Despite the picture portraying the U.S as a western, democratic and equal country, the U.S military has faced several downfalls when it comes to its female force, especially in relation to sexual assault. This study poses the question of how can western ‘model countries’ such as the U.S, promote democracy when its military institution seem to miss one of the central pillars to a democratic society that is equality. Furthermore, the study seeks to dive further into the military culture of the U.S military in order to understand if women adjust to the military culture or if the military culture adjusts to the influx of women. By examining narratives of male and female soldiers and veterans, who tell their stories online, this research is conducted as a case study, using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital and Judith Butler’s theory of performative gender as an analytical tool in order to recontextualize the findings and gain a further understanding of the military culture from an inside perspective. In conclusion, the study essentially confirms the notion of the military constituting a male centered culture, as well as a crowd oriented culture, which contributes to females adjusting to the culture rather than it adjusting to the influx of women. In addition to this, gender equality is perceived as something applied by actors from the outside when it is convenient or solely talked about with respect to physical capabilities. Ultimately, research in relation to the U.S military needs to include a focus on culture in order for it to change and become gender equal.

The main goal of this study is to investigate stimulus that can be used to increase consumers purchase intentions toward suboptimal food products. Consumers seem to have low preferences to buy fruits and vegetables with unusual appearance, products with damaged package and close to the expiration date, usually called suboptimal food products. However, rejection of suboptimal food is an important contributor to food waste levels. Interventions aimed at encouraging the purchase of suboptimal food are scarce, however needed. This study used the theory of normative influence to test the effect of both descriptive and injunctive norms on a product with an unusual appearance, a product with a reduced expiration date and a product with a damaged package. The first study tested different messages appeals to create a realistic norm in study 2. From this study, it was selected the social message appeal and the frequencies of purchase toward each product, using them in the messages as the prevalent norm The second study analysed the effect of injunctive and descriptive norms of purchase intentions toward suboptimal food and also tested the effect of environmental concern and food waste problem awareness. Results show that both environmental concern and food waste problem awareness impact purchase intentions toward suboptimal food. Additionally, appeals employing social norms proved to affect purchases intentions toward these products. However, this effect only occurred for the vegetable with an unusual appearance and the product with a package damaged. For the product with a reduced expiration date the norms had no effect. Moreover, for the product with an unusual appearance, food waste problem awareness mediated the effect of injunctive norm on purchase intentions. Based on the results, this study contributes to the theory of normative influences by showing that, in a general way, this theory is applied to food waste reduction issues, more specifically, with suboptimal food consumption. However, it is necessary to consider the type of sub-optimally and the context where the influence is applied. Additionally, was discussed how social norms can be used to tackle food waste and the implications for marketing and policy actions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glenda Mara Arthuso Teixeira.pdf: 1026183 bytes, checksum: c2c36aafb5680967da3a5d4a64f34586 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The following thesis aims to create an understanding of parts of the arts of doing management of the daily routines at a public primary level municipal school, during the early stages of an elected headmaster who had had little or no experience in school management. The thesis is based on research done Raízes a public primary level school belonging to the public school network within the municipality of Vitória in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. This municipality was chosen for having received elected headmasters at the beginning of 2012. The school, Raízes , was chosen for being considered by the municipality as one of the schools where the management was considered the most involved and best developed and for having received a headmaster which until then had not been elected as a school headmaster. With the objective of studying the complexity of the daily routine of new management, a qualitative descriptive methodology was adopted including an ethnographic survey which was used to create new data through direct observation of the first six months or first semester of the new school management. So as to enrich the data provided by the survey further interviews were conducted taking into consideration an in-depth view of daily school routines and issues. Through this process it was clear that the new school manager underwent changes after the initial six months. There are no theories that have constructed the daily routine of a school manager, for even when the routine is properly planned there are certain unpredictable occurrences that appear all the time and may lead to frustration. The following thesis is important in that it presents the complexity involved in the change from being a teacher to being a headmaster. In light of the headmaster studied, Ana, it is clear that the complexities involved in this new management role along with all the specifics involved in school management as a whole in the public school system in Brazil require a (re)construction of continued training and development policies which serve to better prepare a professional new to the management area / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender fragmentos das artes do fazer gestão no cotidiano de uma escola pública de ensino básico municipal, no período inicial de um diretor eleito, que tenha tido pouca ou nenhuma experiência em gestão escolar. O locus de pesquisa deste trabalho é uma escola pública de ensino básico, pertencente à rede municipal de Vitória/ES, com o nome fictício de Raízes. O município foi escolhido, pois, no início do ano de 2012, a rede municipal recebeu os diretores eleitos em Outubro de 2011. O critério de escolha da escola se deu por ser considerada, pelo órgão central, uma das que possui a gestão participativa mais bem desenvolvida e por ter recebido um diretor que, até então, nunca tinha sido eleito para o cargo de diretor escolar. Objetivando estudar a complexidade do cotidiano de um novo gestor, adotou-se uma metodologia qualitativa e descritiva, sendo realizada uma pesquisa etnográfica e tendo, como principal mecanismo de produção de dados, a observação direta da pesquisadora durante um período de seis meses, correspondendo ao primeiro semestre de atuação no cargo de gestão pelo diretor escolar. Além deste instrumento e buscando enriquecer as observações, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e, em profundidade, com sujeitos do cotidiano escolar. Foi possível perceber que a visão da nova diretora escolar, sobre gestão, mudou após passar seis meses no cargo. O desgaste que o cargo causa na pessoa do diretor foi, também, evidenciado pelas práticas cotidianas, o que levou a diretora a pensar várias vezes em desistir do cargo. Não existem teorias que constroem o cotidiano de um gestor, pois, mesmo quando planeja seu trabalho, ele já espera eventos imprevistos, que surgem a todo o momento e podem levar a uma frustração. Este trabalho foi importante, pois, apresenta a complexidade que envolve a mudança do ser professor e do ser gestor. Diante do caso de Ana, é evidente a necessidade de se pensar a complexidade do exercício da função gerencial em uma unidade de ensino público, tendo em vista as especificidades que marcam a gestão escolar no Brasil e, a partir daí, re/construir políticas de formação continuada que possam melhor preparar um profissional para assumir o cargo de diretor escolar

Esta dissertação investiga o gênero artigo científico e suas condicionantes culturais, ou seja, as marcas textuais que podem apresentar determinada dificuldade para o tradutor por problemas de interculturalidade, a partir da perspectiva do conceito de normas nos estudos da tradução e da descrição do gênero artigo científico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar estas condicionantes em artigos científicos da área de Geriatria e Gerontologia, exemplificando partes deste universo de condicionantes através do levantamento das características desse gênero, assim como da comparação das traduções. Demonstrar através da reflexão teórica, de exemplos práticos e de análises comparativas, como a tradução se beneficia do estudo de gêneros, das normas e do levantamento das condicionantes culturais para auxiliar a tarefa tradutória de artigos científicos. Os procedimentos de análise dos corpora foram baseados no modelo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária, adaptado aqui à tradução técnica. Finalmente, analisando as condicionantes culturais levantadas nesta pesquisa, assim como as características do gênero, o estudo culmina com reflexões a respeito da tradução de artigos científicos / This dissertation searches into research article genre and their cultural conditioning factors, which are the textual markers that may present certain difficulties to the translator due to intercultural problems, as from the perspective of translation norms and the description of scientific research article genre. The aim of this assignment was to identify these cultural makers in the scientific articles in the field of Geriatrics and Gerontology, exemplifying parts of this conditioning universe through the survey of research article features and through translation comparisons. The intention was to demonstrate through theoretical reflection, practical samples and comparative analyses, how translation can take advantage of genre studies, translational norms and cultural conditioning factors in order to help the translations of scientific research articles. The corpus analysis procedures were based on the model created Lambert and Van Gorp (1985) in order to analyze literary translation here adapted to technical translation. After analyzing these cultural conditioning factors, as well as the genre features, this research leads to reflections on research article translation

O objetivo desta tese é traçar um panorama histórico das políticas públicas de planejamento familiar do Estado brasileiro, inserindo-o no contexto da complexa conjuntura sociopolítico-econômica no período de 1980 até a atualidade. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investigam-se, na interseção das políticas para população, mulher e saúde, as influências e interesses que incidem sobre programas de planejamento familiar. Após recuperar brevemente a trajetória dos movimentos de mulheres e feministas, que constituíram atores sociais centrais no debate sobre as políticas de população e de planejamento familiar, focaliza-se a drástica redução nas taxas de fecundidade da mulher brasileira ocorrida a partir dos anos 1960, na vigência oficial de uma política natalista, mas na omissão do Estado ao permitir a difusão no país de organizações de cunho controlista, que viabilizaram às mulheres o acesso à pílula anticoncepcional e à esterilização. Acompanha-se a evolução das políticas de população em nível mundial, destacando a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas e de suas conferências mundiais, focalizando a Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento realizada no Cairo em 1994, que provocou uma inflexão nas políticas de saúde da mulher para saúde reprodutiva. No Brasil, que já contava com um programa pioneiro de saúde da mulher o Paism (1983) , os efeitos do Cairo vieram somar-se à definição do planejamento familiar pela Constituição de 1988 e à instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde em 1990. A análise permitiu identificar as influências externas e internas que incidem sobre a política de planejamento familiar. A política de planejamento familiar do país hoje configura-se democrática, abrangente e descentralizada, sendo a principal tensão identificada entre seus enunciados e sua implementação na prática, ou seja, só será efetiva se houver um controle social eficaz. / The purpose of this study is to elaborate a historical overview of Brazilian state family planning policies within the complex socio-political period from 1980 to the present. By resorting to related literature and official documents, influences and interests on family planning programs are examined in their inter-relation with population, women, and health policies. After a brief recollection of women and feminist movements, who were central actors in the debate on population and family planning policies, the analysis focuses the drastic reduction in fertility rates in the country from the 1960s on, when the state, while holding a natalism official policy, overlooked the spreading of birth control agencies all over the country, which made sterilization and the pill available to women. The evolution of population policies is followed in parallel, underlining the United Nations world conferences, particularly the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, which drew an inflection on womens health policies onto reproductive health. Its echoes in Brazil added up to the pioneering program on womens health Paism (1983), to the definition of family planning in the countrys Constitution of 1988, and to the institution of the national Health System in 1990. The analysis allowed to identifying foreign and internal pressures acting upon family planning policies. The countrys current family planning policy may be said to be a democratic, far-reaching and decentralised one, where the main tension lies on the gap between its statement and its practical implementation which can only be overcome by an effective social control.

The aim of this thesis is to understand tax compliance decisions made by corporate SMEs in Uganda. The study draws on compliance models developed in other settings and explores their applicability in the Ugandan context using mixed methods. Firstly, the study investigates the roles played by tax fairness, trust in government and the URA, and the effects of audits and sanctions in influencing compliance . Secondly, the study explores the direct and indirect roles played by social norms in terms of influencing tax compliance among SMEs . Lastly, the study assesses the effects of corruption on compliance behaviour among SMEs. Survey and semi-structured interview data were collected concurrently. A survey was used to collect data from a total of 386 corporate SME owners and managers from Kampala Capital City Authority and the central and eastern regions. In addition, interviews were conducted with 26 corporate SME owners and managers about their perceptions of corporate tax system fairness in Uganda. The results, unlike those of other studies, show that corporate SME taxpayers are willing to pay their corporate taxes once they have put their trust in the government and tax authorities, even when the tax system is unfair. Also, audit probability and sanctions might not encourage corporate SMEs to comply with corporate tax rules. However, when URA is perceived as powerful where tax officers are able to discover tax non-compliance and impose severe sanctions, SME firms could be motivated to pay taxes due to the government. Importantly, corruption within the URA and the bureaucratic system of Uganda has a negative impact on tax fairness, which triggers corporate tax evasion. Indeed, I have identified four types of corruption that appear to have different impacts on attitudes towards compliance. Also, the results show that day-to-day tax compliance decisions made by corporate SMEs have more direct influence on corporate SMEs’ tax (non)compliance behaviour than ethical values do. However, SMEs’ willingness to comply is affected by how people who are close to each taxpayer think. Overall, the thesis advances scholarship by demonstrating that the Slippery Slope Framework does not hold in Uganda and that different types of social norm impact compliance differently. Corruption is identified as an important differentiating feature when compared to studies in developed countries.

abstract: Increasing numbers of Asian international students enter the U.S. each year; however, this group remains highly understudied. This is particularly true in regard to alcohol use and behavior. The purpose of the current study was to investigate if and how the sociocultural factors of social norm perception, perceived language discrimination, and need to belong relate to drinking motivation among Asian international students. Hierarchical regression was used with 194 self-identified Asian international student participants to analyze two separate three-way interactions. It was hypothesized that high social norm perceptions, greater perceived language discrimination, and high need to belong would interact to predict greater 1) drinking to cope, and 2) drinking to conform. Results did not support either hypothesis; however, main effects indicated that perceived language discrimination was related to drinking to cope and drinking to conform. In addition, need to belong and social norm perception interacted to predict drinking to conform. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling 2016

Cette recherche se propose d'analyser ce que nous appelons un « dispositif d'évaluation stoïcien ». Par « dispositif » nous faisons référence à un ensemble d'éléments qui interagissent entre eux d'une certaine manière, qui répondent à un enjeu et qui entrent en relation et en concurrence avec d'autres formations similaires ou pas. Parler de « dispositif d'évaluation » renvoie aussi bien à des processus psychiques, qu'aux éventuels critères auxquels satisfait ou doit satisfaire ce processus – une certaine distribution de la valeur – à l'enjeu qui lui est assigné et aux éventuels effets collatéraux. Valeur et jugement de valeur ne sont que les éléments d'un ensemble qui les englobe et se caractérise par les modalités de leur articulation. Reconstruire un « dispositif d'évaluation » stoïcien a pour enjeu de rendre compte de la manière dont les stoïciens conçoivent la discrimination « naturelle » de son environnement par le vivant humain et la portée de ce processus. Et par « naturelle », on comprendra « optimale » et « correcte » et non pas factuelle. Le dispositif d'évaluation doit en effet être compris comme l'expression du développement naturel, c'est à dire optimal et non pas effectif, de la pratique d'évaluation telle que les stoïciens la conçoivent, ce qui implique de ne pas confondre naturel et habituel, naturel et effectif. On voit d'emblée que la possibilité d'un dysfonctionnement n'est pas exclue. Réciproquement, le « dispositif d'évaluation » émerge au sens strict dans la reformulation prescriptive d'une pratique d'évaluation naturelle, c'est-à-dire optimale. / This research intends to analyse what we call a " Stoic device of evaluation ". By "device" we make reference to a set of elements which interact between themselves in a certain way, which answer a stake and which have relations and compete with the other similar formations or not. To talk about " device of evaluation " refers to psychic processes, as well as to possible criteria which this process satisfies or has to satisfy – a certain distribution of the value – to the stake which is assigned to him and to the possible collateral effects. Value and value judgment are only the elements of a set it includes them and is characterized by the modalities of their articulation. To reconstruct a " Stoic device of evaluation " has for stake to report the way the Stoics conceive the "natural" discrimination of its environment by human being and the impact of this process. And by "natural", we shall understand "optimal " and " correct" and not actual. The device of evaluation must be indeed included as the expression of the natural, that is optimal development of the practice of evaluation such as the Stoics conceive it, what involves not to confuse natural and usual, natural and actual. We see at once that the possibility of a dysfunction is not excluded. Mutually, the " device of evaluation " emerge in the strict sense in the prescriptive reformulation of a practice of natural, that is optimal evaluation.

Esta dissertação investiga o gênero artigo científico e suas condicionantes culturais, ou seja, as marcas textuais que podem apresentar determinada dificuldade para o tradutor por problemas de interculturalidade, a partir da perspectiva do conceito de normas nos estudos da tradução e da descrição do gênero artigo científico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar estas condicionantes em artigos científicos da área de Geriatria e Gerontologia, exemplificando partes deste universo de condicionantes através do levantamento das características desse gênero, assim como da comparação das traduções. Demonstrar através da reflexão teórica, de exemplos práticos e de análises comparativas, como a tradução se beneficia do estudo de gêneros, das normas e do levantamento das condicionantes culturais para auxiliar a tarefa tradutória de artigos científicos. Os procedimentos de análise dos corpora foram baseados no modelo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária, adaptado aqui à tradução técnica. Finalmente, analisando as condicionantes culturais levantadas nesta pesquisa, assim como as características do gênero, o estudo culmina com reflexões a respeito da tradução de artigos científicos / This dissertation searches into research article genre and their cultural conditioning factors, which are the textual markers that may present certain difficulties to the translator due to intercultural problems, as from the perspective of translation norms and the description of scientific research article genre. The aim of this assignment was to identify these cultural makers in the scientific articles in the field of Geriatrics and Gerontology, exemplifying parts of this conditioning universe through the survey of research article features and through translation comparisons. The intention was to demonstrate through theoretical reflection, practical samples and comparative analyses, how translation can take advantage of genre studies, translational norms and cultural conditioning factors in order to help the translations of scientific research articles. The corpus analysis procedures were based on the model created Lambert and Van Gorp (1985) in order to analyze literary translation here adapted to technical translation. After analyzing these cultural conditioning factors, as well as the genre features, this research leads to reflections on research article translation

O objetivo desta tese é traçar um panorama histórico das políticas públicas de planejamento familiar do Estado brasileiro, inserindo-o no contexto da complexa conjuntura sociopolítico-econômica no período de 1980 até a atualidade. Mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investigam-se, na interseção das políticas para população, mulher e saúde, as influências e interesses que incidem sobre programas de planejamento familiar. Após recuperar brevemente a trajetória dos movimentos de mulheres e feministas, que constituíram atores sociais centrais no debate sobre as políticas de população e de planejamento familiar, focaliza-se a drástica redução nas taxas de fecundidade da mulher brasileira ocorrida a partir dos anos 1960, na vigência oficial de uma política natalista, mas na omissão do Estado ao permitir a difusão no país de organizações de cunho controlista, que viabilizaram às mulheres o acesso à pílula anticoncepcional e à esterilização. Acompanha-se a evolução das políticas de população em nível mundial, destacando a atuação da Organização das Nações Unidas e de suas conferências mundiais, focalizando a Conferência Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento realizada no Cairo em 1994, que provocou uma inflexão nas políticas de saúde da mulher para saúde reprodutiva. No Brasil, que já contava com um programa pioneiro de saúde da mulher o Paism (1983) , os efeitos do Cairo vieram somar-se à definição do planejamento familiar pela Constituição de 1988 e à instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde em 1990. A análise permitiu identificar as influências externas e internas que incidem sobre a política de planejamento familiar. A política de planejamento familiar do país hoje configura-se democrática, abrangente e descentralizada, sendo a principal tensão identificada entre seus enunciados e sua implementação na prática, ou seja, só será efetiva se houver um controle social eficaz. / The purpose of this study is to elaborate a historical overview of Brazilian state family planning policies within the complex socio-political period from 1980 to the present. By resorting to related literature and official documents, influences and interests on family planning programs are examined in their inter-relation with population, women, and health policies. After a brief recollection of women and feminist movements, who were central actors in the debate on population and family planning policies, the analysis focuses the drastic reduction in fertility rates in the country from the 1960s on, when the state, while holding a natalism official policy, overlooked the spreading of birth control agencies all over the country, which made sterilization and the pill available to women. The evolution of population policies is followed in parallel, underlining the United Nations world conferences, particularly the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, which drew an inflection on womens health policies onto reproductive health. Its echoes in Brazil added up to the pioneering program on womens health Paism (1983), to the definition of family planning in the countrys Constitution of 1988, and to the institution of the national Health System in 1990. The analysis allowed to identifying foreign and internal pressures acting upon family planning policies. The countrys current family planning policy may be said to be a democratic, far-reaching and decentralised one, where the main tension lies on the gap between its statement and its practical implementation which can only be overcome by an effective social control.