Submitted by Paulo Abreu (paulo.abreu@pagr.com.br) on 2012-05-09T18:44:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Paulo.pdf: 237654 bytes, checksum: a9a9b1615a643da44b52a6391be847ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2012-05-09T18:49:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Paulo.pdf: 237654 bytes, checksum: a9a9b1615a643da44b52a6391be847ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-11T12:38:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Paulo.pdf: 237654 bytes, checksum: a9a9b1615a643da44b52a6391be847ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / This study aims to verify if social norms impact Brazilian stock market analyzing the return of the stocks of the sectors which are more prone to be seen as harmful for the society: the alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and weapon producers. Trying to answer this question, the returns of Ambev, Souza Cruz and Forjas Taurus stocks were analyzed. / Este estudo busca verificar se normas sociais impactam o mercado de ações brasileiro analisando o retorno de ações dos setores que mais estão susceptíveis a serem vistos como nocivos para a sociedade: os produtores de bebidas alcoólicas, cigarros e armamentos. Buscando responder a nossa pergunta, o retorno das ações da Ambev, Souza Cruz e Forjas Taurus foram analisados.

Submitted by Oliveira Gabrig (igoliveira@id.uff.br) on 2017-06-13T16:11:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Com essa pesquisa tem-se a intenção de enriquecer o debate sobre o tema das normas linguísticas, mais especificamente acerca das normas linguísticas coexistentes no português do Brasil, mostrando a visão de importantes autores da sociolinguística no que concerne à divisão e nomenclatura dessas normas, além de esclarecer os aspectos socio-históricos envolvidos na constituição da norma padrão brasileira. Também busca evidenciar que há um aparato ideológico, denominado aqui de ideologia da norma-padrão, que mantém o status elevado de uma norma, a prescritiva, sobre as demais, normas cultas e normas populares. Para isso, observamos como esta ideologia se manifesta na sociedade através da análise de comentários feitos por seguidores da página “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” pertencente à rede social Facebook. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as representações que diferentes falantes têm não só da língua portuguesa, como também dos usos que outros falantes fazem dessa língua / With this research the intention is to enrich the debate on the theme of linguistic norms, especifically about the linguistic norms that coexist in brasilian portuguese, showing the vision of importants sociolinguistic authors, concerning the division and nomenclature of these norms, in addition clarifies the socio-historical aspects involved in the constitution of the brasilian standard norm. Also seeks to evidence that exists an ideological apparatus, named here as the ideology of standard norm, that maintains the hight status of one norm, the prescriptive, above the others, cultured norms and popular norms. For this it observes how this ideology manifests itself in a society through analysis of comments made by followers of the page “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” belongs to Facebook social network. With this analysis it was possible to identify the representations that the speakers have not only of the portuguese language, but also of the use that different speakers make in this language

[pt] O presente trabalho enfoca a interpretação enquanto atividade social e o intérprete profissional como agente em interação com as outras partes interessadas em eventos mediados por interpretação simultânea. O objetivo principal é caracterizar e explicar as atitudes e crenças do intérprete para com a sua função profissional, bem como suas ações e reações com relação aos outros agentes que participam dos eventos nos quais atuam. São identificadas as fontes e naturezas das pressões e restrições que afetam seu desempenho e a maneira como a profissão vem respondendo a elas no âmbito global e, mais especificamente, no Brasil. Essas questões são abordadas pela perspectiva do próprio intérprete, tomando como foco central suas experiências e expectativas profissionais. A atividade de interpretação é caracterizada historicamente em contraste com a tradução, e as atitudes predominantes relativas a ambas as áreas em determinadas épocas históricas são descritas. São destacadas as rápidas transformações ocorridas a partir do século XX, tanto nas atividades em si como na sua estruturação profissional e acadêmica. Para identificar as crenças e atitudes dos intérpretes e as restrições às quais são sujeitos, são apresentados os resultados de entrevistas realizadas com profissionais que atuam no Rio de Janeiro. Os dados são analisados com o uso de duas ferramentas teóricas: as normas tradutórias de Gideon Toury e os conceitos de habitus e campo de Pierre Bourdieu. São identificadas as normas inicial e preliminares presentes no mercado carioca, bem como aqueles comportamentos que indicam a existência de um habitus compartilhado na profissão e os que apontam para aspectos ainda não consolidados. Quando os dados das entrevistas são analisados junto às informações sobre a evolução histórica da profissão, chega- se à conclusão de que ela representa um campo ou sub-campo ainda em formação. São levantadas as implicações do processo atual de consolidação da profissão e as possíveis sinergias com a academia. / [en] This study views interpreting as a socially-oriented activity and the professional interpreter as an agent who interacts with the other stakeholders at events mediated by simultaneous interpreting. Its main aim is to describe and explain interpreters´ attitudes and beliefs regarding their profession, as well as their actions and reactions concerning the other agents who take part in the events at which they work. The source and nature of the pressures and restrictions which affect interpreters´ performance are identified, as is the profession´s response to them on a worldwide and national (Brazilian) level. These issues are viewed from the perspective of interpreters themselves, taking their own professional experiences and expectations as the core focus. A historical overview of interpreting is presented in contrast with that of translation and the prevailing attitudes towards both areas at given moments in time are described. The rapid changes as of the 20th century seen in both the activities and their respective professional and academic structuring are given special attention. In order to identify the interpreters´ beliefs and attitudes and the restrictions they feel, the findings of interviews held with professionals who work in Rio de Janeiro are presented. The data are analysed from two complementary perspectives: Gideon Toury´s translation norms and Pierre Bourdieu´s concepts of habitus and field. The initial and preliminary norms present in the Rio market are identified, as are those behaviours that indicate the existence of a shared habitus in the profession, along with those that point to issues as yet unconsolidated. When the data from the interviews are analysed together with the information about the profession´s historical development, it is concluded that the profession represents a field or sub-field in formation. The implications of the current process of consolidation in the profession are raised, as are its potential synergies with the academic world.

This thesis examines the topic of conflict of norms in European Union (EU) law and the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), arguing that the framework of conflict of norms provides conceptual insight into justification and the role of value choices in legal reasoning. After examining the theory of conflict of norms, which seems to have been relatively under-studied generally and especially in EU law, it examines three particular aspects of norm conflict resolution in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and EU law: conflict of interpretative norms, especially the opposition between conserving and innovative interpretation; conflicts of human rights norms, looking in particular at the idea of a hierarchy of rights and of specificationism in the articulation of rights; and conflicts of competence norms. It concludes that the scope exists for a fuller justification of the choice of norms in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and generally in EU law and offers a perspective on how the values articulated by the EU suggest particular approaches to norm conflict resolution by the ECJ in its decision-making in these fields, in particular, a greater resort to lex specialis and originalist or historical interpretation, in contrast to its current method.

In this study we are seeking to discover the norms in the design of logotypes and how they havechanged over time. To achieve this we have chosen to analyze the logotypes of twenty companies withthe largest expenditure on advertising in Sweden. We mapped chosen design attributes within the logoto discover the similarities and then we selected the five oldest brands to analyze how their logos havechanged over time. The design changes in the logotypes over time is can be related to the changingattitudes of the general public and the designers ambitions to draw on convention to create iconic designthat will spark brand-recognition. However many changes can’t be directly explained through changesin convention. Logotype design is deeply connected with technology and foremost what optionstechnology can offer in the form of design. The digital revolution has impacted the norms of logotypedesign and we are now seeing that logotypes have adapted to the digital era. Later versions of populardesign software, enables designers (and also non professionals) to easily enrich logotypes using 3Deffectsand levels of gradients. Parallel to this evolution in design, we can draw a conclusion that theprinciples of a simplistic design, with fewer design elements, and the principle of versatility, has gainedground. Today’s logotypes need to have fever elements in order to be functional in really small sizes andversatile to be able to function in many different digital environments.

This paper aims to examine how sexuality is represented in six children's books who claims to be either norm critical and/or queer. I am using a qualitative method that consist of text and picture analysis designed by Stuart Hall, to examine what discourses and norms that the childrens depicts. I will also aid in the queer theoretical perspective to visualize and point out the heteronormative power structures and how they can be understood. The theoretical concepts like parenting, birth giving, biological aspect, family and stereotypes. The results of this paper shows that with help of theory, method and analysis that it is possible to determine that only one of the six chosen children's books is norm-critical and queer. The rest of the children's books shows more or less heteronormative structures and patterns that goes against the claimed norm-criticaland queer perception of the books. Not only are these five children's books recreating heteronormative structure, they are also cnhancing them. According to international research there seems to exist a trend within western children's literature whereas some sexualities are censored and placed in pecking order acoring to society's norms and values. Lastly it is therefore of crucial importance that pedagogues active in preschool continuously remain critical, analytical and evaluative toward the material they aim to acquire and use.

This thesis explores the reputation that the United States has for supporting and promoting three norms related to nuclear weapons: nonproliferation, non-use, and deterrence, while simultaneously examining the impact that United States actions can have on the saliency of the norms themselves. Ultimately, the United States has the ability to considerably impact the saliency of international nuclear norms, and has encouraged other states to accept and abide by them. However, there exists a disparity between the words and actions of the United States. In effect, the United States may “talk the talk” by expressing support and attempting to influence other states to abide by nuclear norms, but has shown a reluctance to “walk the walk” by failing to demonstrate behavior that is in full accordance with the norms. This disparity between words and actions has the ability to damage the United States’ reputation as a leader of nuclear norms, and can ultimately diminish their saliency to the international community.

Lawns have become ubiquitous and have dominated cities and residential land for decades. Turf covers approximately 1.9% of the continental US, centered mostly around suburban and residential areas that are maintained through large amounts of water consumption, chemical applications, and mowing (Larson and Brumand, 2014). As drought in the Southwest has only become more severe and consistent, there has been a lot of research completed on what policy makers and conservationists can do about Americans’ landscape behaviors in order to increase plant biodiversity and lower outdoor water usage. Many variables such as income, environmental awareness, gender, and historical legacies have been found to have major effects on the kinds of landscapes Americans prefer, but the largest effect on landscape preference seems to be the broad and neighborhood social norms of the area. Local policy makers have been working to change the social norms of neat, mowed lawns as a symbol of wealth and social status by incentivizing homeowners to transition away from turf to native, drought-tolerant landscaping, but more education and financing options will be necessary in order to get better adoption rates and long-term benefits from these programs. In this thesis, I propose to examine spatial landscape patterns over time in Claremont using Geographical Information Systems and Google Earth technologies to better understand neighborhood norms and how important events such as awareness about the severity of the California drought or policy changes play a part in the city’s landscape behaviors.

Développée dès la fin des années 1960 en France à partir de l’application des principes de la prospective, issus des travaux du philosophe Gaston Berger, à l’aménagement du territoire, la prospective territoriale fait aujourd’hui l’objet de nombreuses démarches tant au niveau étatique qu’au niveau des collectivités territoriales. Cette recherche propose d’interroger le sens des pratiques hétérogènes auxquelles elle a donné lieu, et entreprend pour ce faire de dénaturaliser la prospective devenue, au gré de ses différentes traductions dans les mécanismes de la décision publique, un « objet » aux contours imprécis. Nous proposons d’appréhender la prospective, d’abord présentée par Berger comme une « technique rationnelle » œuvrant à rendre l’action efficace pour l’homme, comme un « instrument de gouvernementalité » ou encore un « instrument d’action publique » producteur de normes (et en particulier de normes territoriales), ainsi que de mettre en exergue les conséquences des métamorphoses de la régulation politique sur l’état de cet « instrument prospective » et ses effets. En tant que rationalité cognitive (mode de connaissance du territoire), la prospective territoriale semble d’une part opérer un retour à la question anthropologique : elle se fait sociétale, toujours plus attentive aux pratiques spatiales. En tant que rationalité politique (mode d’administration de l’institution et du territoire), ses démarches deviennent d’autre part le lieu d’une mise à l’épreuve des catégories démocratiques encore liées à l’idéal moderne du territoire. Il appert ainsi que l’examen des dispositifs de prospective territoriale présente un intérêt pour l’analyse de la dimension spatiale de l’action politique, comme pour celle des modalités évolutives de l’action publique. / Territorial Foresight Studies, developed in France at the end of the 1960s based on the application of philosopher Gaston Berger’s work to territorial management, has today become an area for numerous approaches at the state level as well as at the level of regional and local authorities. This thesis proposes to question the meaning of the heterogeneous practices to which it has given rise, and undertake, to that end, to denaturalize Foresight Studies which have become, in their various translations into the mechanisms of public decision, an “object” of imprecise outline. We propose to understand Foresight Studies, first presented by Berger as a “rational technique” working to render action effective for Man, as an “instrument of governmentality”, or again, an “instrument of public action” productive of norms (and in particular territorial norms), as well as to underline the consequences of the metamorphoses in political regulation on the state of this “foresight tool” and its effects. As a cognitive rationality (a mode of knowledge about territory), territorial foresight appears, on the one hand, to prepare for a return to the anthropological question: it becomes societal, ever more attentive to spatial practices; yet as political rationality (a mode of institutional and territorial administration), its approaches become, on the other hand, the site at which are tested democratic categories still tied to the modern ideal of territory. Evidently, the examination of apparatuses of territorial foresight are of interest for the analysis of the spatial dimension of political action, as well as for the evolutionary modalities of public action.

This study aims at investigating differences in derogatory word use between heteronormative rap artists and rap artists identifying with LGBTQ norms. A list of six profane words to be content analysed was constructed. These words were divided into three subcategories: those generally related to men (dick and nigga), women (bitch and pussy), or language in general (fuck and shit). The study examines the frequency of these derogatory words in randomly selected rap music and investigates how these frequencies differ in mainstream and LGBTQ artists' song lyrics. A content analysis of four randomly selected songs each from ten randomly selected mainstream artists and ten randomly selected LGBTQ artists was conducted. Two hypotheses that were derived from the literature (Wilson, 2007; Monk-Turner & Sylvertooth, 2008) were tested. It was expected that (1) general profanity (the use of fuck and shit) would occur most frequently in the lyrics of both mainstream and LGBTQ artists and that (2) derogatory words directed at women would not be as frequent in the lyrics of LGBTQ artists as in mainstream rappers' lyrics. On the contrary, the data show that profanities aimed at women occur more frequently in LGBTQ artists' lyrics. The data also show that general profanity is most common in LGBTQ artists' lyrics but not in the lyrics of mainstream artists, where profanities aimed at men was most frequent. However, there were several factors which affected the validity of the study. The issue of whether profane words are always used in a derogatory way in the songs or not is a big methodological shortcoming of the study in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, the small sample size indicates that one should be cautious about stating generalisations based on tendencies seen in the data.