Thesis (D.D.(Dogmat.)--Universiteit van Pretoria, 2005. / Title page in English. Used title page and an extra page with Afrikaans title for cataloging. Thesis in Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references (p. 359-368).

Cette thèse de doctorat en service social porte sur la catégorie des jeunes NEEF, c’est-à-dire des jeunes qui ne sont ni en emploi, ni aux études, ni en formation. Elle repose sur une démarche de recherche ethnographique au sein du Carrefour jeunesse emploi de l’Outaouais et en particulier du programme Service spécialisé jeune qui cible des jeunes NEEF âgés de 18 à 29 ans. Elle a comme objectifs : 1)d’analyser les façons dont les trajectoires de ces jeunes se construisent en lien avec les changements sociodémographiques et les nouvelles attentes normatives et institutionnelles ; 2) d’examiner les politiques et les pratiques qui visent à gouverner ces jeunes pour les insérer et les maintenir en emploi, aux études et en formation. Cette thèse fait appel au concept de gouvernementalité, à des résultats qui proviennent d’une année d’observation participante au cœur de ce programme, d’entretiens semi-directifs (n=10) réalisés auprès de jeunes ainsi que d’entretiens de groupe (n=3) effectué auprès des personnes qui l’incarne quotidiennement. Les résultats et analyses qui en découlent illustrent l’instabilité des parcours qui caractérise les trajectoires de plusieurs de ces jeunes aujourd’hui, mais aussi que ce programme constitue un dispositif de gouvernement des conduites des acteurs chargés d’intervenir auprès d’eux. Ils mettent en évidence que les pratiques d’intervention qu’il reconduit prennent la forme d’une insertion par activation selon laquelle les jeunes sont sollicités à gouverner, par eux-mêmes, leur trajectoire sur les voies de l’emploi, des études et de la formation. Enfin, ils mettent en lumière que ces pratiques, si elles permettent à certains jeunes de s’insérer, elles contribuent à produire une population en surplus, dont les membres, tout en étant invités à s’insérer et à demeurer actifs au sein des configurations actuelles des systèmes éducatifs et du travail, sont confrontés à des freins et à des blocages structurels et relationnels qui les empêchent de stabiliser leurs trajectoires et de vivre une mobilité ascendante.

Construite à la fin des années 90 et désormais régulièrement employée comme instrument de mesure et d’analyse dans de nombreux pays, la catégorie NEET, désignant les jeunes ni en emploi, ni aux études, ni en formation établit un pont entre deux « problèmes publics » : le décrochage scolaire et le chômage des jeunes. Enjeu institutionnel et scientifique émergent au Canada et au Québec, les jeunes en situation NEET figurent comme premier axe d’intervention du Secrétariat à la jeunesse québécois depuis 2016. Cette catégorie permet une mesure plus précise et un portrait plus fin des jeunes en retrait des sphères traditionnellement reconnues d’intégration des études et de l’emploi. Cependant, les orientations institutionnelles et les représentations sociales sous-jacentes à son usage ouvrent la voie à un ensemble de stigmatisations. Ainsi, dans le contexte québécois au sein duquel la focale institutionnelle se concentre sur la « pénurie de main-d’œuvre », il émerge un répertoire d’arguments symboliques alimentant une lecture institutionnelle et sociale de la situation NEET à travers le « désengagement », la « passivité » et la responsabilité individuelle. S’appuyant sur 36 entretiens réalisés avec des jeunes en situation NEET dans différentes régions du Québec, cette thèse prend le parti d’inverser le regard en étudiant le rapport de ces jeunes aux normes sociales à travers lesquelles ils sont eux-mêmes jugés et catégorisés comme non-conformes aux attentes institutionnelles et sociales. Tout en rendant compte des épreuves communes auxquelles font face ces jeunes, cette recherche explore ainsi les déterminants et fondements des différentes manières qu’ont ces jeunes d’interagir avec la normativité du travail et les principes du modèle méritocratique. Trois logiques d’interaction avec les normes de travail, de mérite et de réussite émergent, nous renseignant également sur les différentes façons de donner sens à leur situation NEET : - Une logique de résistance, se traduisant par un retrait assumé du système éducatif et du marché du travail, subjectivement justifiée par une indignation vis-à-vis des conditions du marché du travail et une mise à distance des normes socialement valorisées de mérite et de réussite. - Une logique d’intériorisation, à ne pas confondre avec l’apathie, s’inscrivant dans un fort sentiment de dévalorisation de soi et de responsabilité individuelle dans la difficulté à se sortir d’une situation source de souffrance sociale. Un fort pessimisme quant à un avenir désirable émerge et s’incarne dans un repli sur le présent. - Une logique de compromis au sein de laquelle les jeunes s’appuient sur l’espoir et la confiance en la réversibilité de leur situation, ainsi que la valorisation des efforts, afin de maintenir leur adhésion à la normativité du travail et à la méritocratie. En filigrane, cette thèse montre le déplacement d’une catégorie d’action publique vers une catégorie sociale à fortes connotations morales, nous renseignant autant sur ces jeunes que sur nos propres normes et grilles de lecture. Elle permet ainsi de comprendre la manière dont l’étiquetage de non-conformité attribué aux jeunes en situation NEET s’inscrit dans une perspective de l’utilité sociale mesurée et restreinte au productif, illustrant tout le mal que l’on a à reconnaitre et légitimer, en tant que société, les manières d’être et agir s’écartant des assignations capitalistes. Sans adopter une démarche de prescription d’actions publiques, cette thèse rend compte de la nécessité de réorienter les logiques d’adaptation de ces jeunes vers une interrogation collective quant aux conditions dans lesquelles ces derniers sont pressés à se réintégrer. À rebours des représentations du « désengagement » et de « l’apathie », les jeunes rencontrés dans le cadre de cette recherche, bien que s’inscrivant dans une condition précaire et une constellation de désavantages, interrogent les normes sociales structurant nos parcours de vie. Il en résulte la nécessité, d’un point de vue scientifique, de ne pas présupposer que la capacité à remettre en cause le système de valeurs dominantes soit l’apanage des jeunes diplômés. Dans la continuité de cette idée, cette thèse invite à considérer un ensemble de registres subjectifs dans l’appréhension des aspirations, du mérite et de la réussite, et offre des pistes afin de saisir les colères, frustrations, mais également les ressources, de jeunes davantage invisibilisés qu’« invisibles ». / Developed at the end of the 1990s and now regularly used as a measurement and analysis tool in many countries, the NEET category, which refers to young people who are neither in employment, education nor training, bridges two "public problems": school dropout and youth unemployment. As an emerging institutional and scientific issue in Canada and Quebec, youth in NEET situations have been the primary focus of the Quebec Youth Secretariat since 2016. This category allows for a more precise measurement and a finer portrait of young people who are outside the traditionally recognized spheres of integration of education and employment. However, the institutional orientations and social representations underlying its use open the way to a series of stigmatizations. Thus, in the Quebec context, where the institutional focus is on the "labour shortage", a repertoire of symbolic arguments emerges that feeds an institutional and social reading of the NEET situation through "disengagement", "passivity" and individual responsibility. Based on 36 interviews conducted with young people in NEET situations in different regions of Quebec, this thesis takes the approach of reversing the perspective by studying the relationship of these young people towards the social norms through which they themselves are judged and categorized as not conforming to institutional and social expectations. While accounting for the common challenges faced by these young people, this research explores the determinants and foundations of the different ways in which these young people interact with the normativity of work and the principles of the meritocratic model. Three logics of interaction with the norms of work, merit and success emerge, also informing us about the different ways they make sense of their NEET situation: - A logic of resistance, resulting in an assumed withdrawal from the educational system and the labor market, subjectively justified by an indignation towards the conditions of the labor market and a distancing from socially valued norms of merit and success. - A logic of internalization, not to be confused with apathy, inscribed in a strong feeling of self-depreciation and individual responsibility for the difficulty of getting out of a situation that is a source of social suffering. A strong pessimism about a desirable future emerges and is embodied in a withdrawal into the present. - A logic of compromise in which young people rely on their confidence in the reversibility of their situation and the valuing of their efforts to maintain their adherence to the normativity of work and meritocracy. This thesis shows the shift from a category of public action to a social category with strong moral connotations, giving us information about these young people as well as our own norms and reading grids. It thus allows us to understand the way in which the label of non-conformity attributed to young people in NEET situations is part of a vision of social utility measured in terms of productivity, illustrating the difficulty we have in recognizing and legitimizing, as a society, ways of being and acting that deviate from capitalist assignments. Without adopting an approach of prescribing public actions, this thesis considers the need to reorient the logics of adaptation of these young people towards a collective questioning of the conditions under which these young people are pressed to reintegrate. In contrast to the representations of "disengaged" and "apathetic" youth associated with NEET, the young people we met in this research, although in a precarious condition and a constellation of disadvantages, question the social norms structuring our life paths. As a result, it is necessary, from a scientific point of view, not to presuppose that the ability to question the dominant belief system and values is the prerogative of young graduates. In line with this idea, this thesis invites us to consider a set of subjective registers in the apprehension of aspirations, merit, and success, and offers avenues to grasp the anger, frustrations, but also resources of young people who are more invisiblized than "invisible".

This study analysis the concept of human needs form a systematic theological perspective. The definition of human needsis formulated to include the element of deficiency as well as the element of potential The study is divided in three parts according to the author’s definition of the task of systematic theology as coherent articulation of the Christian faith, the apologetic defense of the Christian faith against competing truth claims and the establishment of guidelines for the practical work of the church. According to this definition of the task of systematic theology, the study is divided into three parts. Part one analyses some of the classical loci of dogmatics for their implications for a Christian perspective on human needs. The doctrines of God, creation, Christ and salvation, the Spirit and the church as well as the doctrine of sin are analysed here. Special attention is paid to theological anthropology by analyzing the contributions of Karl Barth and Wolfhart Pannenberg in this regard. Part two analyses the origins and factual basis for the popular claims that a hierarchy of needs exist and that people have infinite needs. Serious deficiencies are found in Maslow’s theory of the pre-potency of needs. The contribution of Max-Neref, especially his distinction between needs and satisfies, facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the subject. As a conclusion to this part the results of part one and two are used to give a short outline of a Christian perspective on human needs. Humans need God as the basic ground and purpose of their existence. The presence of God is both mediated and presupposed by the fundamental need for other people. All human needs have a material basis. Human needs should be thought of as a network and not as a hierarchy. Here the symbolic needs facilitates the integration of the person while the material needs maintain the basis on which integration takes place People do not have infinite needs but needs the Infinite One. The third part provides clarity of what the concepts holistic and relevant mean for Christian ministry. / Thesis (DD (Dogmatics and Christian Ethics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / unrestricted

The main purpose of this report is to analyze a practical method of design while doing an innovation project connected to a specific armchair. The aim is to re-vitalize the pre-existing product. This project is done within the context of a specific furniture producer. This report describes theories about practical methods of design and how the practical intellect is used in a creative process. It also contains background research about classics. The background research is based on a brief literature review on the subject as well as interviews with professionals within the field of furniture design.  A few factors that can be said to characterize what makes a classic are suggested. The development of a specific armchair is described. Earlier projects where practical methods of design have been used are also described. The practical methods of design used in this project are described. The main method for this is making physical models by hand together with hand sketching.  The design process of developing a new product is described and discussed. As a final result visualizations and a description of a suggestion of how one can re-vitalize the specific armchair are shown. The outcomes and learning from using a practical method of design are discussed. The final suggestion is analyzed according to the factors suggested in the background research to characterize what makes a classic.

This qualitative study explored the use of Body Mapping as a tool to enhance dialogue with sentenced adolescent boys in a Special Youth Centre. Their scars and tattoos were regarded as the key to unlocking their life stories. Body maps and unstructured interviews formed the main body of data. The paradigms of both Gestalt- and occupational therapy formed the basis of the conceptual framework and a literature control was done as “theory after” as well as a method of data triangulation. Themes extracted pointed to broken bonds and familial trauma which lead the adolescents to search for belonging and mastery in deviant peer groups and street- and Numbergangs. The tattoos provide graphic affirmation of identification and belonging to these groups. The mapping of their lesions and scars provided the opportunity to relate traumatic experiences. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations could be made as a result of the study. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This research project is primarily a case study about planning practice and its affect on peacebuilding activities in Belfast and Jerusalem. The primary method of data collection is semi-structured interviews with planners, policymakers, and community leaders involved in peacebuilding activities in the study cities. The primary data collection is triangulated with a literature review and a number of supplementary planning documents, books, and videos on the subject matter. The data has been analyzed using the lens of fundamental human needs, as laid out by Max-Neef, who sees all human needs as equally important rather than hierarchical as some human need theories are. Both Belfast and Jerusalem have centralized planning systems based on the British Town Planning model. Planning in both cities is frequently viewed as a contentious issue, most especially around housing issues. In both cities, one population group is characterized as “bursting” at the seams in terms of housing need, while the other population group feels endangered. Security issues are critical in both cities resulting in the building of security barriers, which ultimately change patterns of free movement in the city and affect the imagined city of both sides of the conflict. The barriers affect the ability to meet other fundamental human needs as well, such as the need for participation and understanding. Despite the clear problems in these cities, there are some indications of success as well. Northern Ireland ran a hugely successful public consultation on the direction the citizens want the government to go in. The resounding answer was for a shared future and some planners and urban leaders have taken this to heart and are working hard to build and define shared spaces in the urban fabric. This work is happening at all levels of the community and several excellent projects have been a positive result of cross-community work aimed at building understanding. In Jerusalem several organizations and various planners are working on similar goals to empower the disadvantaged Palestinian community and instill more justice in the planning system.

This research project is primarily a case study about planning practice and its affect on peacebuilding activities in Belfast and Jerusalem. The primary method of data collection is semi-structured interviews with planners, policymakers, and community leaders involved in peacebuilding activities in the study cities. The primary data collection is triangulated with a literature review and a number of supplementary planning documents, books, and videos on the subject matter. The data has been analyzed using the lens of fundamental human needs, as laid out by Max-Neef, who sees all human needs as equally important rather than hierarchical as some human need theories are. Both Belfast and Jerusalem have centralized planning systems based on the British Town Planning model. Planning in both cities is frequently viewed as a contentious issue, most especially around housing issues. In both cities, one population group is characterized as “bursting” at the seams in terms of housing need, while the other population group feels endangered. Security issues are critical in both cities resulting in the building of security barriers, which ultimately change patterns of free movement in the city and affect the imagined city of both sides of the conflict. The barriers affect the ability to meet other fundamental human needs as well, such as the need for participation and understanding. Despite the clear problems in these cities, there are some indications of success as well. Northern Ireland ran a hugely successful public consultation on the direction the citizens want the government to go in. The resounding answer was for a shared future and some planners and urban leaders have taken this to heart and are working hard to build and define shared spaces in the urban fabric. This work is happening at all levels of the community and several excellent projects have been a positive result of cross-community work aimed at building understanding. In Jerusalem several organizations and various planners are working on similar goals to empower the disadvantaged Palestinian community and instill more justice in the planning system.

This qualitative study explored the use of Body Mapping as a tool to enhance dialogue with sentenced adolescent boys in a Special Youth Centre. Their scars and tattoos were regarded as the key to unlocking their life stories. Body maps and unstructured interviews formed the main body of data. The paradigms of both Gestalt- and occupational therapy formed the basis of the conceptual framework and a literature control was done as “theory after” as well as a method of data triangulation. Themes extracted pointed to broken bonds and familial trauma which lead the adolescents to search for belonging and mastery in deviant peer groups and street- and Numbergangs. The tattoos provide graphic affirmation of identification and belonging to these groups. The mapping of their lesions and scars provided the opportunity to relate traumatic experiences. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations could be made as a result of the study. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Social Work / D.Phil.(Social work)