do Comércio Comércio internacional Tratados internacionais Multilateral environmental agreements Conflict of norms and jurisdiction World trade organization
5	Globální environmentální smlouvy a jejich efektivita / Global Environmental Agreements and Their Effectiveness Tachecí, Petra January 2008 (has links) This diploma thesis deals with global environmental agreements and their effectiveness. Its aim is to disclose the causes of success of some agreements and, on the contrary, the motives of failure of other agreements. In the theoretical part, the specialities of the environmental problems are illustrated, followed by the introduction to the international environmental law and agreements. In the practical part, two well-known international agreements concerned with atmosphere are compared. They deal with similar problem, but they achieved very different results. The objective of step-by-step comparison of diverse aspects of both agreements is to discover what factors caused the great success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer and why the similarly conceived Kyoto Protocol failed in the combat against climate change. Last chapter concludes this comparison and defines key characteristics which are essential for the effectiveness of the global environmental agreements.
6	Interaction between international free trade and environmental protection: the continued search for balance Ikoum, Francoise Ongmalik January 2007 (has links) Magister Legum - LLM / There is an existing conflict between trade and environmental policies. There are different opinions and attitudes in the relation between free trade and environmental protection. Free trade regards environmental factors as part of the comparative advantages that one country may have over another. However, many environmentalists are critical about trade liberalization. The scope of this paper was limited to the interaction between international free trade and the environmental protection. The main objectives of this study was to examine the interaction between trade(free trade) and environment and to analyse the areas of conflict between free trade under the World Trade Organization and environmental protection. / South Africa International free trade Environmental protection Conflict Balance States International law World Trade Organization General agreement on tariffs and trade Multilateral environmental agreements Sustainable development
7	La protection environnementale face au principe de spécialité de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce Marliac, Geoffrey 06 1900 (has links) Le principe de spécialité des organisations internationales est-il un obstacle à la protection de l’environnement par le droit de l’OMC ? Dans ce mémoire, nous examinons l’impact du principe de spécialité sur les volontés de protection de l’environnement des Membres, via les textes de l’OMC et les décisions de l’Organe de Règlement des Différends. Le postulat de base de cette recherche vient du constat de l’opposition a priori des sphères économiques et environnementales. Toutefois, l’OMC semble vouloir orienter son activité normative vers le développement durable. Tandis que le droit international de l’environnement se développe, l’OMC tente de plus en plus d’intégrer les valeurs non-marchandes à ses réflexions. Toutefois, les principes fondamentaux du droit de l’OMC recherchent la libéralisation des échanges alors que les mesures environnementales sont souvent des obstacles au commerce. De ce fait, le principe de spécialité semble s’opposer à une réelle intégration des considérations environnementales dans le droit de l’OMC. La prise de conscience scientifique, civile et politique sur les dangers du changement climatique, poussent alors les Membres à adopter de nouvelles façons d’aborder la question. La coopération internationale se renforce entre les organes de droit international et le droit de l’OMC. L’adoption de réglementations favorables à l’environnement semble alors envisageable. Ce mémoire cherche donc à observer, dans les textes et la jurisprudence, l’évolution de la prise en compte de l’environnement au sein du droit de l’OMC sous le prisme du principe de spécialité. / Is the principle of specialty of international organizations an obstacle to the protection of the environment by WTO law? In this research, we observe the impact of the specialty principle on environmental protection wills, in both WTO texts and in decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body. The first approach of this research comes from the observation of a priori opposition of the economic and environmental spheres. However, the WTO seems want to direct its standard-setting activity towards sustainable development. As the international environmental law develops, the WTO is trying to integrate non-economic values into its thinking. However, the fundamental principles of WTO law seek the liberalization of international trades while environmental measures are often barriers to trade. As a result, the principle of specialty seems to avoid a real integration of environmental considerations into WTO law. Scientific, civil and political awareness of the dangers of climate change is therefore pushing Members to adopt new ways of approaching the issue. International cooperation is strengthening between the bodies of international law and the law of the WTO seems able, thanks to negotiations, to adopt new regulations favorable to the environment. This research therefore seeks to observe, in the texts and the jurisprudence, the evolution of the taking into account of the environment within the law of the WTO through the prism of the specialty principle. protection environnementale Organisation Mondiale du Commerce Principe de spécialité libéralisation des échanges Accords Environnementaux Multilatéraux environmental protection World Trade Organization Principle of specialty liberalization of trade Multilateral Environmental Agreements
8	L’autorité renforcée des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement : essai sur la nature, la place et la fonction de la procédure de non-conformité / The enhanced authority of multilateral environmental agreements : Essays on the nature, role and function of the non-compliance procedure Sabil, Mariem 17 December 2011 (has links) Les accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement sont généralement caractérisés par leur autorité normative atténuée en raison des difficultés pour les États de garantir leur application effective et efficace. La procédure de non-conformité, expérimentée pour la première fois par le Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone et étendue depuis, tente d’apporter des solutions appropriées aux particularismes de cette branche du droit international public. L’étude de son développement, de son évolution et de sa sophistication à travers sa nature, sa place et sa fonction permet ainsi de déterminer si cette technique exécutive contribue au renforcement de l’autorité des accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement. / Multilateral agreements on the environment are generally characterized by their normative authority diminished because of the difficulties for states to ensure their effective implementation and efficiency. The non-compliance procedure, for the first time experienced by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and extended since then, attempts to provide appropriate solutions to the peculiarities of this branch of public international law.The study of its development, its evolution and sophistication through its nature, its place and function and to determine whether this technique helps to strengthen executive authority of multilateral environmental agreements. Procédure de non-conformité Contrôle Légitimité Transparence Équité Application Effectivité Efficacité Autorité Normativité Autorité relative Autorité atténuée Autorité renforcée Environnement Internationales Organisations non-gouvernementales États Multinationales Mesures incitatives Mesures coercitives Sanctions Persuasion Exécution Multilateral environmental agreements Non-compliance procedure Control Legitimacy Transparency Fairness Application Effectiveness Implementation Efficiency Authority Normativity Authority for Authority reduced Reinforced authority Environment International organizations Nongovernmental organizations States Corporations Incentives Enforcement Sanctions Persuasion execution 340

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